HVAC & Electrical

AUTOCAD- DESIGN
DESIGN

Course Coordinator –
Md.kaysher Ahammed
Senior Design engineer
 Lesson 1
HVAC introduction

Heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning (HVAC) is the use of
various technologies to control the
temperature ,humidity ,and purity of the
air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to
provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality.
HVAC Design course with international Standard
ASHRAE and ISHRAE, SMACNA

(Duct )SMACNA - Sheet Metal and

Air Conditioning Contractors' National
Association

(Design)ASHRAE- American Society

of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers

(Design) ISHRAE-Indian Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.

(Pipe) ASME-The American Society

Of Mechanical Engineers.
 Human comfort condition:
Humans generally feel
comfortable between temperatures of
22 ° C to 27 ° C and a relative humidity
of 40% to 60%.

Application Of HVAC :
➢ High-rise building .
➢ Commercial complex.
➢ industrial Operation .
➢ Hospital Area .
➢ Pharmaceuticals.
➢ Food industry.
➢ Car parking Area.
➢ Hotels etc.

Where Air quality and thermal

parameters need to be maintained so
that the personnel around can live
properly.
Unit Conversion
 External Heat
Glass and window areas GLF =glass load
factors may be found in according to
window orientation, type of glass, type of
interior shading, and outdoor design
temperature; and A =glass area.
q = (GLF) A

Doors Ud =design heat transfer

coefficient for door from; A =area of door,
calculated from building plans; and CLTD
=cooling load temperature difference,
q · Ud = A(CLTD)

UW =deAbove-grade exterior walls sign

heat transfer coefficient for exterior wall
from; A =area of exterior wall, calculated
from building plans; and CLTD =cooling
load temperature difference,
q · Uw = A(CLTD)
 Internal Heat

People
Qsensible = N(Sensible heat gain)CLF
Qlatent = N(Latent heat gain)
N = number of people in space, from best
available source. Sensible and latent heat gain
from occupancy,
CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy,
CLF 1.0 with high density or 24-hr occupancy
and/or if cooling off at night or during
weekends.

Lights and Applience

Qlf = 3.41WFulFsa(CLF)
W = watts input from electrical plans or lighting
fixture data
Ful = lighting use factor, as appropriate
Fsa = special allowance factor, as appropriate
CLF = cooling load factor, by hour of occupancy, :
CLF = 1.0 with 24-hr light usage and/or if cooling
off at night or during weekends
 Project Name & Location Space name
Date Survey by
Survey For Cooling & Heating Load Calculation
information Factor Remarks
Project location
Room length
Room weidth
Room Height
Room Temp
Room RH
Walls Load information U value
Wall materials Type
Wall Thickness
Wall East Area W*H
Wall West Area W*H
wall North Area W*H
Wall south Area W*H
Floor Area L*W
Roof /Ceiling Area L*W
Partition Area W*H
Glass Load information Factor U value
Glass type
Glass thickness
Glass East side W*H
Glass West side W*H
Glass North Side W*H
Glassl south side W*H
Glass partition Area W*H

Door information information Factor U value

Door materials
Door thickness Inch
Door Area W*H

Equipments load watts information Factor Btu/hr

Computer/Printer
Machine Watts
Light Watts
Cooking applience

People load Btu/hr information Factor Btu/hr

Total Number of People
U value from ASHRAE Glass
U value from ASHRAE Wall & Partition
U value from ASHRAE Floor &Door
U value from ASHRAE Roof-
Ceiling
 Fresh Air Handling unit selection
Fresh Air Handling unit selection
THERMO TECH
Project Information Condition 0
F DB 0
F WB %RH Gr/lb
Date : Project Name: Outside 95

consultant : Location : Room 76

Check By : Issue By : Difference 19
SI No Space name Area sq ft CFM sqft CFM per total No of person CFM/person Total CFM person Fresh air
(Data sheet) sqft (Data sheet ) CFM
1 Office room 1 200 0.12 24 40 10 400 424
2 office room 2 200 0.12 24 150 10 1500 1524
3 office room 3 200 0.12 24 10 0 24
4 office room 4 200 58 11600 0 11600
6 library 0 0 0
7 kitchen 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
9 0 0 0
10 0 0 0
11 0 0 0

Total Fresh air CFM = 13572

Sensible heat load ( Qs ) = (Factor 1.08* fresh air* Temperature Difference F)

Sensible heat QS Factor CFM Outdoor DB Indoor DB Diff db
Btu/Hr 278497
1.08 13572 95 76 19

Latent heat load ( QL )= (Factor 0.68 * fresh air* Humidity ratio Difference F)
Latent heat LS Factor CFM Outdoor Gr/lb Indoor gr/lb Diff gr/lb
Btu/Hr 553738
0.68 13572 100 40 60

Total heat load ( Qt ) = Sensible heat load ( Qs ) + Latent heat load ( Q L )

Total Heat load TL Sensible heat 278497.44 Latent heat 553737.6 Btu/Hr 832235

Selected Fresh air unit

Total AIR Flow = 13572 CFM Total Colling load = 69.35292 Ton
 Dehumidifier Selection
Dehumidifier selection
Cal in M Cal in ft
Room temperature 30 °C 30 °C
Room Size
Room Length 5 M 16.4 Ft
Room Width 5 M 16.4 Ft
Room Hight 3 M 9.84 Ft
Room Volume 75 CuM 2646.566 CuFt

Present relative humidity 70 RH% 70 RH%

absolute Humidity (grm/m^3) 21.3 grm/m^3 0.60279 grm/ft^3
law=gram/cum=0.0283 grm/cuft

Desired relative humidity 50 RH% RH%

absolute Humidity (grm/m^3) 15.2 grm/m^3 0.43016 grm/ft^3

law=(Present absolute humidity - design absolute humidity)

Calculated =Absolute Humidity ratio 6.1 grm/m^3 0.17263 grm/ft^3
Law= calculate absulute humidity * Room volume

Dehumidifier capacity Grm/hr 457.5 Grm/hr 456.8768 grm/hr

Dehumidifier capacity kg/hr 0.4575 kg/hr 0.456877 kg/hr
Dehumidifier capacity kg/day 10.98 kg/day 10.96504 kg/day
Dehumidifier capacity pints/day 23.2048 pnts/day 23.13624 pnts/day
Air Distribution system

Duct Type
1) Rectangular duct
2) Circular /Round duct
3) Oval duct
 Duct Materials

1)Galvanized Steel
2) Aluminium
3) Stainless steel
4)Carbon steel
5) Copper

1) Galvanized steel
Most common materials used in duct
fabrication work for comfort air
conditioning
Specification : ASTM A653
Coating G90

2) Aluminium: its widely used in clean

room application its also preferred
special exhaust system.
Specification : ASTM B209
Alloy 1100,3003,5053
3) Stainless still: its used in duct
system for kitchen exhaust ,moisture
laden air and special fume exhaust.

Specification : ASTM A167

Class 302,304
Finisher no 4 for exposed duct
finish no 23 for concealed duct

4) Carbon steel: used for hoods ,

stacks, high Temp.

5) Copper: Its mainly used in chemical

exhaust
and ornamental duct works.
Joint type & Gauge details
 Duct joint
type.
Duct Support hanging with structure
Duct hanging with support
 Duct hanger Spacing
Hanger spacing is very important
because if we didn’t follow the right
roles of spacing

1) Noise generate on the ducts

2) Vibration generate in the duct
3) Duct life reduce

Cross section perimeter of Duct Maximum hangersp

Horizontal ducts less then 4 ft 8Ft

Horizontal ducts 4 ft to 10 ft 6ft
Horizontal ducts greather then
4ft
10 ft
Raiser Duct hanging standard
Duct hanging with wall vertical support
Machine hanging with finisher floor
 Aspect ratio
The aspect ratio is the relationship
between the width(W) and height (h)of
a duct.
Expressed as a ratio of (W/h).

We have to keep our aspect ratio less

then 4

Example 1: W=38 H=12

Aspect ratio : 3.16
its accepted

Example 1: W=24 H=12

Aspect ratio : 2
its accepted

Example 1: W=60 H=12

Aspect ratio : 5
its not accepted
Important of Good Duct design
Efficiency of HVAC system depends
on design of duct and its installation.
If ducts are not properly design and
installed then it create discomfort

Benefits of Good Duct design:

1) Maximum interior at the lowest
operation
2) Very low noise OR low noise level

Effect of poor duct design:

1)Equipment didn’t work its best.
2)Energy cost will increases and make
di- comfort.
 Lesson6

Fresh Air & Ventilation system

Ventilation Procedure.—In
ventilation procedure a minimum
amount of acceptable outdoor air must
be supplied to the conditioned space in
order to maintain acceptable
concentrations of indoor pollutants
such as carbon dioxide (CO2), odor ,
tobacco smoke generated by
occupants, and other pollutant
sources.
Fresh Air Required from ASHRAE
Fresh Air Required from ASHRAE
Fresh Air Required from ASHRAE
Fresh Air Required from ASHRAE
Exhaust Air Rate ASHRAE
Fresh Air Required from ISHRAE
Fresh Air Required from ISHRAE
Fresh Air Required from ISHRAE
 Public Toilet Ventilation
Input only in Blue space,Never change the red value
Toilet ventilation with ASHRAE

Public toilet
Continious exhaust
Exhaust CFM Exhaust CFM Exhaust Cfm
Toilet No CFM/Toilet cell Area sq ft CFM/Sq ft Fresh air Cfm
toilet Cell area Total
6 50 390 1 300 390 690 552
Intermitent (only used time) exhaust
Exhaust CFM Exhaust CFM Exhaust Cfm
Toilet No CFM/Toilet cell Area sq ft CFM/Sq ft Fresh air Cfm
toilet Cell area Total
6 70 390 1 420 390 810 648

Disc Valve Selection for

Door undecut Supply Fresh Air grill size csalculation ( Q=A*V)
exhaust
Disc valve
CFM exhaust cfm velocity area sq ft area sq inch Sqmm
diameter
4" 15-100 500 0 0 0
6" 100-180 Grill width 18 inch Gril High 0 inch
8" 180-260
 Private Toilet Ventilation

Private toilet
Continious exhaust
Exhaust CFM Exhaust CFM Exhaust Cfm
Toilet No CFM/Toilet cell Area sq ft CFM/Sq ft Fresh air Cfm
toilet Cell area Total
6 25 390 1 150 390 540 432
Intermitent (only used time) exhaust
Exhaust CFM Exhaust CFM Exhaust Cfm
Toilet No CFM/Toilet cell Area sq ft CFM/Sq ft Fresh air Cfm
toilet Cell area Total
6 50 390 1 300 390 690 552

Disc Valve Selection for

Door undecut Supply Fresh Air grill size csalculation ( Q=A*V)
exhaust
Disc valve
CFM exhaust cfm velocity area sq ft area sq inch Sqmm
diameter
4" 15-100 500 0 0 0
6" 100-180 Gril width 18 inch Gril High 0 inch
8" 180-260
Kitchen Ventilation ASHRAE

Kitchen Ventilation
METHOD 1 --- ASHRAE

HOOD Overhang
Hood type End Front Rear
Wall Mounted canopy 150 150 _
single island 150 150 150
Double island 150 150 _
Eyebrow _ 150 _
Back shelf 150 250 _
Pass over 150 250 _

Hood sizing
Hood selected type Single island
Length (mm) Add 2 side mm Width (mm) Add2 side mm
Stove size 2500 300 1500 300
Hood size 2800 mm 1800 mm
 Kitchen Ventilation
Maximum Net flow rate,CFM per linear foot of Hood Length
Light duty Midium duty Heavy duty Extra heavy duty equipment
Hood type equipment equipment Equipment

Wall Mounted canopy 140 210 280 385

single island 280 350 420 490
Double island 175 210 280 385
Eyebrow 175 175 Not allowed Not allowed
Back shelf 210 210 280 Not allowed
Pass over 210 211 281 Not allowed

Cooking type Heavy duty equipment

Perimeter * CFM per Linear foot of hood length Perimeter
Perimeter * CFM per Linear foot of hood length Length front ( mm ) 2800
Perimeter Cfm per Linear foot of foot Length Back ( mm ) 2800
1st side width ( mm) 1800
30.26315789 420
2nd side width ( mm) 1800
Total 4 side ( mm) 9200
Total Exhaust CFM = 12710.52632
Total Foot = 30.26315789

Calculated Exhaust and Fresh air Flow

exhaust air flow rate 12710.52632 CFM
fresh air flow rate CFM=(exhaust air*0.8) 10168.42105 CFM
Kitchen Ventilation SMACNA
Kitchen Ventilation
METHOD 2 --- SMACNA
Exhaust Air CFM
Exhaust Air CFM 100 * Perimeter For Light cooking
Exhaust Air CFM 150*perimeter For Medium cooking
Exhaust Air CFM 200*Perimeter For Heavy cooking

Length of stove + .8* hight of Hood

Length of Hood in (mm) Factor High mm Total (Mm ) Length in Ft
2500 0.8 1000 3300 10.85526316 ft
Length of stove + .8* hight of Hood
Width of Hood in(mm) Factor High mm Total (Mm ) Length in Ft
1500 0.8 1000 2300 7.565789474 ft

Cooking type heavy cooking

Perimeter * CFM per Linear foot of hood length Perimeter
Perimeter * CFM per Linear foot of hood length Length front (ft ) 10.85526316
Perimeter Cfm per Linear foot of foot Length Back ( ft ) 10.85526316
1st side width ( ft) 7.565789474
36.84210526 200
2nd side width ( ft) 7.565789474
Total Exhaust CFM = 7368.421053
Total 4 side ft 36.84210526

Calculated Exhaust and Fresh air Flow

exhaust air flow rate 7368.421053 CFM
fresh air flow rate CFM=(exhaust air*0.8) 5894.736842 CFM
 Transformer Room ventilation

Transformer room ventilation

Assumption
- Ambient Temperature 115 F
- Max. Allowed Temp. Rise 10.8 F
Sub bStation refference 1
Number Of Transformers 1 Nos.
Transformer Rateing 1600 KVA
Number Of Transformers 1 Nos.
- Transformer Rateing 1250 KVA
- Power Factor 0.8
- Transformer Eff. 0.98

Transformer Heat loss

(txf no*KVA)+(txf no*KVA)*Pf*(1-eff)
Heat loss KW 45.6 kw
Heat loss in watt 45600 watts
Heat loss in Btu/hr 155040 BTU/hr

CFM Requirment
Btu/hr/(factor 1.08 *Temp rise)
CFM Requirment 13292.18107 CFM

VENTILATION SYSTEM DISCRIPTION

Number of fans Nos 2 Input
Fan Capacity / Each CFM 6646.090535 output
Fan rating KW/Each KW 1.365557907 output
Fan st. Pressure InWg 1 output
 Carpark Ventilation
Input only in Blue space,
Never change the red value
Car park ventilation (Duct type)
Date : location :
Project name : Design by :
Location : Issue by :
Space sheet
Space Name Room( Ft)L Room(ft)W Room (ft)H
basement 100 80 15
Area 8000 sft
Volume 120000 Cuft

Air Change For Car park Ventilation

Mode of Ventilation Air Change Per Hour (ACH)

Trickle mode 3
Noormle Mode 6
fire moide 12

Calculation for trickle Mode

Mode of ventilation Normal
Number of ACH 3
Cuft*ACH/(60)
Exhust Air flow 6000 CFM
Supply Air Flow 4800 CFM

Calculation for Normal Mode

Mode of ventilation Normal
Number of ACH 6
Cuft*ACH/(60)
Exhust Air Flow 12000 CFM
Supply air flow 9600 CFM

Calculation for fire Mode

Mode of ventilation Normal
Number of ACH 12
Cuft*ACH/(60)
Exhust Air Flow 24000
Supply air flow No supply CFM in Fire mode
LT panel Room ventilation

Ventilated Air Quantity for L.T Room

ASSUMPTIONS
Ambient temp. = 115 F
Acceptable Air Change/Hr = 10 times
CALCULATION
Ventilated Air Quantity for LT Room (Room Ref. S/S-1,5,6)
Room Volume =
Length L= 100 ft
Width D= 50 ft
Hight H= 30 ft
Acceptable Air Change/Hr = 10 Times
THEN :-
Ventilated Air Quantity for LT Room = 150000 Cu.Ft/Hr
CFM= Room volume Cuft*ach/(60) 25000 CFM
Fan wall mounted axial type with Ext. Est. Static Pressure of 0.5 " W.G
Fan Quantity 1 Nos
Fan air Flow 25000 CFM
 HT panel Room ventilation

VENTILATION CALCULATION OF THE H.T & L.T ROOMS

ASSUMPTIONS
Ambient temp. = 115 F
Acceptable Air Change/Hr = 10 times
CALCULATION
Ventilated Air Quantity for H.T Room (Room Ref. S/S-1,5,6)
Room Volume =
Length L= 100 ft
Width D= 50 ft
Hight H= 30 ft
Acceptable Air Change/Hr = 10 Times
THEN :-
Ventilated Air Quantity for H.T Room = 150000 Cu.Ft/Hr
CFM= Room volume Cuft*ach/(60) 25000 CFM
Fan wall mounted axial type with Ext. Est. Static Pressure of 0.5 " W.G
Fan Quantity 2 Nos
Fan air Flow 12500 CFM
 Chiller System

Chiller system: A chiller is a cooling

system that removes heat by
circulating heat-absorbing a
refrigerant through a series of
mechanisms through which the heat
is released. The essential
components of a chiller are a
compressor, condenser, expansion
valve, and evaporator. They work in
unison to circulate a refrigerant that
removes heat from a process,
operation, or space.
Chiller Refrigerant
cycle :
Water cool Chiller
Air cool
Chiller
BASIC CHILLER COMPONENTS
The central chiller components
include the following:
•Condenser
•Compressor
•Evaporator
•Expansion valves
Condenser
The function of a chiller condenser unit is
to eliminate heat from the refrigerant
being circulated through the chiller unit.
This is achieved by circulating water
between a cooling tower and the
condenser for water-cooled variants or
blowing cool air over condenser piping
for air-cooled chiller units.

Compressor
The compressor is the driving unit of any
chiller system. It generates the pressure
gradient necessary to push refrigerant
around the chiller unit to achieve process
cooling. Various condensers are
available, with the most popular types
including centrifugal, screw, and
reciprocating compressors.
Evaporators
An evaporator is placed between the
expansion valve, and the condenser
removes heat from any associated
process into circulating refrigerant. This
is then channelled to a cooling tower or
air-cooled depending on the chiller
configuration.

Thermal Expansion Valves

Thermal expansion valves located
between the compressor and the
evaporator serve to expand refrigerant
passing through them. This action
diminishes the pressure and improves
the heat elimination from the
evaporator.
A typical water-cooled chilled water
system consists of 4 major
components as below:

1.Chiller
2.Cooling Tower
3.Chilled Water Pump
4.Condenser Water Pump
 Valve and accessories
Isolation valves are used to isolate a
section of pipe and prevent water
from flowing through in order for
people to do maintenance and repair
works.

Y-strainers are basically filters for

water. Hence, they should be installed
before the inlet of chilled water pumps.
In the side diagram, a y-strainer is
installed after the chilled water pump
to further protect the heat exchanger
of the air-cooled chiller.

Flexible joints are used to prevent the

vibration of chilled water pumps from
transmitting to the piping system.
Flexible joints are made of rubber with
a flange connection most of the time.
However, smaller flexible joints do use
thread connections.
Check valves only allow water to flow in
one direction. They are mechanically
designed to close when water is flowing
in the wrong direction.
A check valve is also known as a non-
return valve.

Pressure gauges and temperature

gauges are important accessories for
us to monitor the performance of
chilled water pumps and the overall
chilled water system.
Nowadays, many chilled water systems
incorporate digital sensors and link
them back to the building
management system for remote
monitoring.
Air-vent valves are mechanical valves
that purge air out of the chilled water
piping system. They are installed at the
highest point to be effective.
Air-vent valves must be installed upright
and thus, located on horizontal pipes.
VRF System
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)

systems vary the flow of refrigerant to

indoor units based on demand. This
ability to control the amount of
refrigerant that is provided to fan coil
units located throughout a building
makes the VRF technology ideal for
applications with varying loads or where
zoning is required.
VRV Vs VRF what is the difference

First of all, let’s clarify what these letters

stand for.
VRV is short for Variable Refrigerant
Volume.
VRF stands for Variable Refrigerant
Flow.

The fact is, these are two different

names for the same basic technology.
A VRV / VRF system is a multi-split
type of system.

It has a single outside unit, which may

contain one or multiple compressors. This is
connected to several inside units (air
handlers) by refrigerant piping.

There’s also communication wiring linking

the outside unit to each inside unit.

Refrigerant circulates from the outside unit

to the inside units, generally with several
inside units on each refrigerant “loop.” It
allows for many inside units to be
connected to one outside unit.
VRV / VRF system: contain
compressors that are equipped with
inverter technology. This allows the
compressors to precisely adjust to the
exact speed needed for heating or
cooling, based on both the outdoor and
indoor conditions as well as how many
indoor units are operating at any given
time.
 Type of VRV / VRF system

There are three different types of

VRV systems:

1) cooling-only,
2) heat pump,
3) and Heat recovery.

1) Cooling-only systems provide only

cooling and dehumidification.

2) Heat pump systems are the most

popular type . They provide both heating
and cooling.

3) Heat recovery systems are a newer,

more complicated technology. With
these systems, some indoor units in a
system can be heating while others
connected to the same outside unit are
simultaneously cooling.