SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(A Unit of SRM Group of Educational Institutions)

Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
Irungalur, Near Samayapuram, Tiruchirappalli – 621 105

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EE3271 - ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY MANUAL

II Semester EEE Regulations 2021

Prepared By : Verified By: Approved By:

 SRM TRP Engineering College

Vision
To carve the youth as dynamic, competent, valued and knowledgeable technocrats through research,
innovation and entrepreneurial development for accomplishing the global expectations.

Mission
M1: To inculcate academic excellence in engineering education to create talented professionals
M2: To promote research in basic sciences and applied engineering among faculty and
students to fulfillthe societal expectations.
M3: To enhance the holistic development of students through meaningful interaction with
industry andacademia.
M4: To foster the students on par with sustainable development goals thereby
contributing to theprocess of nation building.
M5: To nurture and retain conducive lifelong learning environment towards professional excellence.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Vision
To make certain transformational impact on student community towards learning, innovating,
discovering and creating new knowledge with respect to the field of electrical and electronics
engineering and serve the country, humanity as well as society at large.

Mission
M1: To provide well equipped infrastructure and facilities to produce electrical
engineers of highcaliber to serve the society.
M2: To create an ethical human resource proficient with knowledge and attitude
for meeting futureneeds.
M3: To instill creative thinking among students through training and interaction
with industries tobecome a successful professional.
M4: To provide state-of-the-art resources that contributes to achieve excellence
in research anddevelopment activities.
M5: To facilitate individual and team activities to enhance personality and soft skills
to allow them togrow in diversified fields of their careers as professional
engineers, researchers, scientists or teachers.
 Program Educational Objectives (PEO's)

The graduate of Mechanical engineering will have

PEO1: Strong educational foundation with creative mindset and provide innovative solutions
to pursue adiverse range of careers in engineering (Preparation).
PEO2: Technical competency in solving challenging societal tasks in ethical and economical
manner withmultidisciplinary skills (Core Competency).
PEO3: Exhibit their critical thinking and problem solving skills with professional
engineering knowledgeto tackle social, technical and business challenges
(Breadth).
PEO4: Desire and capability to grow continuously in profession by exhibiting leadership
qualities(Professionalism).
PEO5: Update their knowledge continuously through lifelong learning that contributes to
personal andorganizational growth (Learning environment).
 Program Outcomes (PO`s)
The students after successful completion of the program will acquire:
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, andengineering sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis
of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manageprojects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independentand life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 Program Specific Outcome (PSO’s)

The graduates of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering Programme

will be able to:
PSO1:Analyze and identify the optimal solutions for the contemporary issues in

industrial andsocietal energy requirements by applying suitable design and control

strategies.

PSO2:Apply appropriate modern engineering tools and techniques to engage in

lifelong learningand to get an employment in the field of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering.
 EE3271 – ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY

SYLLABUS

COURSE OBJECTIVES

 To simulate various electric circuits using Pspice/ Matlab/e-Sim / Scilab

 To gain practical experience on electric circuits and verification of theorems

List of Experiments

Familiarization of various electrical components, sources and measuring instruments

1. Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel electrical circuit
using fundamentallaws.
2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Thevenin’s theorem.
3. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Norton’s theorem.
4. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems
using Superpositiontheorem.
5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer theorem.
6. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C,R-L and RLC electric circuit
transients
7. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric
circuit.
8. Design and implementation of series and parallel resonance circuit.
9. Simulation and experimental verification of three phase balanced and unbalanced
star, deltanetworks circuit (Power and Power factor calculations).
 SRM TRP ENGINEERING COLLEGE Trichy-621 105

Course Code / Name : EE3271 / Electrical Circuits Laboratory Semester : II

Regulation : 2021

Course outcome

Students will be able to

Use simulation and experimental methods to verify the fundamental electrical laws for the
EE3271.1
given DC/AC circuit.
Use simulation and experimental methods to verify the various electrical theorems
EE3271.2 (Superposition, Thevenin, Norton and maximum power transfer) for the given DC/AC
circuit.
Analyze transient behavior of the given RL/RC/RLC circuit using simulation and
EE3271.3
experimental methods.
Analyze frequency response of the given series and parallel RLC circuit using simulation
EE3271.4
and experimentation methods.
Analyze the performance of the given three-phase circuit using simulation and experimental
EE3271.5
methods.

CO-PO matrices

Course code PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
EE3271.1 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 0 2
EE3271.2 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 0 2
EE3271.3 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 0 2
EE3271.4 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 0 2
EE3271.5 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 0 2
EE3271 3 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 2 3 0 2

CO-PSO matrices

Course code PSO1 PSO2

EE3271.1 3 2
EE3271.2 3 2
EE3271.3 3 2
EE3271.4 3 2
EE3271.5 3 2
EE3271 3 2

1 Slight 2 Moderate 3 Substantial

 EE3271 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

Cycle – 1

1. Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel electrical circuit using fundamental
laws.
2. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Thevenin’s theorem.
3. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Norton’s theorem.
4. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using Superposition theorem.
5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer theorem.

Cycle – 2

6. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C,R-L and RLC electric circuit transients.
7. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric circuit.
8. Design and implementation of series and parallel resonance circuit.
9. Simulation and experimental verification of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks
circuit (Power and Power factor calculations).
 INDEX

PAGE MARKS SIGNATURE

Ex.No. DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
No. ATTAINED OF FACULTY
Simulation and experimental verification
1 of series and parallel electrical circuit
using fundamental laws.
Simulation and experimental verification of
2 electrical circuit problems using
Thevenin’s theorem.
Simulation and experimental verification
3 of electrical circuit problems using
Norton’s theorem.
Simulation and experimental verification
4 of electrical circuit problems using
Superposition theorem.
Simulation and experimental verification
5 of Maximum Power transfer theorem.
Simulation and Experimental validation of
6 R-C, R-L and RLC electric circuit
transients.
Simulation and Experimental validation of
7 frequency response of RLC electric circuit.

Design and implementation of series and

8 parallel resonance circuit.
Simulation and experimental verification
of three phase balanced and unbalanced
9 star, delta networks circuit (Power and
Power factor calculations).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

V V1 V2 V3 V = V1 +V2+V3
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
Theoretical Value
Simulation Value
Practical Value

FORMULA:

∑ Voltages in a closed loop = 0

V-V1-V2-V3 = 0
EX. NO.: 01
DATE:

Simulation and experimental verification of series and parallel

electrical circuit using fundamental laws
AIM:
To verify (i) Kirchhoff’s voltage law for series circuit (ii) Kirchhoff’s current law for parallel
circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0-30)V DC 1
330Ω - 2
2 Resistor
100Ω - 3
3 Ammeter (0-100)mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
THEORY:
The law states, “The algebraic sum of the voltages in a closed circuit/mesh is zero”. The
voltagerise is taken as positive and the voltage drop is taken as negative.
PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENTATION:
1 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2 Switch on the supply.
3 Set different values of voltages in the RPS.
4 Measure the corresponding values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across
resistors R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
5 Enter the readings in the tabular column.
6 Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

OBSERVATION TABLE:

V I1 I2 I3 I1 = I2 + I3

(Volts) (mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

Theoretical Value

Simulation Value

Practical Value

FORMULA:

∑ Currents entering a node = ∑ Currents leaving the node

I1 = I2 + I3
SIMULATION:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

3. Debug and run the circuit.

4. The values of voltages (V1, V2 and V3) across resistors R1, R2 and R3 respectively
obtained straight away through the ‘Display’ boxes.

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

THEORY:

The law states, “The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to sum of the currents leaving
the same node”. Alternatively, the algebraic sum of currents at a node is equal to zero. The term node
means a common point where the different elements are connected. Assume negative signfor leaving
current and positive sign for entering current.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.

3. Set different values of voltages in the RPS.

4. Measure the corresponding values of branch currents I1, I2 and I3.

5. Enter the readings in the tabular column.

6. Find the theoretical values and compare with the practical values.

SIMULATION:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

3. Debug and run the circuit.

4. The branch currents I1, I2 and I3 obtained straight away through the ‘Display’ boxes.
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:

Thus the Kirchhoff’s Voltage law for series circuit and Kirchhoff’s Current law for parallel
were verifiedthrough simulation and experimentation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
GIVEN

Circuit to find VTH: Circuit to find RTH:

Determination of Load current through Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit:

Determination of Load current through direct measurement (without using Thevenin’s

Theorem):
EX. NO.: 02
DATE:
Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems
using Thevenin’s theorem

AIM:
 To verify Thevenin’s theorem through simulation and by conducting suitable
experiment.
 To determine the current in load branch (10Ω branch) for the given circuit using the
theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2 Resistor 470Ω, 270Ω, - 1
10Ω
3 Ammeter (0-100)mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Statement:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors, can
be replacedby an equivalent two-terminal network consisting of an independent voltage source in series
witha resistor. The value of voltage source is equivalent to the open circuit voltage (Vth) across two
terminals of the networkand the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance (Rth) measured between
theterminals with all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.
SIMULINK MODEL:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Thevenin’s Load Current

Thevenin’s Voltage
Resistance (RTh) in using Thevenins
(VTh)
Ω Theorem (IL)
in
in
V
mA
Theoretical
Value

Simulation

Practical
Value
Load Current without using Thevenins Theorem (IL)
in
mA
PROCEDURE:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL and Connect a
voltmeteracross AB and measure the open circuit voltage Vth.
3. To find Rth, remove the voltage source in the above circuit and connect the ohmmeter
(Multimeter) across terminals AB and record the value of Thevenin’s resistance.
4. Give connections as per the Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
5. Measure the current through load resistance in Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
6. Finally, measure the current through load resistance directly from the given circuit.
7. Verify thevenin’s theorem by comparing the measured currents in Thevenin’s
Equivalent circuit and the given circuit with the values calculated theoretically.

SIMULATION:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model.
2. Connect the circuits as shown in the figure.
3. Debug and run the circuit.
4. The Thevenin’s voltage, Thevenin’s resistance and load current can be obtained straight
awaythroughthe ‘Display’ boxes.
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s theorem has been verified experimentally and the current in load
branch(10Ω branch) for the given circuit is determined using the theorem.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GIVEN:

Circuit to find IN: Circuit to find RN:

Determination of Load current through Norton’s Equivalent Circuit:

Determination of Load current through direct measurement (without using Norton’s

Theorem):
EX. NO.: 03
DATE:
Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems
using Norton’s theorem

AIM:

 To verify Norton’s theorem through simulation and by conducting suitable experiment.

 To determine the current in load branch (10Ω branch) for the given circuit using the
theorem.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0-30)V - 1
2 Resistor 470Ω, 270Ω, - 1
10Ω
3 Ammeter (0-100)mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

STATEMENT:
Any two-terminal linear network, composed of voltage sources, current sources, and
resistors, can bereplaced by an equivalent two-terminal network consisting of an independent current
source in parallel with aresistor. The value of the current source is the short circuit current (IN)
between the two terminals of the network and the resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance
(RN) measured between the terminals.
SIMULINK MODEL:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Norton’s Short Norton’s Resistance Load Current (IL)

Circuit Current (IN) (RN) using Norton’s
in in Theorem
in
mA Ω
mA
Theoretical
Value
Practical
Value
Load Current (IL) without using Norton’s Theorem in
mA
PROCEDURE:

1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Open circuit the output terminals by disconnecting load resistance RL and Connect an
ammeteracross AB and measure the short circuit current IN.

3. To find RN, remove the current source in the above circuit and connect the ohmmeter
(Multimeter) across terminals AB and record the value of Norton’s resistance.

4. Give connections as per the Norton’s Equivalent circuit.

5. Measure the current through load resistance in Norton’s Equivalent circuit.

6. Finally, measure the current through load resistance directly from the given circuit.

7. Verify Norton’s theorem by comparing the measured currents in Norton’sEquivalent

circuit and the given circuit with the values calculated theoretically.

SIMULATION:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model.
2. Connect the circuits as shown in the figure.
3. Debug and run the circuit.
4. The Norton’s current, Norton’s resistance and load current can be obtained straight
away through the‘Display’ boxes.
THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:

Thus, the Norton’s theorem has been verified experimentally and the current in load
branch(10Ω branch) for the given circuit is determined using the theorem.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Circuit to find ′ :

Circuit to find ′′ :

Circuit to find :
EX. NO.: 04
DATE:

Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using

Superposition theorem

AIM:
To simulate the given electrical circuit using MATLAB and conduct practical
experimentation for verification of Superposition Theorem. Also determine the current in load
branch (100Ω).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2 Resistor 100Ω - 3
3 Ammeter (0-100)mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
STATEMENT:
In any linear, bilateral network energized by two or more sources, the total response is equal
to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources acting alone while the other
sources are replaced by their internal resistances.
To replace the other sources by their internal resistances, the voltage sources are short-
circuited and the current sources open-circuited.
SIMULINK MODEL:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

I1 I2 I1+I2 I

(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)

Theoretical Value
Simulation Value
Practical Value
PROCEDURE:
Step 1:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using
MULTISIM/MATLAB Simulink.
2. Measure the response ‘I’ in the load resistor by considering all the sources
10V and 10V in thenetwork.
Step 2:
1. Place the sources 10V (first – left side) and short circuit 10V (second -
right side) with theirinternal impedances.
2. Measure the response ‘IL’’ in the load resistor by considering 10V source in the
network.
Step 3:
1. Place the sources 10V (second - right side) and short circuit 10V (first –
left side) with theirinternal impedances.
2. Measure the response ‘IL’’’ in the load resistor by considering 10V source in the
network.

The responses obtained in step 1 should be equal to the sum of the responses obtained in
step 2 and 3.
IL= IL’+ IL’’

Hence Superposition Theorem is verified.

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
RESULT:

Thus the Superposition theorem has been verified through experimentation and
simulation using MATLAB and the current in load branch (100Ω branch) for the given circuit
is determined using thetheorem.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

GIVEN

Circuit to find RTH:

Circuit to find VTH:

Equivalent circuit when load resistance is equal to Thevenin’s resistance

EX. NO.: 05
DATE:
Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power
Transfer theorem

AIM:

To simulate the given electrical circuit using MATLAB and conduct practical experiment
for verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. Also determine the value of maximum
powerdelivered to the load resistor (100Ω).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2 Resistor 100Ω - 2
3 Ammeter (0-100)mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
5 Bread board - - 1
6 Connecting wires - - As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

“In any circuit the maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance is
equal to thesource resistance. The source resistance is equal to the Thevenin’s equal resistance”.
SIMULINK MODEL:
PROCEDURE:
Step 1:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram by using Multisim/MATLAB
Simulink.
2. Measure the Power across the load resistor by considering all the sources in the
network.

Step 2: Finding Thevenin’s Resistance(RTH)

1. Open the load terminals and replace all the sources with their internal impedances.

2. Measure the impedance across the open circuited terminal which is known as
Thevenin’sResistance.
Step 3: Finding Thevenin’s Voltage(VTH)
1. Open the load terminals and measure the voltage across the open circuited terminals.
2. Measured voltage will be known as Thevenin’s Voltage.

Step 4: Measuring Power for different Load Resistors

1. VTH and RTH are connected in series with the load.

2. Measure power across the load by considering RL=RTH.

3. Measure power by using

4. Verify the power for different values of load resistors(i.e. RL>RTH and RL<RTH)
5. Power measured from the above steps results in maximum power dissipation when
RL=RTH.
6. Hence Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is verified.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
RL IL P

(Ω) (mA) (mW)

Theoretical Value

Simulation Value

Practical Value

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
M-File Program for Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

clc;
clear all;
Vm = 5;
Rth = 50;
RL = 25:1:100;
IL = Vm./(Rth + RL);
PL = IL.^2 .* RL;
plot(RL,PL,'k*')
hold on
title('\bf Maximum Power Transfer Theorem','FontSize',14);
xlabel('\bf Load Resistance','FontSize',10);
ylabel('\bf Power transferred to load','Fontsize',10);
gtext('Rth = RL = 50')
legend('PL')
grid on

OUTPUT:
RESULT:
Thus the Maximum Power Transfer theorem has been verified through experimentation and
simulation using MATLAB. Also, the maximum power delivered to the load resistor (100Ω) has
been determined.
RC TRANSIENTS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RC TRANSIENTS:

MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Frequency Time Voltage across the

Sl.NO capacitor Vc
(Hz) (s) (V)
EX. NO.: 06
DATE:

Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C, R-L and RLC

electric circuit transients
AIM:
To simulate and conduct experimentation for the study of RL, RC and RLC electric
circuit transients.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Function generator - - 1
2 Resistor 100Ω - 1
3 Decade capacitance box - - 1
4 Decade Inductance box - - 1
5 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
6 Bread board - - 1
7 Connecting wires - - As required

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

Transient Response of Circuit Elements:

A. Resistors: As has been studied before, the application of a voltage V to a
resistor (with resistanceR ohms), results in a current I, according to the formula:
I = V/R
The current response to voltage change is instantaneous; a resistor has no transient
response.
B. Inductors: A change in voltage across an inductor (with inductance L Henrys)
does not result in aninstantaneous change in the current through it.
The i-v relationship is described with the equation:
v=L di/ dt
This relationship implies that the voltage across an inductor approaches zero as
the current in the circuit reaches a steady value. This means that in a DC circuit,
an inductor will eventually act like ashort circuit.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
 C. Capacitors: The transient response of a capacitor is such that it resists
instantaneous change in thevoltage across it.
Its i-v relationship is described by:
i=C dv /dt

This implies that as the voltage across the capacitor reaches a steady value, the
current through itapproaches zero. In other words, a capacitor eventually acts like an
open circuit in a DC circuit.

Theory:

RC Circuit:

Consider a series RC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially. There is no
charge on capacitor and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is closed. Immediately after
closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so current at the time of switching is high.
The voltage across the capacitor is zero at t =0+ as capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the
current is maximum is given by
I=V/R Amps

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2. Vary the frequency by using function generator
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor
4. Calculate the time period
5. Plot the graph for time period versus voltage across the capacitor
RL TRANSIENTS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RL TRANSIENTS:

MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION TABLE

Frequency Time Voltage across the

Sl.NO inductor VL
(Hz) (s) (V)
THEORY:

RL CIRCUIT:

Considers a Transient Response of RL Circuit consisting of a resistance and inductance as

shown in Fig.The inductor in the circuit is initially uncharged and is in series with the resistor.
When the switch S is closed, we can find the complete solution for the current.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Vary the frequency by using function generator
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the inductor
4. Calculate the time period
5. Plot the graph for time period versus voltage across the inductor
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:

RLC TRANSIENTS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RLC TRANSIENTS:
THEORY:
The capacitor and inductor are initially uncharged, and are in series with a resistor.
When switch S is closed at t = 0, we can determine the complete solution for the current.
Application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the Transient Response of RLC Circuit results
in the following differential equation.

By differentiating the above equation, we have

The above equation is a second order linear differential equation, with only
complementary function. The, particular solution for the above equation is zero.
Characteristic equation for the above differential equation is

The roots of Eq. are

By assuming

Here K2 may be positive, negative or zero.

K2 is positive, when (R/2L)2 > 1/LC
The roots are real and unequal, and give the over damped response
K2 is negative, when (R/2L)2 < 1/LC
The roots are complex conjugate, and give the under-damped responseK2 is zero, when
(R/2L)2 = 1/LC
The roots are equal, and give the critically damped response
SIMULATION
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in connection diagram.
2. Observe the output waveforms across a) RLC b) RC c) RL.
3. Change the value of resistance such that the output obtained at each oscilloscope is
i) Critically damped.
ii) Under damped.
iii) Over damped.

RESULT:
Thus the transient responses of RC, RL and RLC circuits are found practically and
through simulation environment.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Find the transfer function of series RLC circuit:

To get transfer function web need to consider zero initial condition

As we have observed in the circuit, the circuit is a voltage divider with transfer function is
given by

Order of the above system is 2, because it consists of two energy storage elements.
EX. NO.: 07
DATE:

Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of

RLC electric circuit

AIM:

To simulate and conduct an experiment to validate the frequency response of RLC electric
circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Quantity
S.No. Components / Type / Range
Required
Equipment
1 Function Generator - 1
2 Resistor 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance
Box - 1
4 Decade Capacitance
Box - 1
5 DSO 500 KHz 1
6 Connecting Wires Single strand Few nos

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB
THEORY:
RLC CIRCUIT:

The capacitor and inductor are initially uncharged, and are in series with a resistor.
When switch S is closed at t = 0, we can determine the complete solution for the current.
Application of Kirchhoff’s voltagelaw to the Transient Response of RLC Circuit results in the
following differential equation.

By differentiating the above equation, we have

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl.No Frequency Time Voltage across the

capacitor Vc
(Hz) (s)
(V)

MATLAB simulation:
Frequency Response of RLC
series circuit:Matlab code
%|R=L=C=1|:
R = 100; L = 0.1; C
= 0.1e-06;G =
tf([1],[(L*C) (R*C)
1])

Continuous-time transfer function

Bode plot:
 The above equation is a second order linear differential equation, with only
complementary function. The, particular solution for the above equation is zero.
Characteristic equation for the above differential equation is

The roots of Eq. are

By assuming

Here K2 may be positive,

negative or zero. K2 is
positive, when (R/2L)2 >
1/LC
The roots are real and unequal, and give the over damped response

K2 is negative, when (R/2L)2 < 1/LC

The roots are complex conjugate, and give the under-

2
damped responseK2 is zero, when (R/2L) = 1/LC
The roots are equal, and give the critically damped response

RESULT:
Thus, frequency response of RLC network found practically and through simulation
environment.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SERIES RESONANCE:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:
(a) Series Resonance: (b) Parallel resonance

Frequency Output Output

S.No. in Current S.No. Frequency inHz
Current in mA
Hz in mA
EX. NO.: 08
DATE:

Design and implementation of series and

parallel resonance circuit
AIM:

To plot the current Vs frequency graph of series and parallel resonant circuits and hence
measuretheir bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Quantity
S.No. Components / Type / Range
Required
Equipment
1 Function Generator - 1
2 Resistor 100 Ω 1
3 Decade Inductance
Box - 1
4 Decade Capacitance
Box - 1
5 Ammeter MI, (0-30) mA 1
6 Connecting Wires Single strand Few nos

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB

THEORY:
A circuit is said to be in resonance when applied voltage V and current I are in phase with
each other. Thusat resonance condition, the equivalent complex impedance of the circuit consists
of only resistance (R) andhence current is maximum. Since V and I are in phase, the power
factor is unity.
The complex impedance
Z = R + j (XL – XC)
Where XL = ωL
XC = 1/ωC
At resonance, XL= XC and hence Z= R
Bandwidth of a Resonance Circuit:
Bandwidth of a circuit is given by the band of frequencies which lies between two points on
either side of resonance frequency, where current falls through 1/1.414 of the maximum value of
resonance. Narrow is the bandwidth, higher the selectivity of the circuit.
As shown in the model graph, the bandwidth AB is given by f2 – f1. f1 is the lower cut off
frequency and f2 is the upper cut off frequency.
MODEL GRAPH FOR SERIES RESONANCE

MODEL GRAPH FOR PARALLEL RESONANCE

MODEL CALCULATION:
Q - Factor:
In the case of a RLC series circuit, Q-factor is defined as the voltage magnification in the
circuit at resonance. At resonance, current is maximum. Io= V/R.
The applied voltage V = IoR
Voltage magnification = VL/V = IoXL
In the case of resonance, high Q factor means not only high voltage, but also higher
sensitivityof tuning circuit. Q factor can be increased by having a coil of large inductance, not of
smallerohmic resistance.
Q = ωL / R

FORMULAE USED:
1
Resonant frequency fr = √2π LC Hz
Bandwidth BW = f2 – f1
fr

Quality Factor = BW

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding meter reading.

3. Draw the current Vs frequency curve and measure the bandwidth,

resonant frequencyand Q factor.
MATLAB PROGRAM:
1. SERIES RESONANCE

R = 15, C = 10  F, L = 0.1 H, V = 50V vary frequency in steps of 1 Hz using Matlab.

%Program to find the
Series Resonance
 2. PARALLEL RESONANCE

R = 1000, C = 400  F, L = 1 H, V = 50V vary frequency in steps of 1 Hz using Matlab.

%Program to find the Parallel Resonance
RESULT:
Thus the current Vs frequency graphs of series and parallel resonant circuits were
plotted andthe bandwidth, resonant frequency and Q factor were measured.
They were found to be
(a) Series resonance
Resonant frequency =
Bandwidth =
Q- Factor =
(b) Parallel Resonance
Resonant frequency =
Bandwidth =
Q- Factor =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Star Network:

Delta Network:
EX. NO.: 09
DATE:

Simulation and experimental verification of three phase balanced and

unbalanced star, delta networks circuit (Power and Power factor calculations)

AIM:
To simulate three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks for Power and
Power factor calculations and conduct a suitable experiment to verify the results obtained through
simulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SLNO NAME OF ITEM SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1. 3-phase Auto transformer 20 Amp. 440v 50 Hz 1
2. Ammeter MI(0-10A) 1
3. Voltmeter MI(0-600V) 1
4. Wattmeter 250v, 5A 2
3- phase Load or 3- phase
5. 415V, 5H.P 1
induction motor
6 Connecting wires - Few

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

MATLAB
THEORY:
Balanced three- phase circuit:
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase
with each other by 120°.The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages
pass through their respective maximum values. A balanced load is one in which the
phase impedances are equal inmagnitude and in phase.

Possible Load Configurations

Four possible connections between source and load:
1.Y-Yconnection (Y- connected source with a Y-connected load)
2.Y-∆connection (Y-connectedsource with a ∆-connected load)
3.∆-∆connection
4.∆-Yconnection
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Voltmeter Ammeter Total Reactive Power
Wattmeter reading
reading reading power power factor
S. (watts)
VL IL P Q
No
W1 W1 W2 W2
(V) (A) obser Actu Obser actua (watts) (watts)
ved al ved l

MODEL CALCULATION:
Unbalanced three- phase circuit:
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an unbalanced load. To
calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system requires that we find the power in each
phase. The total power is not simply three times the power in one phase but the sum of the
powers in the three phases.

FORMULAE USED:

1. Total power or Real power P = √3VLILCOSф =W1actual+W2actual

2. Reactive power of load= Q=√3(W1actual-W2actual)
3. tan ф= [√3(W1actual-W2actual)]/[ W1actual+W2actual]
4. Power factor=cos ф
SIMULATION:
3 Φ BALANCED STAR CONNECTED NETWORK:
3 Φ UNBALANCED DELTA CONNECTED NETWORK:
RESULT:

Thus the three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks for Power and Power
factor calculations has been simulated using MATLAB and a suitable experiment has been
conducted to verify the results obtained through simulation.