NAME OF THE PROGRAM General Education

COURSE TITLE Mathematics in the COURSE CODE MAMW 100

Modern World
WORKTEXT HYPOTHESIS TESTING
LESSON LEARNING After successful completion of this module, students should be able to:
OBJECTIVES a. identify the steps of hypothesis testing;
b. differentiate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis;
c. define level of significance, test statistic, p value, and statistical significance;
d. distinguish the test to be used (one-tailed/two-tailed and z-test/t-test)
e. calculate the statistic value and interpret the results.
WEEK / INCLUSIVE DATE 14/November 13-17, 2023
MODALITY Synchronous (On ground), Asynchronous

Read the lesson and fill in the missing word/phrase/sentence/number/solution.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Hypothesis Test – statistical method that uses (sample/population) to evaluate a hypothesis about a
population.

The Logic
 state a hypothesis about a population, usually concerning a population parameter
 predict a characteristics of a
 obtain a random sample from the population
 compare obtained data to prediction to see if they are consistent

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Step 1: State the hypotheses
H0 (Ho) (Null | Alternative hypothesis)
In the general population, there is no change, no difference, or
no relationship; the independent variable will have no effect Ho: μ ≤
value
on the dependent variable
Example:
-All dogs have four legs.
-There is no difference in the number of legs dogs have. Ho: μ ≥
H1 (Ha) (Null | Alternative hypothesis) value

In the general population, there is a change, a difference, or a

relationship; the independent variable will have an effect on
the dependent variable Ho: μ =
Example: value

-20% of dogs have only three legs.

Note: (Directional Test / One-tailed test)

When a research study predicts a specific direction for the treatment effect (increase or decrease), it is
possible to incorporate the directional prediction into the hypothesis test. The result is called a directional
test or a one-tailed test. A directional test includes the directional prediction in the statement of the
hypotheses and in the location of the critical region.

Step 2: Select the appropriate test statistic and level of significance

When testing a hypothesis of a mean, we use the z-statistic or we use the t-statistic according to the

} If the population standard deviation, 𝝈, is known and either the data is normally distributed or the
following conditions.

} When the population standard deviation, 𝝈, is unknown and either the data is normally distributed or
sample size n > 30, we use the normal distribution (z-statistic).

the sample size is less than 30 (n < 30), we use the t-distribution (t-statistic).
} df  degrees of freedom
Degrees of freedom of an estimate is the number of independent pieces of information that went
into calculating the estimate. It’s not quite the same as the number of items in the sample. To get
the df for the estimate, you must subtract 1 from the number of items. Let’s say you were finding
the mean weight loss for a low-carb diet. You could use 4 people, giving 3 degrees of freedom
(4 – 1 = 3), or you could use one hundred people with df = 99.
In math terms (where “n” is the number of items in your set): df = n – 1

Alpha Level/Level of Significance

if the null hypothesis is true; e.g., 𝞪 = .05; 𝞪 = .01; 𝞪

- Probability value used to define the (unlikely) sample outcomes

= .001;
 A traditional guideline for choosing the level of significance is as follows:
(a) the 0.10 level for political polling; (b) the 0.05 level for consumer research projects; and (c) the
0.01 level for quality assurance work.
Critical Region (Critical value/Tabular value)

- Boundaries determined by alpha level (𝞪)

- Extreme sample values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true.

- If the sample data falls within this region (the shaded tails, reject the null hypothesis
For z-statistic
Level of 0.05
Significance 0.01
Test

One-tailed test (directional) ± 1.65 ± 2.33

Two-tailed test ± 1.96 ± 2.575

For t-statistic, use t-distribution table (at the last page)

Step 3: State the Decision Rules.

The decision rules state the conditions under which the null hypothesis will be accepted or rejected. The
critical value for the test-statistic is determined by the level of significance. The critical value is the value
that divides the non-reject region from the reject region.

Sample Decision Rules:

} If Ha: μ ≠ value (Two-tailed test)
Accept the null hypothesis if |computed| is less than the |critical value (please indicate the value)|.
Reject (Do not accept) the null hypothesis if |computed| is greater than the |critical value (please
indicate the value)|.

} If Ha: μ < value (Left-tail test means negative critical value)

Accept the null hypothesis if computed is greater than or equal to critical value (please indicate the
negative value).
Reject (Do not accept) the null hypothesis if computed is less than the critical value (please indicate
the negative value).

} If Ha: μ > value (Right-tail test means positive critical value)

Accept the null hypothesis if computed is less than or equal to critical value (please indicate the
positive value).
Reject (Do not accept) the null hypothesis if computed is greater than the critical value (please
indicate the positive value).

Step 4: Compute the appropriate test statistic.

 When we use the z-statistic, we use the formula
( x−μ ) √ n
z= if σ is known
σ
( x−μ ) √ n
or z= if σ is unknown and n > 30
s
 When we use the t-statistic, we use the formula
( x−μ ) √ n
t= if σ is unknown and n ≤ 30
s
Step 5: Make a decision (base in your statements in Decision Rule).

Compare the computed test statistic with critical value. If the computed value is within the rejection
region(s), we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, we do not reject the null hypothesis, that is, if the
computed is not within the critical region.

Example 1.
A manufacturer of salad dressings uses machines to dispense liquid ingredients into bottles that move along
a filling line. The machine that dispenses salad dressings is working properly when 8 ounces are dispensed.
Suppose that the average amount dispensed in a particular sample of 35 bottles is 7.91 ounces with a
variance of 0.03 ounces squared, (s2). Is there evidence that the machine should be stopped and production
wait for repairs? The lost production from a shutdown is potentially so great that management feels that the
in the analysis should be 99% accuracy.

Step 1: State the hypotheses

Null Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
____________________________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Step 2: Test Statistic and Level of Significance

Test Statistic (z-test | t-test): _______________
Level of Significance: ____________

Step 3: Decision Rule:

Accept the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Reject the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 4: Solution:

Step 5: Decision:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Example 2.
The average score of all sixth graders in school District A on a math aptitude exam is 75 with a standard
deviation of 8.1. A random sample of 100 students in one school was taken. The mean score of these 100
students was 71. Does this indicate that the students of this school are significantly less skilled in their
mathematical abilities than the average student in the district? (Use a 5% level of significance.)

Step 1: State the hypotheses

Null Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
____________________________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Step 2: Test Statistic and Level of Significance

Test Statistic (z-test | t-test): _______________
Level of Significance: ____________

Step 3: Decision Rule:

Accept the ____________________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Reject the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 4: Solution:

Step 5: Decision:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Example 3.
In order to increase customer service, a muffler repair shop can replace a muffler in 12 minutes. A time

deviation of the sample was 2.1 minutes. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough evidence to conclude that the mean
management specialist selected six repair jobs and found their mean time to be 11.6 minutes. The standard

time in changing a muffler is less than 12 minutes?

Step 1: State the hypotheses

Null Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
____________________________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Step 2: Test Statistic and Level of Significance

Test Statistic (z-test | t-test): _______________
Level of Significance: ____________

Step 3: Decision Rule:

Accept the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Reject the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 4: Solution:

Step 5: Decision:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Example 4.
A special cable has a breakage strength of 800 pounds. A researcher selects a sample of 20 cables and

the variable is normally distributed, test claim at 𝜶 = 0.01.

finds that the average breaking strength is 793 pounds with a standard deviation of 12 pounds. Assume that
Step 1: State the hypotheses
Null Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
____________________________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Step 2: Test Statistic and Level of Significance

Test Statistic (z-test | t-test): _______________
Level of Significance: ____________

Step 3: Decision Rule:

Accept the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Reject the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 4: Solution:

Step 5: Decision:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Example 5.
A new laboratory technician read a report that the average number of students using computer laboratory per
hour was 16. To test this hypothesis, he selected a day at random and kept tract of the number of students

At 𝜶 = 0.01, can the technician conclude that the average is actually 16?
who used the lab over an eight-hour period. The results were as follows: 20, 24, 18, 16, 16, 19, 21, 23.

Step 1: State the hypotheses

Null Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
In symbol: _______________
In Statement:
____________________________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Step 2: Test Statistic and Level of Significance

Test Statistic (z-test | t-test): _______________
Level of Significance: ____________

Step 3: Decision Rule:

Accept the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Reject the ____________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 4: Solution:

Step 5: Decision:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________