Brick Bonds and Mortar

Brick Dimensions
Bond in Brick
Masonry
It is the arrangement of bricks in each layer to avoid the continuity of vertical
joints in any two adjacent courses.

Necessity of
Bonds:
Bond in brickwork is provided for the following reasons:
• Tobreak the continuity of vertical joints in consecutive
courses,
• Toensure longitudinal and lateral strength of the masonry
work,
• Todistribute the load uniformly over the structural mass,
• Toensure the quality of work,
• Toensure systematic work,
• To provide good aesthetics,
• Toeconomize the work.
 Requirements of Good Bond In Brick
Work
• Bricks should be uniform in size.
• Mortar thickness should be consistent.
• Vertical joints in alternate courses should be in a single plumb line.
• Header should be exactly in the middle of stretcher in two
consecutive
courses.
• Brick bats should be avoided to the maximum.

Types of bonds:
1. Stretcher Bond 1. Zigzag Bond
2. Header Bond 2. Garden Wall
3. English Bond Bond
4. Flemish Bond 3. Rat-trap Bond
5. Facing Bond
6. English Cross
Bond
7. Brick On Edge
Bond
8. Dutch Bond
9. Raking Bond
 1. Stretcher
also known as Running
Bond
Bond

• In this bond all the bricks are

laid as stretchers on the
faces of walls.
• This pattern is used only for
half brick thick walls i.e.
such as partition walls,
sleeper walls, division walls
or chimney stacks.
• This bond is not possible if the
thickness of wall is more.
 Plan of 1,3,5….
courses

Isometric view of L-
junction

Plan of 2,4,6….
courses

2. Header
Bond
• It is the bond in which all the
bricks are laid as headers on the
faces of walls.
• The pattern is used only when the
thickness of the wall is full brick Elevatio
n
• There is use of three-quarter bats
in
each alternate courses as quoins.
• This bond usually suitable in case Plan of 1,3,5….
of curved walls but is not courses
preferred for straight walls as it
does not have strength in the
direction of the wall. Plan of 2,4,6….
courses
 Three Quarter
Bats

Three Quarter
Bats

Isometric View Of L- Plan Of 1,3,5…. Plan Of 2,4,6….

junction Courses Courses

3. English
Bond
• This is the most commonly used
bond, for all wall thicknesses.
This bond is considered to be
the strongest.
• This bond consists of alternate
courses of headers and
stretchers.
• In order to break vertical joints
in the successive courses, it is
essential to place queen closer
after the first header (Quoin
header) in each heading course.
 Plan of 1,3,5….
Plan of 1,3,5…. courses
courses

Plan of 2,4,6…. Plan of 2,4,6….

courses courses
 4. Flemish
Bond
• In this type of bond, each course is
comprised of alternate headers
and stretchers.
• Each alternate course starts with a
header (Quoin header) at the
corner. Quoin closers are placed
next to the quoin header in
alternate courses to develop the
face lap.
• Every header is centrally supported
over the stretcher below it.
 5. Facing
• Bond
This bond is used where bricks of different sizes are to be used in the facing and backing
of
the wall.
• In this bond a header course is provided after several stretcher courses.
 6. English Cross
Bond
• This is a modification of English
bond, used to improve the
appearance of the wall.
• In this bond, alternate courses Elevatio
of headers and stretchers are n
provided as in English bond.
• Queen closers are placed next to
quoin headers. Plan of
2,4,6….courses
• A header is introduced next to
the quoin stretcher in every
alternate stretcher course. Plan of
1,5,9…..courses

Plan of
3,7,11…..courses

7. Brick on Edge
Bond (Silverlock’s
Bond or Soldier’s
• course)
This bond is inspired by English
bond but in this bond the
stretcher courses are replaced
by laying the brick on edges Elevatio
and header courses laid on the n
beds.
• Queen closer is provided after
quoin header in the header Plan of
course. 1,3,5….courses
• This type of bond is weak in
strength but economical so
usually used as garden walls, Plan of
compound walls etc. 2,4,6….courses
 8. Dutch
Bond
• This is another modified form
of English Bond. In this bond
the corners of wall are
strengthened by adding three-
quarter bat as quoin for every
stretcher course.
• Alternate courses are of
headers and stretchers are
provided as in English Bond.
• In every stretcher course, a
header is placed next to the
three-quarter brick quoin.

9. Raking
Bond
• This bond is used in thick walls. In
this type of bond, the bonding
bricks are kept at an inclination to
the direction of the wall.
• Due to this, the longitudinal stability
of thick wall built in English bond is
increased.
• The bricks are arranged in inclined
direction, in the space between the
external stretchers of the wall.
• The raking or inclination should be
in opposite direction in alternate Diagonal Bond
courses of raking bond.
 • Raking bond is not provided in
successive courses. It is provided
at a regular interval of four to
eight courses in the height of a
wall.
• The raking course is generally
provided between two stretcher
courses of the wall having
thickness equal to even multiple of
half-bricks, to make the bond
more effective.

Types of Raking Bond:

a) Diagonal Bond
b) Herring-bone Bond Herring bone
Bond

10. Zigzag
Bond
• This bond is similar to herring-bone
bond, except that the bricks are laid
in zigzag fashion.
• This bond is commonly used for
making ornamental panels in the
brick flooring or walls.
 11. Garden Wall
Bond
• This type of bond is used for the construction of garden walls, boundary
walls, compound walls, where the thickness of the wall is one brick thick and
the height does not exceed two meters.
• This type of bond is not so strong as English bond but is more attractive.
• It is sometimes used in the construction of outer leaves of cavity walls.

Garden wall bonds are of three types:

(i) Garden wall English bond
(ii) Garden wall Flemish Bond
(iii) Garden wall Monk Bond

11.1 Garden Wall English

Bond
• In this bond, the header courseis
provided only after three to five
stretchers courses.
• In each header course, a quoin
header is provided to provide
necessary lap.
• In stretcher courses, quoin
headers are placed in alternate
courses.
 11.2 Garden wall Flemish
Bond
• In this bond each course contains one
header after three to five stretchers
continuously placed, throughout the
length of the course.
• Each alternate course contains a
three- quarter brick bat placed next
to the quoin header.
• This bond is also known as Scotch
bond
or Sussex bond.

11.3 Garden wall Monk

Bond
• This is special type of garden wall
Flemish bond in which each
course contains header after two
successive stretchers.
• Every alternate course contains a
quoin header followed by a three-
quarter bat.
 12. Rat trap
Bond
• This bond gives the same appearance
as of Flemish bond but in this bond
all the bricks are laid on there edges
instead of beds.
• This bond uses less no of bricks in
compare to the conventional
techniques.
• It also provides the thermal insulation
due to the presence of void in
between.
L-Joints:
1.English
Bond

2. Double Flemish
Bond
3. Single Flemish
Bond

T-Joints:
1.English
Bond
2. Flemish 2b. External and internal Walls in Flemish
2a.
BondExternal Wall in Flemish Bond
Bond
and internal in English Bond

MORTAR

….
 MORTAR

Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the
gaps between them. The word comes from Latin moratorium meaning crushed.
Mortar may be used to bind masonry blocks of stone, brick, etc.
Mortar becomes hard when it sets, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure.
Mortar can also be used to fix, or point, masonry when the original mortar has
washed away

MORTAR
• Mortars are usually named according to the binding material used in
their preparation.
• They are essentially required for masonry work, plastering and pointing
etc.

FUNCTIONS OF MORTAR:

• To bind together the bricks or stones properly so as to provide strength

to the structure.
• To form a homogenous mass of the structure so as to resist all the loads
coming over it without disintegration.
Composition of Mortar
Modern mortars are typically made from a mixture of
sand,
a binder such as cement or lime, and
water.

An ideal mortar:
Adheres completely and durably to all the masonry unit to provide stability.
Remains workable long enough to enable the operative to set the masonry unit
right to line and level; this implies good water retentivity.
Stiffens sufficiently quickly to permit the laying of the units to proceed
smoothly, and provides rapid development of strength and adequate strength
when hardened.
Is resistant to the action of environmental factors such as frost and/or abrasion
and the destructive effects of chemical salts such as sulfate attack.
Resists the penetration of rain.
Accommodates movement of the structure.
Accommodates irregularities in size of masonry units.
Contributes to the overall aesthetic appearance.
Is cost effective
Mortar as Binding Material Plastering

Pointing Masonry joint Cement Slurry

Nature of application

Brick Laying Mortars Finishing Mortars

Workability
Workability may be defined as the behavior of a mix in respect of all the
properties required, during application, subsequent working and finishing.
Ease of use, i.e. the way it adheres or slides on the trowel.
Ease of spread on the masonry unit.
Ease of extrusion between courses without excessive dropping or
smearing.
Ease of positioning of the masonry unit without movement due to its own
weight and the weight of additional courses

Stiffening and hardening

The progression of stiffening, defined in the European Standard as workable

life, refers to the gradual change from fresh or plastic mortar to setting or set
mortar.
Hardening refers to the subsequent process whereby the set mortar
progressively develops strength.
Types of Mortars

Mortars are classified on the basis of the following

BULK DENSITY
KIND OF BINDING MATERIAL
NATURE OF APPLICATION
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
Kind of binding material

Lime Mortar
Lime – Surkhi Mortar
Mud Mortar
Cement Mortar

MUD MORTAR
Mud mortar:

•The paste is prepared by mixing suitable clay, soil with water.

•The soil which is used for preparing mud mortar
should be free from grass, pebbles etc.
•These are the cheapest mortars but weakest in strength.
•These mortars are used for brickwork of ordinary
buildings and for plastering walls in rural areas.

PREPARATION OF CLAY

Mixing With Hand Ramming Homogenous Mixture Clay Mortar

 MUD wall

Applications of MUD MORTAR

Walls Mud being Plastered to wooden Framework

Mud wall Mud Plaster

Wall with Mud Blocks

Binding Material

MUD / CLAY BLOCKS

MOULD
Clay Blocks / Tiles
TERRACOTTA –
Burnt Clay

Solar Panels
embedded in clay tiles

Shingles

Tiled Roofs Roof Tiles Pot Tiles

TERRACOTTA PAVING TILES

 TERRACOTTA
SCREENS / JALIS

Decorative Motifs in Terracotta

 CEMENT MORTAR

Cement mortar:

•The paste is prepared by mixing cement and sand in

suitable proportions in addition to water.
•The general proportion is 1 part of cement to 2-8 parts clean sand.
•These mortars must be use within half an hour, i.e.;
before initial setting time of the cement.
•This type is used for all engineering works where high
strength is desired such as load bearing walls, deep
foundations, flooring etc.
•When mixing by hand, the sands and cement are heaped up on a mixing board or in
a wheel barrow and repeatedly turned over and over until thoroughly mixed.
•The color of the dry mix will change as the cement is distributed throughout -
there should be no 'streaking' of cement, and no clumps of pure sand or pure
cement.
•Once the dry ingredients are mixed, the water can be added.

Dry sand and cement in

Begin to mix sand and cement Mix to evenly distribute cement
wheelbarrow

The dry mix should be all one colour Add water and plasticiser Mix to required consistency
•mechanical mixer,

SPECIAL MORTARS

Fire – Resistant Mortar

Lightweight Mortar
Packing Mortar
Sound Absorbing Mortar
X-Ray Shielding mortar
THANK YOU