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SIGNALS & SYSTEMS (ESE461)

CHAPTER 3 – SOLUTION OF LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Ir. Dr. Marianah Masrie
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 1

3.2 Second-Order Differential Equation

• A second-order differential equation is linear if it has the form :

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
2
+ A(t ) + B(t ) y (t ) = x(t ) ( 3.1 )
dt dt
• The system is linear time invariant if A(t) and B(t) are constants. To solve the
homogeneous solution, first set the input x(t) equal to zero. Hence ( 3.1) becomes

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
+A + By (t ) = 0 ( 3.2 )
dt 2 dt
• Substituting yh(t) = Cet into equation (3.2) :
Substituting y h (t ) = Ce t into equation ( 3.2 ) :
C 2 e t + CA e t + CBe t = 0
Ce t ( 2 + A + B ) = 0
 ( 2
+ A + B ) = 0 Characteristic Equation

− A  A2 − 4 B
1 ,  2 = Characteristic roots
2
y h (t) = C1eα1t + C 2e α2 t ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 2

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• To find the characteristic roots of the second–order differential equation

leads to 4 possibilities :

1. Two distinct real values for 1 and 2 ( when A2 – 4B > 0 ).

2. Two equal real roots for 1 and 2 ( when A2 – 4B = 0 ).
3. Two complex conjugate roots for 1 and 2 ( when A2 – 4B < 0 ).
4. Two purely imaginary roots for 1 and 2 ( when A = 0 and B is positive ).

• The form of yh(t) depends on the different cases for 1 and 2.

• The particular solution can be determined from the general form in

TABLE 3.1, then determine the multiplying constants by matching
coefficients. The constants C1 and C2 in the homogeneous solution is
determined from the initial conditions. Once the constants are
determined, the total solution y(t) is completely determined. The total
solution y(t) is then :

y(t) = y h (t) + y p (t)

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 3

b) Particular solution
• Depends explicitly on x(t) and satisfies (3.2)
• Is called the forced response of the system.
• Can be obtained by inspection by using Table 3.1 below :

x(t) Particular solution, 𝒚𝒑 (t)

Constant B
tn 𝐵𝑛 𝑡 𝑛 + 𝐵𝑛−1 𝑡 𝑛−1 +𝐵𝑛−2 𝑡 𝑛−1+…….+𝐵𝑜

Beαt - if α is ≠ to the characteristics root

𝑒 𝛼𝑡
Bteαt - if α is = to the characteristics root
Bn-1 tn-1 eαt - if α is a (n-1) : multiple characteristics root
sin ωt B1 cos ωt + B2 sin ωt
cos ωt B1 cos ωt + B2 sin ωt
Table 3.1
ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4

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3.2.1 Case 1 : Two distinct real values for 1 and 2 ( when A2 – 4B > 0 ).
− A + A2 − 4 B
1 =
2
− A − A2 − 4 B
2 =
2

yh (t) = C1e1t + C2 e 2 t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 5

Example 1

Consider a system that is represented by a differential equation

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
+9 + 20 y (t ) = e − 2t + 3t
dt 2 dt

With initial conditions y(0)=1 and y’(0)=0, determine for y(t) using classical
method.

Answer:

75 −4t 284 −5t 1 −2t 3 27

y(t) = e − e + e + t−
16 75 6 20 400

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3.2.1 Case 1 : Two distinct real values for 1 and 2 ( when A2 – 4B > 0 ).
− A + A2 − 4 B
1 =
2
− A − A2 − 4 B
2 =
2

yh (t) = C1e1t + C2 e 2 t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 7

Example 2

A second-order differential equation is given below;

d 2 y( t )
+ 9 y( t ) = e −4 t + sin 4t , y(0) = 0, y' (0) = 0
dy( t )
+6
dt 2 dt

Using undetermined coefficient method, determine y(t)

Answer:
601 −3t 29 −3t −4t 7 24
y(t) = − e − te + e − sin4t + cos4t
625 25 625 625

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3.2.3 Case 3 : Two complex conjugate roots for 1 and 2 ( when A2 – 4B < 0 ).
 − A + j 4 B − A2 
 1 = 
 2 
  = a + jb
 − A − j 4 B − A2 
 2 = 2 

yh (t) = C1e at cosb t + C2 e at sinbt

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9

Example 3

Consider a system that is represented by a differential equation

d 2 y( t ) dy ( t )
+2 + 10 y( t ) = 3e 2 t − t 2
dt 2 dt

With initial conditions y(0)=1 and y’(0)=10, determine for y(t) using classical
method.

Answer:
308 − t 1306 − t 1 1 1 3
y(t) = e cos3t + e sin3t + e2t − t 2 + t +
375 375 6 10 25 250

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3.2.4 Case 4 : Two purely imaginary roots for 1 and 2 ( when A = 0 ).

j 4B
1 = + = j B
2
j 4B
2 = − =−j B
2
yh (t) = C1cos1 t + C2 sin 2 t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 11

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Example 4

Determine the differential equation below using classical method

2
d y (t )
+ 81y (t ) = t e , y (0) = 1, y ' (0 ) = 0
2 4t

dt 2

Answer:

1 1 16 4t 130 4t
y ( t ) = cos3t- sin3t + t 2e4t − te − e
3 97 9409 912673

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 1

d2 y(t) dy(t)
Solve : 2
+3 − 4y(t) = t 2 , y(0) = 1, y' (0) = 0.
dt dt

Characteristic equation :  2 + 3 − 4 = 0
( + 4)( - 1) = 0
Characteristic roots : 1 = −4,  2 = 1
Homogeneous solution : yh (t) = C1e − 4t + C2e t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 13

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Particular solution :
y p ( t ) = B 2 t 2 + B1 t + B 0
y p ' ( t ) = 2B 2 t + B1
y p ' ' ( t ) = 2B 2

Substitute into y" (t) + 3y(t) - 4y(t) = t 2

(
2B 2 + 3(2B 2 t + B1 ) − 4 B 2 t 2 + B1 t + B 0 = t )
Comparing coefficients :
1
t2 : - 4B 2 = 1, B2 = −
4
t : 6B 2 − 4B1 = 0
3
4B 1 = 6B 2 , B1 = −
8
t0 : 2B 2 + 3B1 − 4B 0 = 0
2B 2 + 3B1 1  1  3  3  − 4 − 9 13
B0 = = −  + −  = =−
4 2 4 4 8 32 32
ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 14

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1 3 13
y p (t) = − t 2 − t −
4 8 32
1 3 13
y( t ) = C1e −4 t + C 2 e t − t 2 − t −
4 8 32
Substitute into initial conditions : y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 0 :

13 45
y(0) = C1 + C 2 − = 1,  C1 + C 2 = ,
32 32

1 3
y' ( t ) = −4C1e − 4 t + C 2 e t − t −
2 8
3 3
y' (0) = −4C1 + C 2 − = 0,  - 4C1 + C 2 =
8 8

45 3 45 − 12 33 33
5C1 = − = =  C1 =
32 8 32 32 160
45 45(5) − 33 192 12 6
C2 = − C1 = = = =
32 160 160 10 5

33 −4t 6 t 1 2 3 13
y(t) = e + e − t − t−
160 5 4 ESE461
8 CHAPTER
32 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 15

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 2

Solve :
d 2 y( t )
+ 4 y( t ) = 4 cos (10t ), y(0) = 1, y' (0) = 0
dy ( t )
+4
dt 2 dt

Characteristic equation :  2 + 4 + 4 = 0
( + 2)( + 2) = 0
Characteristic roots :  1 = −2,  2 = −2
Homogeneous solution : y h (t) = A 1e -2t + A 2 te -2tt

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 16

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Particular Solution :
y p ( t ) = B1 cos(10t ) + B 2 sin (10t ) since x(t) = 4cos(10t )
y p ' ( t ) = −10B1 sin (10t ) + 10B 2 cos(10t )
y p " (t ) = −100B1 cos(10t ) − 100B 2 sin (10t )

Substitute into y”(t) + 4y’(t) + 4y(t) =4cos(10t)

− (100 B1 ) cos (10t ) − (100 B2 ) sin (10t ) − ( 40 B1 ) sin (10t ) + ( 40 B2 ) cos (10t )
+ ( 4 B1 ) cos (10t ) + ( 4 B2 ) sin (10t ) = 4 cos (10t )

Comparing coefficients :
cos (10t ) : -100B1 + 40 B2 + 4 B1 = 4
-96B1 + 40 B2 = 4 − − − −(1)

sin (10t ) : -100B2 − 40 B1 + 4 B2 = 0

− 40 B1 − 96 B2 = 0 − − − −(2)

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 17

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6
B1 = −
169
5
B2 =
338
6 5
y p (t ) = − cos (10t ) + sin (10t )
169 338
6 5
y (t ) = A1e −2t + A2te −2t − cos (10t ) + sin (10t )
169 338

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 18

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Substitute into initial conditions : y(0) = 1 and y’(0) = 0

cos(10t ) + sin (10t )

6 5
y( t ) = A1e −2 t + A 2 te −2 t −
169 338
6 175
y(0) = A1 − =1  A1 =
169 169

sin (10t ) + cos(10t )

60 50
y' ( t ) = −2A1e −2 t − 2A 2 te −2 t + A 2 e −2 t +
169 338
50 350 50 650 325
y' (0) = −2A1 + A 2 + =0  A2 = − = =
338 169 338 338 169

175 −2t 325 −2t 6 5

y(t) = e + te − cos(10t ) + sin(10t )
169 169 169 338

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 19

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 3

Solve :
dy 2 ( t ) dy( t )
+2 + 6 y( t ) = 10, y(0) = 1, y' (0) = 0
dt 2 dt

Characteristic equation :  2 + 2 + 6 = 0
( + 1 + j 5 )( + 1 - j 5 ) = 0
Characteristic roots :  1 = −1 − j 5 ,  2 = −1 + j 5
Homogeneous solution : y h (t) = A 1e - t cos( 5 ) t + A 2 e - t sin( 5 ) t
ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 20

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Particular Solution :
y p (t) = C
y p ' (t) = 0
y p " (t) = 0

Substitute into y" (t) + 2y' (t) + 6y(t) = 10

5
6C = 10  C=
3
5
y p (t) =
3
5
y( t ) = A 1e − t cos 5t + A 2 e − t sin 5t +
3

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 21

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Substitute into initial conditions : y(0) = 1, y’(0) =0

5
y( t ) = A1e − t cos 5t + A 2 e − t sin 5t +
3
5 2
y(0) = A1 + =1  A1 = −
3 3
−t −t
y' ( t ) = −A1e cos 5t − 5A1e sin 5t − A 2 e − t sin 5t + 5A 2 e − t cos 5t
2
y' (0) = −A1 + 5A 2 = 0  A2 =
3 5

2 2 5
y(t) = − e − t cos( 5 )t + e − t sin( 5 )t +
3 3 5 3

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 22

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 4

Solve :
dy 2 ( t )
+ y( t ) = te 2 t
dt 2

Characteristic equation :  2 +1 = 0
( + j 1 )( - j 1 ) = 0
Characteristic roots :  1 = j 1,  2 = + j 1
Homogeneous solution : yh (t) = A 1 cos t + A 2 sin t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 23

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Particular Solution :
y p ( t ) = C1 te 2 t + C 2 e 2 t = e 2 t (C1 t + C 2 )
y p ' ( t ) = 2e 2 t (C1 t + C 2 ) + e 2 t C1
y p " ( t ) = 4e 2 t (C1 t + C 2 ) + 2e 2 t C1 + 2e 2 t C1 = 4e 2 t (C1 t + C 2 ) + 4e 2 t C1
Substitute into system equation :
4e 2 t (C1 t + C 2 ) + 4C1e 2 t + C1 te 2 t + C 2 e 2 t = te 2 t

Comparing coefficients :
1
te 2t : 4C1 + C1 = 1  C1 =
5
4C1 4
e 2t : 5C 2 + 4C1 = 0  C2 = − =−
5 25
1 4  4
e 2t
y p ( t ) = te 2 t − e 2 t = t − 
5 25  5
5
e 2t  4 
y(t) = A 1cost + A 2 sint + t − 
5  5

The values of A1 and A2 can be determined from the initial conditions.

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 24

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 5
Solve : d 2 y( t ) dy ( t )
+3 − 4 y( t ) = e − 4 t , y(0) = 1, y' (0) = 0.
dt 2 dt
Characteristic equation :  2 + 3 − 4 = 0
( + 4)( - 1) = 0
Characteristic roots :  1 = −4,  2 = 1
Homogeneous solution : y h (t) = C1e − 4t + C 2 e t

Particular solution :

y p ( t ) = B1 te −4 t since '-4' is one of the characteristic

roots of system equation.
−4 t −4 t
y p ' ( t ) = B1e − 4B1 te
y p " ( t ) = −4B1e −4 t + 16B1 te −4 t − 4B1e −4 t
= 16B 1 te −4 t − 8B1e −4 t
( )
Substitute into y”(t) + 3 y’(t) - 4y(t) = e-4t : 16B1 te −4 t − 8B1e −4 t + 3 − 4B1 te −4 t + B1e −4 t + −4B1 te −4 t = e −4 t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 25

25

Comparing coefficients :
te −4 t : 16B1 − 12B1 − 4B1 = 0
1
e −4 t : - 8B 2 + 3B1 = 1  B1 = −
5
1
y p ( t ) = − te − 4 t
5
1
y( t ) = C1e − 4 t + C 2 e t − te − 4 t
5
Substitute initial conditions : y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 0.
1
y( t ) = C1e − 4 t + C 2 e t − te − 4 t
5
y(0) = C1 + C 2 = 1  C1 = 1 − C 2
4 −4t 21 t 1 −4t
y(t) = te + e − te
4 1 25 25 5
y' ( t ) = −4C1e + C 2 e + te − 4 t − e − 4 t
−4 t t

5 5
1 1
y' (0) = −4C1 + C 2 − = 0  -4(1 - C 2 ) + C 2 =
5 5
21 21 21 4
4C 2 + C 2 =  C2 = , C1 = 1 − =
5 25 25 25
ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 26

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Exercise 1
Consider a system that is represented by a differential equation

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
2
+7 + 12 y (t ) = 5t + 10 − e −t
dt dt
With initial conditions y(0)=0 and y’(0)=1, solve for y(t) using classical method

Ans :
41 − 4t 23 −3t 5 85 1 −t
y (t ) = e − e + t+ − e
48 18 12 144 6

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 27

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Exercise 2
Consider a system that is represented by a differential equation

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
2
+2 + 1 y (t ) = e − 4t + 5 sin t
dt dt
With initial conditions y(0)=5 and y’(0)=0, solve for y(t) using classical method

Ans :
127 −t 139 −t 1 − 4t 5 1
y (t ) = e + te + e − cos t + sin t
36 36 9 2 9

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 28

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ZERO INPUT RESPONSE AND ZERO STATE RESPONSE :

Zero Input Response :

Zero input response is the response of the system when the input is set to zero.

Zero State Response :

Zero state response is the response of the system when the initial conditions is
set to zero.

The total response of the system is the sum of the zero input response and the
zero state response.

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 29

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Example 5

Consider a system that is represented by a differential equation

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
+9 + 20 y (t ) = e − 2t + 3t
dt 2 dt

Given that the initial condition are y(0)=1 and y’(0)=0, determine the following
a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, y(t)

Answer : y (t ) =
75 −4t 284 −5t 1 −2t 3 27
e − e + e + t−
16 75 6 20 400

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Example 6

A second-order differential equation is given below;

d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
+6 + 9 y (t ) = sin 4t
dt 2 dt

Given that the initial condition are y(0)=0 and y’(0)=0, determine the following
a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, y(t)

Answer : y (t ) = −
601 −3t 29 −3t −4t 24 7
e + te + e − cos 4t − sin 4t
625 25 625 625
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Example 7

Consider a system that is represented by a differential equation

d 2 y( t ) dy ( t )
+2 + 10 y( t ) = 3e 2 t − t 2
dt 2 dt

With initial conditions y(0)=1 and y’(0)=10, determine the following;

a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, y(t)
.

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Example 8

An electrical system is represented by the following differential equation;

d 2 ( y) t dy (t )
+3 + 2 y(t ) = 2x (t ), where x (t ) = 2e − 2 t + 8t
dt 2 dt

Given that the initial condition are y(0)=1 and y’(0)=4, determine the following
a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, y(t)

33

Answer

a) y zi (t ) = 6e − t − 5e −2 t

b) y zs (t ) = 20e −t − 8e −2t − 12 + 8t − 4te −2t

c) y(t ) = y zi (t ) + y zs (t )

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Example 9
An electrical system is represented by the following differential equation;

d 2 ( y )t dy (t )
+2 + y (t ) = 1 + e −t
dt 2 dt
Given that the initial condition are y(0)=1 and y’(0)=3, determine the following
a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, y(t)

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Exercise 3

With reference to the system described by the following differential equation;

d 2 ( y) t dy (t )
−6 + 10 y(t ) = sin t
dt 2 dt

Given that the initial condition are y(0-)=0 and y’(0-)=0, determine the following
a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, y(t)

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Answer

a) y zi (t ) = 0

3t   2
b) y zs (t ) = e  − cos t + sin t  + cos t + sin t
2 1 1
 39 13  39 13

c) y(t ) = y zi (t ) + y zs (t )

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ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 6 :

Determine the zero input response and zero state response of y(t) and hence find y(t).
d2 y(t) dy(t)
+3 − 4y(t) = t 2 , y(0) = 1, y' (0) = 0.
dt 2 dt

Characteristic equation :  2 + 3 − 4 = 0
( + 4)( - 1) = 0
Characteristic roots : 1 = −4,  2 = 1
Homogeneous solution : yh (t) = C1e − 4t + C2e t

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 38

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Zero Input Response :

y zi ( t ) = C1e −4 t + C2e t
y zi ' ( t ) = −4C1e − 4 t + C2e t

substitute into initial conditions :

y zi (0) = C1 + C2 = 1
y zi ' (0) = −4C1 + C2 = 0

C2 = 4C1 = 4(1 − C2 )
4 1
 C2 = , C1 =
5 5

1 − 4t 4 t
y zi (t) = e + e
5 5

Zero State Response :

yp ( t ) = A1t 2 + A 2 t + A 3
yp ' ( t ) = 2A1t + A 2
y p ' ' ( t ) = 2A1 ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 39

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Substitute into y" (t) + 3y(t) - 4y(t) = t 2

(
2A 1 + 3(2 A 1 + A 2 ) − 4 A 1t 2 + A 2 t + A 3 = t 2 )
Comparing coefficients :

1
t2 : - 4A 1 = 1, A1 = −
4
t : 6A 1 − 4 A 2 = 0
3
4A 2 = 6 A 1, A2 = −
8
t0 : 2A 1 + 3 A 2 − 4 A 3 = 0
− 2A 1 − 3 A 2 13
A3 = =−
4 32
1 2 3 13
yp ( t ) = − t − t−
4 8 32
1 2 3 13
y zs ( t ) = C1e − 4 t + C2e t − t − t−
4 8 32
ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 40

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Substitute into initial conditions : y(0) = 0, y’(0) = 0 :

13 13
y(0) = C1 + C2 − =0  C1 + C2 = ,
32 32

1 3
y' ( t ) = −4C1e − 4 t + C2e t − t−
2 8
3 3
y' (0) = −4C1 + C2 − = 0,  - 4C1 + C2 =
8 8

13 3 13 − 12 1 1
5C1 = − = =  C1 =
32 8 32 32 160

13 13(5) − 1 64 4 2
C2 = − C1 = = = =
32 160 160 10 5

1 − 4t 2 t 1 2 3 13
y zs (t) = e + e − t − t−
160 5 4 8 32
ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 41

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1 −4t 4 t 1 −4t 2 t 1 2 3 13
y( t ) = y zi ( t ) + y zs ( t ) = e + e + e + e − t − t−
5 5 160 5 4 8 32

33 − 4t 6 t 1 2 3 13
y(t) = e + e − t − t−
160 5 4 8 32

The solution is the same as in Additional Example 1

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3.3 Applications of Linear Differential Equations

- The guiding principles are Kirchhoff’s laws;

i) KCL: sum of all the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero
ii) KVL: sum of the voltages around the loop equal to zero
- Voltage – current relationship under zero initial conditions in Table 3.2.

Component Voltage-current Current-voltage

dv(t )
1
Capacitor v(t ) =
1
i() d i(t ) = C
C 0 dt
Resistor i(t ) =
1
v(t )
v(t ) = Ri(t )
R

di(t )
1
Inductor
i(t ) = v() d
1
v(t ) = L
dt L 0

Table 3.2

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Example 10

Determine the differential equation of the circuit shown in Figure 3.1, given that
i(t) is the input and v(t) is the output.

Figure 3.1

Answer :
d R d
v(t ) + v(t ) = R i (t )
dt L dt

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Example 11

Prove the differential equation of the circuit shown in Figure 3.2 as follows;
Given that v(t) is the input and vc(t) is the output.

d 2 vC (t ) R dvC (t ) 1
vC (t ) = v(t )
1
2
+ +
dt L dt LC LC

Figure 3.2
Given that R=1, L=1/6H C=3/4F and v(t)=2 cos t u(t), determine vc(t) using
classical method. All initial conditions are zero.

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Example 12

i) Refer to Figure 3.3, determine the differential equation of the circuit, given
that e(t) is the input and i(t) is the output.
ii) If given that L = 2H, C=0.5F, R1=R2=5.22, e(t)= e-2t and the initial condition
are i(0)=1 and i’(0)=0, determine the following;
a) zero-input response
b) zero-state response
c) Total solution, i(t)

Figure 3.3

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Answer
i:
d2 RR +L d  R1 + R2  1
i (t ) +  1 2  i (t ) +   i (t ) = e(t )
dt 2  R1 LC  dt  R1LC  R1LC

ii :
i zi (t ) = 2e − t − e −2t
50 − t 50 −2t 50 −2t
izs (t ) = e − e − te
261 261 261
y (t ) = i zi (t ) + izs (t ) Simplify your answer

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 47

47

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLE 7

R1

iL(t) ic(t)

+ +

L
e(t) i1(t) v(t) C
+ -

Figure 3.4

i. Solve the differential equation relating v(t) and e(t) for Figure 3.4.

ii. Given that R=2/5 , C = 1/2F, L = 1/3 H. Determine v(t) if e(t) = 5 + 5 cos(10t),
v(0-) = 0 and v’(0-) = 0.

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 48

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Solution :
R 1i1 ( t ) + v( t ) = e( t )
R 1 (i L ( t ) + i C ( t ) ) + v( t ) = e( t )
di L ( t ) 1
v( t ) = L =  i C dt
dt C
dv ( t ) 1
iC (t) = C , i L ( t ) =  v( t )dt
dt L

1 v( t ) 
R1  v( t )dt + C  + v( t ) = e( t )
L dt 
differenti ate both sides of equation with respect to t,

R1 d2 v( t ) dv ( t ) de( t )
v( t ) + R1C + =
L dt 2 dt dt

d2 v( t ) 1 dv ( t ) 1 1 de( t )
+ + v( t ) =
dt 2 R1C dt LC R1C dt
1 1 1
v" ( t ) + v' ( t ) + v( t ) = e' ( t )
R1C LC R1CHAPTER
ESE461 C 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 49

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Substitute the values of R1, L and C into the system equation :

v" ( t ) + 5v' ( t ) + 6v( t ) = 5e' ( t )

v(t) can be determined using the undetermined coefficient method that has
been covered before.

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 50

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Exercise 4

i) Refer to Figure 3.5, the switch, sw has been opened for a long time and
then closed at t=0. Solve the differential equation for t≥0, given that i(t) is
the input and v(t) is the output.
ii) Given that R=4, C=0.5F and i(t)=2 cos t u(t), determine v(t) using
classical method.

Figure 3.5
1
8 − t 16
Ans : v(t ) = − e 2 + sin t + cos t
8
5 5 5

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Exercise 5

ESE461 CHAPTER 3 - DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 52

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