UNIT I1 - SEWERAGE

AR3403 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN BUILDINGS

Presented by,
Ar. Anushnath Ravichandran
FOURTH SEMESTER PSG Institute of Architecture and Planning MUM (CEPT University), IGBC AP, A.I.I.A.
INTRODUCTION
▪ Natural or artificial removal of surface and sub ▪ If u release waste water directly into
surface water. environment, things get very smelly very fast.
▪ It is facility to dispose of liquid waste through a ▪ It contains harmful bacteria, which can
network of pipes provided with plumbing and cause disease and it becomes health hazard.
sanitary fittings at their terminal end. ▪ It contains suspended solids and chemicals
that affect the environment.

▪ All the piping within the private and public

premises which conveys sewage, rainwater and
other liquid waste to a point of disposal.
▪ A drainage system does not include the mains
of public sewer systems or a private or a public
sewage treatment or disposal plant.
From point of view of hygiene and sanitation it
becomes imperative/necessary to achieve fast
and safest, removal and disposal of all types of
wastes from building – which includes
▪ Garbage and Refuse
▪ Sewage
▪ Waste water
▪ Surface water
▪ Storm water (Rain water)
S.No Source of Wastes Type of Waste Contents of Waste
Residence or Public Dust, earth, bidi-cigarette buds, waste packets, papers, nails,
1 Refuse
Buildings plastic pieces, pins, clips, hair, fruit waste, sticks etc.
Vegetable waste, cereal waste, tea leaves, fruit waste, meat
2 Kitchens Garbage
waste, food leftovers, wood sticks, stalk etc.
Refuse, Garbage waste Ash, food waste, paper and leaves plates, coal pieces, match
3 Washing areas
water, water and silt sticks, sack pieces etc.
4 Bath rooms Waste water Water, silt, hair, threads, urine, cotton, sticks

5 Wash basin Waste water Water, food particles, ash, hair, threads, dust and silt
Night soil, urine, hair, waste water, toilet papers, cigarette stubs,
6 Water closets Sewage
match sticks, cotton
7 Urinals Sewage Urine, water, hair, match sticks, silt

Soil water and Rain Water and silt

Open areas and vacant water
8
spaces Mud, paper waste, wood wastes, tree cuttings, shrubs, leaves,
Garbage and Refuse cotton and textile waste, metal scrap, plastic scrap etc.
▪ Sewage is another term for ‘wastewater’.
▪ It is the contaminated water that people
dispose of in residential and commercial places
like establishments, schools, and many more.
▪ The water comes from toilets, washers, etc.
▪ The contaminants include almost everything
that can be seen on the drain.
▪ On average, each individual produces 60-100
gallons wastewater (sewage) every day.
▪ Sewers are responsible for treating this sewage Black water

in sewage treatment plants.

▪ Sullage is a term used to describe wastewater
that arises as a byproduct of daily human
activities such as showering, washing dishes,
and doing the laundry.
▪ It is the leftover water that humans use inside
their homes except for the toilet.
▪ It's also commonly referred to as gray water.
▪ Much of this gray water can be recycled and
reintroduced into the environment instead of Gray water
just being disposed of.
Drains or sewer:
The Channel or Pipes which convey sewage are called Drains or Sewer. Sewer may refer to:
▪ Sanitary sewer, a system of pipes used to transport human waste
▪ Storm sewer, a collection and transportation system for storm water
▪ Combined sewer, a system performing both the functions of a sanitary sewer and a storm
sewer

Sewerage:
The entire science of collecting and carrying sewage by water carriage system through sewers is known
as sewerage.

Sludge:
The solid waste material which settles out in the wastewater treatment process, sometimes referred as
biosolids. It can be dewatered and reused or disposed.

Night Soil:
It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta.

Scum:
Floatable material in wastewater made up of mainly fats, cooking oil and grease which are skimmed off
during the treatment process.
▪ A sewer line is an underground pipe or
tunnel system for transporting sewage
from houses and commercial buildings
(but not stormwater) to a sewage
treatment plant or disposal.
▪ The sewers should be laid with appropriate gradients so as to have minimum self cleansing
velocity.
▪ Gradients from 1 in 40 (1cm down for every 40cm across) to 1 in 110 will normally give adequate
flow velocities. If the gradient is steeper i.e., 1 in 10, the liquid may run faster than the solids in the
sloping foul water pipe thus leaving the solids stranded, which could then block the pipe.
Manholes
• Manholes (MH) are the largest chambers
Manholes are provided at every change of
providing access to a sewer or drain for
alignment, gradient or diameter of the sewer.
maintenance equipment, and, in some cases,
Function
for operatives to enter the system itself.
• Manholes are provided for inspection, cleaning,
repairs and maintenance of the sewer.
• The minimum internal dimensions of a
• The purpose of an Inspection Chamber is to
manhole are 600x900mm and they can be of
provide a means of access for inspecting the
any depth, although most modern manholes
drain or sewer and to allow cleaning.
tend to be at least 1 meter deep with inspection
• Access may be provided by (non-man-entry)
chambers used for shallower depths.
inspection chambers or (man-entry) manholes
depending on the depth at which the drain is
laid.
Manholes - Construction
• The minimum internal sizes of the chamber are
A Manhole consists of
as follows.
(a) Working chamber.
(i) For depth of 0.8m or less - 0.75m x 0.75m
(b) An access shaft and
(ii) For depth between 0.8m and 2.1m - 1.2m x
(c) A strong cover on the top flush with the
0.9m
road level.
(iii) For depth more than 2.1m - 1.2m x 0.9m or
(a) Working chamber
1.4dia
• The working chamber has such a size, so that
necessary examination and cleaning can be
done easily.
(b) Access shaft
• The access shaft provides an access to the
working chamber.
• The shaft is formed, by corbelling the working
chamber on three as So that the cover frame
can be fitted in the opening, the minimum
internal dimensions of the access shaft are 0.5 x
0.5m.
(c) Cover
• At the top of manhole, the manhole cover of cast
iron or R.C.C is provided to
cover the opening depending upon the type of
traffic on the road.
• The manhole covers are provided flush with the
road level.
Inspection chambers
• Inspection chamber is a masonry chamber
similar to manhole to provide access for the
cleaning, inspection and repair of the drain.
• This chamber is provided with C.I. cover.
• The size of this chamber depends on the depth
and number of branch connections.
• The size may be about 60 x 75cm and 90cm
deep.
• They should be constructed at all junctions,
bends and at about 10m interval on straight
runs of the drains.
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
▪ In this system of plumbing, the waste
connections from sinks, baths, washbasins, and
the soil pipe are connected directly to the
drainage system.
▪ All the traps of wC.s basins, etc, are completely
ventilated to preserve the water seal by a
separate vent pipe.
▪ One main vertical pipe fully ventilated + a
separate vent pipe (2 pipe)
▪ In this plumbing system, two pipes are
installed. W.Cs and urinals are connected to
vertical soil pipe. Baths, kitchens, basins, etc.,
are connected to another separate vertical
waste pipe. Soil pipes and waste pipes are
provided with separate vent pipes.

▪ This system thus requires four pipes and hence

proves very costly. The soil pipe is connected to
the drain directly but the waste pipe should be
connected through a trapped gully.
DISPOSAL
▪ A household septic tank usually consists of two
round concrete tanks with lids placed close to
each other. They are connected by a pipe.
▪ A septic tank can also be a single rectangular
concrete tank with a dividing wall in it.
▪ A rectangular septic tank is designed to be used
by more than 10 people and is often used for
sewage treatment at a lagoon.
▪ The tank is constructed on the site where it is
to be used.

Septic tank
▪ All the liquid waste from the toilet, bathroom,
laundry and sink goes into pipes which carry it
to a septic tank.
▪ The effluent from the tank is then disposed of
through effluent disposal drains often referred
to as leach or French drains.
▪ In these systems, the effluent is soaked into the
surrounding soil.
▪ Some soils don't allow good soakage such as On-site sewage disposal system

clay or similar soils.

▪ A leach drain is a tube-like structure which is
made of concrete or plastic and buried in the
ground. There are holes in the sides.
▪ Its width can vary and its length depends upon
the size of the leach drain being used, the
amount of liquid waste to be disposed of, the
type of soil (dirt) around it, and how it is built.
▪ The liquid waste enters the leach drain at one
end then slowly seeps down through the open
base and out the sides through holes into the
surrounding soil.
Septic tanks and leach drain
TREATMENT
 In general, these processes are divided into three stages:
▪ preliminary (physical),
▪ primary(physical) treatment and
▪ secondary (biological) treatment.

Minimally, wastewater should receive primary (physical removal/settling) and secondary (biological)
treatment, which can be followed by disinfection before discharge.

More advanced processes (advanced or tertiary treatment) may be required for special wastes. When
the effluent from secondary treatment is unacceptable, a third level of treatment, tertiary treatment,
can be employed.

Wastewater treatment process

An overview of wastewater treatment process
Wastewater treatment - Flow chart
▪ Screening is the first stage of the wastewater
treatment process.
▪ Screening removes large objects like, diapers,
nappies, sanitary items, cotton buds, face wipes
and even broken bottles, bottle tops, plastics
and rags that may block or damage equipment.
▪ Special equipment is also used to remove grit
that gets washed into the sewer. Screening
▪ This involves the separation of organic solid
matter (or human waste) from the wastewater.
▪ This is done by putting the wastewater into
large settlement tanks for the solids to sink to
the bottom of the tank.
▪ The settled solids are called ‘sludge’.
▪ At the bottom of these circular tanks, large
scrappers continuously scrape the floor of the
tank and push the sludge towards the center Sludge Formation

where it is pumped away for further treatment.

▪ The rest of the water is then moved to the
Secondary treatment.
Removal of waste water constituents such as rags, sticks, floatable grit, and grease that may cause
maintenance or operational problem with the treatment operations, processes, and ancillary systems.

Preliminary treatment consists of following units:

▪ Screening – for removal of floating matter.
▪ Grit chamber – for removal of sand and grits
▪ Comminutors – for grinding large size suspended solids
▪ Floatation units – for removal of oil and grease
▪ Skimming Tanks
▪ Pumps
▪ Pre-aeration units
▪ The objective of secondary treatment is the
further treatment of the effluent from primary
treatment to remove the residual organics
(insoluble or suspension state) and suspended
solids and nutrients (nitrogen phosphorus, or
both nitrogen and phosphorus).

▪ Air is pumped into the water to encourage

bacteria to break down the tiny bits of sludge that
escaped the sludge scrapping process.

▪ Aerobic biological treatment is performed in the

presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms
(principally bacteria) that metabolize the organic
matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more
microorganisms and inorganic end-products
(principally CO2, NH3 and H2O)

Aeration tank
Secondary treatment consists of the following Properties of activated sludge:
processes: 1. The activated sludge contains fertilizing
▪ Activated Sludge Process constituents.
▪ Oxidation ponds and lagoons 2. The color of activated sludge indicates the
degree of aeration.
Activated Sludge process: Light brown - under aerated sludge.
▪ The term activated sludge is used to indicate the Golden brown - well aerated sludge.
sludge which is obtained by settling sewage in Muddy brown - over aerated sludge.
presence of abundant oxygen. 3. Moisture content of activated sludge is about
▪ The activated sludge is biologically active and it 95 to 97%
contains a great number of aerobic bacteria and
other microorganisms which have got an unusual Basic operations involved in the activated
property to oxidize the organic matter. sludge process.
(1) Mixing of activated sludge: The activated
sludge is mixed properly with raw or settled
sewage of primary clarifier
(2) Aeration: The effluent is agitated or aerated
in the aeration tank and various methods are
Employed.
Oxidation ponds and lagoons: Classification of oxidation ponds:
▪ The stabilization ponds are open flow through ▪ Aerobic Ponds are shallow ponds with
basins specifically designed and constructed to depth less than 0.5m so as to maximize
treat sewage and biodegradable industrial wastes. penetration of light thoroughout the
liquid depth. Such ponds develop intense
▪ They provide long detention periods extending algal growth.
from a few to several days.
▪ Anaerobic ponds are used as pre-
▪ Pond systems, in which oxygen is provided treatment of high strength wastes. Such
through mechanical aeration rather than algal ponds are constructed with a depth of 2.5-
photosynthesis are called aerated lagoons. 5m as light penetration is unimportant.

▪ Lightly loaded ponds used as tertiary step in waste ▪ Facultative ponds functions aerobically
treatment for polishing of secondary effluents and at the surface while anaerobic conditions
removal of bacteria are called maturation ponds. prevail at the bottom. They are often about
1 to 2m in depth. The aerobic layer acts as a
good check against odour evolution from
the pond.
▪ The ‘almost’ treated wastewater is passed through ▪ Disinfection is also typically a part of
a settlement tank. tertiary treatment.

▪ Here, more sludge is formed at the bottom of the ▪ Nutrient removal is often included in this
tank from the settling of the bacterial action. disinfection
▪ Again, the sludge is scraped and collected for
treatment.
Tertiary treatment consists of following
▪ The water at this stage is almost free from harmful processes & units:
substances and chemicals. ▪ Membrane Filtration and Separation.
▪ De-chlorination and Disinfection Systems
▪ The water is allowed to flow over a wall where it is ▪ Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
filtered through a bed of sand to remove any ▪ Ion Exchange
additional particles. ▪ Activated Carbon Absorption
▪ Physical / Chemical Treatment
▪ Removal of residual suspended solids (after
secondary treatment),usually by granular medium
filtration or micro screens.
Trickling Filter:
▪ Trickling filter is an attached growth process
i.e. process in which microorganisms
responsible for treatment are attached to an
inert packing material.

Removal Efficiency of Trickling Filter:

▪ The Removal efficiency of Total Organic
Carbon (T.O.C) from Trickling Filter is greater
than 90%

Trickling filter
Trickling Filter:
▪ The liquid effluent from the primary settling tank is passed to the secondary part of the system
where aerobic decomposition completes the stabilization.

▪ For this purpose, a trickling filter is used. A trickling filter is a fixed bed, biological filter that
operates under (mostly) aerobic conditions.

▪ Pre-settled wastewater is ‘trickled’ or sprayed over the filter. As the water migrates through the
pores of the filter, organics are degraded by the biomass covering the filter material.

▪ The Trickling Filter is filled with a high specific surface-area material such as rocks, gravel,
shredded PVC bottles, or special pre-formed filter-material.

▪ A material with a specific surface area between 30 and 900m2/m3 is desirable. The filter is usually
1-3 m deep but filters packed with lighter plastic filling can be up to 12 m deep.

▪ Organisms that grow in a thin biofilm over the surface of the media oxidize the organic load in the
wastewater to carbon dioxide.
Trickling Filter:
▪ The particles should be uniform such that 95 per cent of the particles have a diameter between 7
and 10 cm.

▪ Both ends of the filter are ventilated to allow oxygen to travel the length of the filter. A perforated
slab that allows the effluent and excess sludge to be collected supports the bottom of the filter.

▪ The bed consists of crushed rock or slag (1-3 m deep) through which the sewage is allowed to
percolate.

▪ The stones become coated with a zoogloea film (a jelly-like growth of bacteria, fungi, algae, and
protozoa), and air circulates by convection currents through the bed.

▪ Most of the biological action takes place in the upper 0.5 m of the bed.

▪ A secondary settling basin is necessary to clarify the effluent from the trickling filter.

▪ The overall reduction of BOD for a complete trickling filter system averages around 80-90 per cent.
Trickling filter
 Trickling filter

Aerial view of STP

Thank you…