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Nature of Mathematics 1
Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World
Course Number: GE 104
Course Description:

This course begins with an introduction to the nature of mathematics as an exploration

of patterns (in nature and the environment) and as an application of inductive and deductive
reasoning. By exploring these topics, students are encouraged to go beyond the typical
understanding of mathematics as merely a set of formulas but as a source of aesthetic in patterns
of nature, for example, and a rich language in itself (and of science) governed by logic and
reasoning.

The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics provides a tool for
understanding and dealing with various aspects of present-day living, such as managing
personal finances, making social choices, appreciating geometric designs, understanding codes
used in data transmission and security, and diving limited resources, fairly. These aspects will
provide opportunities for actually doing mathematics in a broad range of exercises that bring
out the various dimensions of mathematics as a way of knowing, and test the students’
understanding and capacity (CMO No. 20, series of 2013).

Total Learning Time: 54 hours

Pre-requisites: None

Overview:

Mathematics is an integral part of our life; formal and informal. It is used in

technology, business, medicine, natural and data sciences, machine learning and
construction. It helps organize patterns and regularities in the world, predict the behavior
of nature and phenomenon in the world, control nature and occurrences in our modern world.
According to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1990, cited by
Daligdig, (2019) Mathematics relies on both logic and creativity, and it is pursued both for
a variety of practical purposes and for its intrinsic interest. For some people, and not only
professional mathematics, the essence of mathematics lies in its beauty and its intellectual
challenge.
Learning Outcomes:

By the end of the topic the student will be able to:

1. Identify the patterns in nature and regularities in the world
2. Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life
3. Explain the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed, represented, and
used.
4. Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor

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Indicative Content:

1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

1.2 The Fibonacci Sequences
1.3 Importance of Mathematics in life
1.4 The role of Mathematics in Some Discipline
1.5 Appreciating Mathematics as Human Endeavor
1.6 Mathematics for our World

Pre-assessment (Optional)

Discussion:

1.1 Patterns and number in Nature and the World

Patterns are regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs. Studying this patterns helps
us in identifying relationships and finding logical connections to form generalizations and
make predictions;

Look at the pattern, what will be the next?

What do you think will be the next face in the sequence? It should be easy enough to note
that the pattern is made up of two smiling faces – one without teeth and one with teeth.
Beginning with a toothless face, the two faces then alternate. Logically, the face that should
follow is

What is the next figure in the pattern below?

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Solution:
Looking at the figure, the lines seem to rotate at 90-degree intervals in a
counterclockwise direction, always parallel to one o the square. Checking the other patterns,
the length of the lines inside the square follow a decreasing trend. Finally, looking at the
number of lines in the box, each succeeding figure has the number of lines increase by 1. This
means that the next figure should have five lines inside. This leads to option A as the correct
choice.
Some Example of Patterns in Nature
Patterns indicate sense of structure and organization that it seems only humans are
capable of producing these intricate, creative, and amazing formations.
Patterns are commonly observed in natural objects, such as the six-fold symmetry of
snowflakes, the hexagonal structure and formation of honeycombs, the tiger’s stripes, the
number of seeds in a sunflower, the spiral of snail’s shell, and the number of petals of flowers.

Symmetry is the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other
or around an axis.

Line or bilateral symmetry- a basic body plan in which the left and right sides of the
organism can be divided into approximate mirror images of each other along the midline.
Other types of symmetry depending on the number of sides or faces that are symmetrical
A Spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves
around the point. Example. The snail’s shell.
A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns or windings
in the channel of rivers, streams or other water course. It is produced by a stream or river
swinging from side to side as it flows across its floodplain or shifts its channel into a valley.
A wave is a disturbance that transfer the energy through matter of space, with little or
no associated mass transport.
Foam is a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid. A bath
sponge and the head of glass of beer is an example of sponge.
Tessellations of a flat surface is the tiling of plane using one or more geometric shapes,
called tiles with no overlaps and no gaps.
Stripes are made by a series of bands or strips, often the same width and color along
the length.

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1.2 The Fibonacci Sequence

In mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several mathematical
operations repeatedly. Suppose we choose the number 3 as the first number in our pattern. We
then choose the number 3 to as the first number in our pattern. We then choose to add 5 to our
first number, resulting in 8, which is our second number. Repeating this process we obtain 13,
18, 23, 28, as the succeeding number that form our pattern. In mathematics, we call these
ordered lists of numbers as sequence

Sequence
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated values. The
arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.

Example 1. Generating a Sequence

Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms.
a. 1, 10, 100, 1000
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20
Solution
a. looking at the set of numbers, it can be observed that each term is a power of 10;
0
1 = 10 Following this rule, the next three terms are:
1 4
10 = 10 10 = 10,000
2 5
100 = 10 10 = 100,000
3 6
1000 = 10 10 = 1,000,000

b. The difference between the first and second terms (2 and 5) is 3.

The difference between the second and third terms (5 and 9) is 4.
The difference between the third and fourth terms (9 and 14) is 5.
The difference between the fourth and fifth terms (14 and 20) is 6.

Following this rule, it can deduced that to obtain the next three terms, we should add 7,
8 9 respectively, to the current term. Hence, the next three terms are:
20 + 7 = 27;
27 + 8 = 35,
35 + 9 = 44

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What is Fibonacci sequence?

A Fibonacci sequence is formed by adding the preceding two numbers, beginning with 0 and
1. It is named after Leonardo Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano,
an Italian Mathematician.
Starting with 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be generated by adding
the two numbers that came before the term
0+1=1 0, 1, 1
1+1=2 0, 1, 1, 2
0, 1, 1, 2, 3
1+2=3
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
2+3=5 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
3+5=8 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
… 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 . ..
The first 6 Fibonacci numbers Fn are

F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
0 1 1 2 3 5 8

The Fibonacci Spiral

A Fibonacci spiral is a series of connected quarter-circles drawn inside an array of
squares with Fibonacci numbers for dimensions. The squares fit perfectly together because of
the nature of the sequence, where the next number is equal to the sum of the two before it.
It is also interesting to note that the ratios of the successive Fibonacci numbers approach
the number Φ (Phi), also known as the Golden Ratio. This is approximately equal to 1.618.
𝟏
= 1.0000 𝟖
= 1.6000 𝟓𝟓
𝟏 𝟓 = 1.1.6177
𝟑𝟒
𝟐 𝟏𝟑
= 2.0000 = 1.6250
𝟏 𝟖
𝟖𝟗
𝟐𝟏
= 1.6182
𝟑 𝟓𝟓
= 1.5000 = 1.6154
𝟐 𝟏𝟑

𝟓 𝟑𝟒
= 1.6667 = 1.6190
𝟑 𝟐𝟏

Geometrically, it can also be visualized as a rectangle perfectly formed by a square and

another rectangle which can be repeated infinitely inside each section. The spiral and resulting
rectangle are known as the Golden Rectangle.

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Golden rectangle with the golden spiral

1.3 Importance of Mathematics in Life

According to Daligdig (2019) Mathematics is important in calculating bills,

computing test scores, tracking career, doing exercise, handling money, making
countdowns, baking and cooking, surfing internet, restaurant tipping and Netflix viewing.

1.4 Role of Mathematics in Some Discipline

Students can stay away with mathematics because it is offered in every courses. I is
found in every curriculum because its theories and applications are needed in any
workplace. As posted by Rathnabai (2014) cited by Daligdig (2019) Mathematics is not
only number work or computation, but is more about forming generalization, seeing
relationships and developing logical thinking and reasoning.

Some main disciplines in which the role of Mathematics is widely accepted (Daligdig,
2019):

1. Mathematics in Physical Science - In Physics, every rule and principle take

mathematical form ultimately. Mathematics gives final shape to the rules of Physics.
It presents them in a workable form. Mathematical calculations occur at every step in
physics.

2. Mathematics in Chemistry – Math is extremely important in Physical chemistry

especially in advanced topics such as quantum or statistical mechanics.

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3. Mathematics in Biological Science – Biomathematicsis a rich fertile field with open,

challenging and fascination problem areas of mathematical genetics, mathematical
ecology, mathematical neuron-physiology, development of computer software for
special biological and medical problems, mathematical theory of epidemics and
mathematical problems in biomechanics, bioengineering and bioelectronics.

4. Mathematics and Engineering and Technology – Mathematics is considered the

foundation of engineering. Engineering deals with the surveying, levelling, designing,
estimating, construction, etc. in all these processes, application of mathematics is very
important.

5. Mathematics and Agriculture – Agriculture needs direct application of mathematics

such as measurement of land or area, average investment and expenditure, average
return or income, production per unit area, cost of labor, time and work, seed rate, etc.

6. Mathematics and Economics – Mathematical language is language and methods are

used frequently in describing economic phenomena.

1.5 Appreciating Mathematics as Human Endeavor

In order to appreciate mathematics much better, every person should have the thorough
understanding of the discipline as a human endeavor. Mathematics is appreciated as human
endeavor because all professionals and ordinary people apply its theories and concepts in
the office, laboratory and marketplace.

Professionals such as Accountants, Agriculturists, Architects, Biologists, Chemists,

Biologists, Computer Programmers, Engineers, Lawyers, Managers, Meteorologist,
Medical Doctors, Military Personnel, Politician, Nurses, Salespeople, Technicians,
Teachers, Tradesmen uses Mathematics in their respective daily endeavors.

1.6 Mathematics for our World

• Mathematics for Organization

For us to make sense of all available information, we need mathematical tools to
help us make sound analysis and better decisions. For instance,
❖ a particular store can gather data on the shopping habits of its customers and make
necessary adjustments to help drive sales.
• Mathematics for prediction

As much as we can use mathematical models using existing data to generate

analysis and interpretations, we can also use them to make predictions. Applying concept
of probability, experts can calculate the chance of an event occurring.
The weather is a prime example. Based on historical patterns, meteorologists can
make forecasts to help us prepare for our day-to-day activities. They can also warn us of
weather disturbances that can affect out activities for weeks or months.

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Astronomers also use patterns to predict the occurrence of meteor showers or

eclipses.

• Mathematics for control

We have demonstrated by means of example around us that patterns are

definitely present in the universe. There seems to be an underlying mathematical
structure in the way natural objects and phenomenon behave.
Through the use of mathematics, man is also able to exert control over himself
and the effects of nature.
At most basic level, logical reasoning and critical thinking are crucial skills that
are needed in every endeavor. As such the study of mathematics should be embraced
as it paves the way for more educated decisions and in a way, brings us closer to
understanding the natural world.

Exercises/Drills:
1. What is the next figure in the given pattern?

2. What number comes next in 1,3, 5, 7. 9, _____?

3. What number comes next in 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, _____ ?
4. Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms.
a. 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 b. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25

Evaluation:

1. Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms.
a. 16, 32, 64, 128
b. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8

2. Let F(1) = 1, F(2) = 1, F(3) = 2, an so on, find

a. F(10)
b. F(18)
c. F(18)

3. Identification: Identify what is being referred to in the following:

_________3.1 A substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.

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_________3.2 A regular, repeated or recurring forms or designs.

_________3.3 It is an ordered list of numbers called terms that may have repeated
values set by a definite rule.
_________3.4 One of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns or windings
in the channel of rivers, streams or other water course. It is produced by
a stream or river swinging from side to side as it flows across its
floodplain or shifts its channel into a valley.
_________3.5 a basic body plan in which the left and right sides of the organism can
be divided into approximate mirror images of each other along the
midline.
_________3.6.A curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it
revolves around the point. Example. The snail’s shell.
_________3.7 One of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns or windings
in the channel of rivers, streams or other water course. It is produced by
a stream or river swinging from side to side as it flows across its
floodplain or shifts its channel into a valley.
_________3.8 It is the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each
other or around an axis.
_________3.9 A disturbance that transfer the energy through matter of space, with little
or no associated mass transport.
_________3.10 The tiling of plane using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles
with no overlaps and no gaps.

Additional Readings:

https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24738039M/Mathematics_a_human_endeavor. Mathematics, a human

endeavor by Harold R. Jacobs, 1970, W.H. Freeman edition, in English.,
http://www.project2061.org/publications/sfaa/online/chap2.htm#:~:text=Chapter%202%3A%20THE%20NATU
RE%20OF%20MATHEMATICS,beauty%20and%20its%20intellectual%20challenge. The Nature of
Mathematics.

References:

Alejaga, Vivian A. 2020. Module in Mathematics in the Modern World. Unpublished.

Aufmann, R, J. Lockwood, R. Nation, D. Clegg, and SS Epp, 2018. Mathematics in the Modern World, Rex
Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines.

Daligdig, RM, 2019. Mathematics in the Modern World, Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Metro Manila,
Philippines.

https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/symmetry, Retrieved June 11, 2020.

GE 104 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD 1st Semester AY 2022-2023