Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

Semester Test 1 Memorandum

Copyright reserved

Module EIR 211

12 April 2024

Assessment ID
2024EIR211S01

Test information
Maximum marks: 39 Full marks: 39
Duration of paper: 90 minutes Open/closed book: Closed book
Additional time None Allowable materials: Attached Formula
allocation: sheet
Extra-time venue: Rautenbach Hall Submission format: OCR sheets (00/01)
Total number of pages (including this page): 13

IMPORTANT
1. The departmental rules relevant to electronically graded assessments apply.
2. Answer all questions on the answer OCR sheet provided. For Sheet 01 (grid-based numeric-
based OCR sheet), the (question) numbering in ( ) corresponds to the OCR sheet numbering.
3. Unless the answer is an integer, round all answers to three significant figures, e.g., if the
absolute value for an answer is 531.94 Ω, the answer to 3 significant figures would be 532 Ω
or 0.532 kΩ, if the absolute value for an answer is 5.3194 Ω, the answer to 3 significant figures
would be 5.32 Ω.
4. Complex number answers can be entered in rectangular or polar format. In rectangular for-
mat, round both the real and imaginary parts to 3 significant digits, e.g. 12.345 + j3.465 rounded
to 3 significant digits would be 12.3 + j3.47. In polar format, round the magnitude and angle to 3
significant digits, e.g. 12.345∠3.465◦ rounded to 3 significant digits would be 12.3∠3.47◦ .
5. Answers without units or with the incorrect units will be marked incorrect.
6. For multiple choice questions, write down the number corresponding to the correct answer on
your answer sheet.
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am
aware of and have read the Rules and Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary
Procedure and the Tests and Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or im-
proper conduct during tests, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
I am aware that no student or any other person may assist or attempt to assist another student,
or obtain help, or attempt to obtain help from another student or any other person during tests,
assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
Internal examiners: Dr. F. Palunčić

2024EIR211S01 Page 1 of 13 12 April 2024

Question 1 (8)
Refer to the circuit below. The objective is to determine the expression for the
capacitor voltage v (t) and current i(t) for t ≥ 0.

10u(t) V

−
+
+ i
5u(−t) A 5Ω v 2F 10 Ω
−

(1) Determine v (0+ ). (1)

(2) Determine the Thévenin equivalent resistance as seen across the terminals
of the capacitor. (1)
(3) Determine the Thévenin equivalent voltage as seen across the terminals of
the capacitor. (1)
(4) Determine the time constant τ of the circuit. (1)
(5) Determine v (∞). (1)

Given that v (t) is of the form

v (t) = A1 + A2 e −t/τ

determine
(6) A1 (1)
(7) A2 (1)

Given that i(t) is of the form

i(t) = B1 e −t/τ

determine
(8) B1 (1)

Solution:

(1) t < 0:

5A 5Ω v 10 Ω
−

2024EIR211S01 Page 2 of 13 12 April 2024

 10
v (0+ ) = v (0− ) = 5(5)
5 + 10
= 16.7 V

t ≥ 0:

10 V
−
+

+ i
5Ω v 2F 10 Ω
−

(2) RTh :

5Ω 10 Ω

5(10)
RTh = 5||10 = = 3.33 Ω
5 + 10

(3) VTh :

10 V
−
+

5Ω VTh 10 Ω
−

10
VTh = 10
5 + 10
= 6.67 V

Thus the equivalent circuit is

2024EIR211S01 Page 3 of 13 12 April 2024

 RTh

VTh + v 2F
−
−

(4)

τ = RTh C
= 3.33(2)
= 6.67 s

(5)
v (∞) = VTh = 6.67 V

(6) v (t) = v (∞) + [v (0) − v (∞)]e −t/τ and so

A1 = v (∞) = 6.67

(7)
A2 = v (0) − v (∞) = 16.7 − 6.67 = 10

(8)

dv (t)
i(t) = C
dt
−C [v (0) − v (∞)] −t/τ
= e
τ
v (∞) − v (0) −t/τ
= e
RTh
−10 −t/τ
= e
3.333
= −3e −t/τ A

Therefore
B1 = −3

Question 2 (17)
Refer to the circuit below. The objective is to find expressions for the inductor cur-
rent i(t) and the capacitor voltage v (t) for t ≥ 0. Question parts (9)–(18) list the
parameters needed in finding the expressions. Calculate and fill in the parameters
where the parameter number corresponds to the OCR answer sheet numbering.
The parameters are not necessarily listed in the order in which you need to calcu-
late them.

2024EIR211S01 Page 4 of 13 12 April 2024

 200 Ω

i(t)
+

5A 100 Ω 10 H v (t) 1 mF + 20 u(t) V

−
−

(9) A1 (no units required) (2)

(10) A2 (no units required) (2)
(11) B1 (no units required) (1)
(12) B2 (no units required) (1)
(13) s1 (no units required) (2)
(14) s2 (no units required) (2)
(15) i(∞) (1)
+
(16) i(0 ) (1)
(17) di(0+ )/dt (1)
(18) v (0+ ) (1)

(19) What is the mathematical form of the transient inductor current response it (t)
for t ≥ 0?
1. it (t) = A1 + A2 e −t/τ
2. it (t) = (A1 + A2 )e −t/τ
3. it (t) = A1 e s1 t + A2 e s2 t
4. it (t) = (A1 + A2 t)e −αt
5. it (t) = e −αt (A1 cos ωd t + A2 sin ωd t)
(1)
(20) Determine the inductor current i(t) at t = 1 s. (1)
(21) What is the mathematical form of the capacitor voltage v (t) for t ≥ 0?
1. v (t) = B1 + B2 e −t/τ
2. v (t) = (B1 + B2 )e −t/τ
3. v (t) = B1 e s1 t + B2 e s2 t
4. v (t) = (B1 + B2 t)e −αt
5. v (t) = e −αt (B1 cos ωd t + B2 sin ωd t)
(1)

Solution:
t < 0:

2024EIR211S01 Page 5 of 13 12 April 2024

 200 Ω

5A 100 Ω i v
−

t ≥ 0:
200 Ω

i(t)
+

5A 100 Ω 10 H v (t) 1 mF + 20 V
−
−

By applying a source transformation to the 200 Ω and 20 V voltage source, one

obtains
i(t)
+

5A 100 Ω 10 H v (t) 1 mF 200 Ω 0.1 A

−

Combining the two resistors in parallel (100||200 = 100(200)/300 = 66.7 Ω) and

the two current sources, one obtains a parallel RLC circuit

i(t)
+

5.1 A 66.7 Ω 10 H v (t) 1 mF

−

(16) i(0+ ) = i(0− ) = 5 A.

(18) v (0+ ) = v (0− ) = 0 V.

(17)

di(0+ ) vL (0+ )
=
dt L
v (0+ )
=
L
0
=
10
= 0 A/s

2024EIR211S01 Page 6 of 13 12 April 2024

 (15) t → ∞:

5.1 A 66.7 Ω i v
−

i(∞) = 5.1 A.

(13)

1
α=
2RC
1
=
2(66.7)(10−3 )
= 7.5 Np/s

1
ω0 = √
LC
1
=p
10(10−3 )
= 10 rad/s

q
s1,2 = −α ± α2 − ω02
= −7.5 ± j6.61

Therefore, s1 = −7.5 + j6.61.

(14) s2 = −7.5 − j6.61.

(19) Since α < ω0 (s1 and s2 are complex), the response is underdamped ⇒
option 5.

(9)

i(t) = i(∞) + it (t)

= i(∞) + e −αt (A1 cos ωd t + A2 sin ωd t)
i(0) = i(∞) + A1
A1 = 5 − 5.1
= −0.1

2024EIR211S01 Page 7 of 13 12 April 2024

 (10)

di(t)
= −αe −αt (A1 cos ωd t + A2 sin ωd t) + e −αt (−ωd A1 sin ωd t + ωd A2 cos ωd t)
dt
di(0)
= −αA1 + ωd A2
dt
0 = −7.5(−0.1) + 6.61A2
A2 = −0.113

(20)

i(1) = i(∞) + e −α (A1 cos ωd + A2 sin ωd )

= 5.1 + e −7.5 (−0.1 cos 6.61 − 0.113 sin 6.61)
= 5.1 A

(21)

v (t) = vL (t)
di(t)
=L
dt h i
−αt
= Le (−αA1 + ωd A2 ) cos ωd t + (−αA2 − ωd A1 ) sin ωd t

Therefore, option 5.

(11)

B1 = L(−αA1 + ωd A2 )
= 10[−7.5(−0.1) + 6.61(−0.113)]
=0

(12)

B2 = L(−αA2 − ωd A1 )
= 10[−7.5(−0.113) − 6.61(−0.1)]
= 15.1

Question 3 (2)
Consider the integro-differential equation
Z
dv (t)
+ 4v (t) + 5 v (t) dt = 10 cos(2t + 20◦ )
dt

in the time domain, where the phasor V (v (t) ⇔ V) is the solution to this equation
in the phasor domain.
(22) Determine the phasor V. (2)

2024EIR211S01 Page 8 of 13 12 April 2024

 Solution:

(22) Convert the differential equation

Z
dv (t)
+ 4v (t) + 5 v (t) dt = 10 cos(2t + 20◦ )
dt

into the phasor domain (v (t) ⇔ V, ω = 2 rad/s):

V
jωV + 4V + 5 = 10∠20◦
jω
j2V + 4V − j2.5V = 10∠20◦
(4 − j0.5)V = 10∠20◦
10∠20◦
V=
4 − j0.5
= 2.48∠27.13◦

Question 4 (6)
Consider the following AC circuit in the time-domain.

3 mH

+ i(t) = 5 cos(ωt + 35◦ ) A

vs (t) + 2Ω v (t) 2 mF
−
−

Converting to the phasor domain and given that the impedance of the capacitor is
ZC = −j2 Ω, determine
(23) ω (1)
(24) ZL (impedance of the inductor) (1)
(25) Z|| = 2||ZC (1)
(26) V (v (t) ⇔ V) (1)
(27) Vs (vs (t) ⇔ Vs ) (2)

Solution:
j0.75 Ω

+ I = 5∠35◦ A
Vs + 2Ω v (t) −j2 Ω
−
−

2024EIR211S01 Page 9 of 13 12 April 2024

 (23)
1
ZC =
jωC
−j
−j2 =
ωC
1
2=
ω(0.002)
1
ω=
2(0.002)
= 250 rad/s

(24)
ZL = jωL
= j(250)(0.003)
= j0.75 Ω

(25)
Z|| = 2||ZC
2(−j2)
=
2 − j2
−j4 2 + j2
= ·
2 − j2 2 + j2
8 − j8
=
4+4
=1−jΩ

(26)
V = ZC I
= (2∠−90◦ )(5∠35◦ )
= 10∠−55◦ V

(27)
Z||
V= Vs
ZL + Z||
ZL + Z||
Vs = V
Z||
j0.75 + 1 − j
= 10∠−55◦
1−j
1 − j0.25
= 10∠−55◦
1−j
1.03∠−14◦ ◦
= ◦ 10∠−55
1.41∠−45
= 7.29∠−24◦ V

2024EIR211S01 Page 10 of 13 12 April 2024

Question 5 (6)
The aim is to find the Norton equivalent of the circuit below at terminals a-b.

4Ω j3 Ω
a

2Ω

15∠0◦ A 0.5Io
Io
−j4 Ω

(28) In the context of determining the Norton equivalent impedance ZN , calculate

the current phasor Io . Add a current source Is = 1∠0◦ A between terminals a
and b. (1)
(29) Having solved Io , now determine the Norton equivalent impedance ZN . (2)
(30) Determine the Norton equivalent current IN . (3)

Solution:

(28) To determine ZN , remove all independent sources. Since a dependent

source is present, a current or voltage source has to be connected across
terminals a and b in order to determine ZN . Then ZN = Vs /Is . Since a
dependent current source is present in the circuit, we will connect a current
source Is and choose it to be 1∠0◦ to simplify calculation.
4Ω j3 Ω
a
+

2Ω
Io
0.5Io Vs Is =1∠0◦ A

−j4 Ω
−
b
Using KCL

Is = 0.5Io + Io
= 1.5Io
1∠0◦
Io =
1.5
2 ◦
= ∠0
3
= 0.667∠0◦ A

2024EIR211S01 Page 11 of 13 12 April 2024

 (29) Now, we can determine Vs

Vs = (6 − j)Io
2
= (6 − j) V
3
Therefore
Vs
ZN = = 4 − j0.667 Ω (4.06∠−9.46◦ Ω).
Is
(30) IN is the short circuit current flowing between terminals a and b.
4Ω j3 Ω
a

2Ω

15∠0◦ A 0.5Io IN
Io
−j4 Ω

b
Using KCL

15∠0◦ = Io + 0.5Io + IN = 1.5Io + IN (1)

Using KVL

(2 − j4)Io = (4 + j3)(0.5Io + IN )
−j5.5Io = (4 + j3)IN
4 + j3
Io = IN (2)
−j5.5

Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1)

1.5(4 + j3) −j5.5

15∠0◦ = IN + IN (× )
−j5.5 1.5
2
−j55 = (4 − j )IN
3
−j55
IN =
(4 − j 32 )
= 2.23 − j13.4 A (13.6∠−80.5◦ A)

2024EIR211S01 Page 12 of 13 12 April 2024

 Formula sheet

First-order circuit
τ = RC (RC circuit) τ = RL (RL circuit)
Second-order circuit
R 1
α = 2L (series RLC circuit) α = 2RC (parallel RLC circuit)
1
ω0 = LC
√
p p
s1 = −α + α2 − ω02 s2 = −α − α2 − ω02

2024EIR211S01 Page 13 of 13 12 April 2024