Lesson Note On Physics SS1 First Term - Edudeligh
Lesson Note On Physics SS1 First Term - Edudeligh
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SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: SS 1
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4. Frictions
10. Viscosity
11. Revision
REFERENCE BOOKS
MEANING OF PHYSICS
MEANING OF PHYSICS
Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy and how they
interact with each other. This energy can take the form of motion, light,
electricity, radiation, gravity etc. Physics deals with matter on scales
ranging from sub-atomic particles (i.e. the particles that make up the
atom and the particles that make up those particles) to stars and even
the entire galaxies. It can also be defined as a natural science that
involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, as well
as all applicable concepts, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is
the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how
the universe behaves.
EVALUATION
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES:
These are the basic quantities that are independent of others and
cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.
They are the basic quantities upon which most (though not all)
quantities depend.
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
These are the basic unit upon which other units depend. They are the
units of the fundamental quantities.
The three most important basic quantities in Physics are length, mass
and time.
Read Also
Length Metre M
Time Second S
Mass Kilogram Kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Density Kg.m-3
Table 2.2
Mass Kilogramme, kg M
Length Metre, m L
Time T
Velocity =
=
Acceleration =
= kg × ms-2
= m × LT-2
= MLT-2
Table 2.3
-2 -1 -2
Pressure Nm-2 ML-1 T-2
EVALUATION
2 From the following quantities given below, list out the derived and
fundamental quantities in a tabular form: Velocity, mass, weight,
length, volume, density, torque, speed, acceleration, power, energy,
temperature, heat capacity, electric current, relative density
Reading Assignment
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
−2
m3 (c) Nm−2 (d) Kg
(a) lb, ft, sec (b) g, m, sec (c) kg, m, sec (d) cm, g, sec
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) I, II and III only (c) I, II and IV only
(d) I and IV only
THEORY
Measurement of Length
Measurement of Time
Measurement of Mass
Measurement of Volume
MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
THE METRE RULE: The metre rule is often used to measure distances of
a few centimetres to some metres, for example, the dimensions of a
table or room. When longer distances are involved, tape rule can be
used. 0.1 cm or 1mm is the smallest graduation on a metre rule.
CALLIPERS:
Callipers are used to measure distances on solid objects where an
ordinary metre rule cannot be applied directly. They are made of hinged
steel jaws which are closed (in the case of external callipers) until they
touch the desired part of the object being measured. The distance
between the jaws is then measured on a graduated scale such as the
metre rule.
MEASUREMENT OF TIME
The time internal between two events is the difference between the
times when the event occurred when the time internal is of the order of
minutes or hours, clocks and watches can be used. These are the
instruments which indicate the time of the day. For shorter time
intervals of the order of seconds, stop clocks or stop watches are used.
EVALUATION
MEASUREMENT OF MASS
The mass of a body is a measure of the quantity of matter it contains.
Mass is usually measured by comparing it with standard masses, using
a balance.
There are various types e.g. beam or chemical balance, lever balance, a
dial spring, direct reading balance etc
WEIGHT: of a body is the force acting on the body due to the earth’s
gravitational pull. One instrument used for measuring weight is the
spring balance. Weight is measured in Newtons.
MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME
GRADUATED CYLINDER: A graduated cylinder can be used for
measurement of volumes of liquids. It is accurate to the nearest 1cm3. It
can also be used in measuring the volume of irregular shaped objects
e.g stone, with the aid of the displacement or eureka can.
Example 3.1
Fig. 3.3
Solution
= 0.07
4.37cm
Note: The last digit before the end “A” of vernier inscribed on the main
scale is 4.3 and the point of coincidence is 7 which is taken as 0.07. The
rough end of the main scale indicates continuity, i.e the main scale is
still extended.
Fig. 3.4
Solution
= 0.11
EVALUATION
Reading Assignment
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(a) relative humidity (b) dew point (c) relative density (d)
attitude
10. What is the reading on the instrument? (a) 5.25mm (b) 10.16mm
(C) 10.15mm
(d) 5.10mm
THEORY
(a)
(b)
CONTENT
Definition of Motion
Causes of Motion
Circular Motion
FUNDAMENTALS OF MOTION
Many scientists have studied motion and its properties because of its
importance to life. The Italian, Galileo Galilei, who lived from 1564 to
1642, did the first systematic study of motion. The science of the study
of motion done by Galileo is known as kinematics. Isaac Newton was
another scientist who did detailed work on the study of motion.
TYPES OF MOTION
A B
RELATIVE MOTION
NB: When the velocities are not in the same straight line, the
parallelograms law should be used to add this since velocities are
vectors, and their magnitudes and direction must be taken into
consideration.
CAUSES OF MOTION
TYPES OF FORCE
There are two main types of forces, contact force and force field.
1. CONTACT FORCE: This may be regarded as a force which exists
between surfaces in contact. It includes pushing and pulling
forces, frictional forces, reaction and tension forces in strings and
wires.
EVALUATION
The acceleration that is directed towards the centre of the circular path
is known as centripetal acceleration. Its magnitude a is given by
Where V is the uniform speed and r is the radius of the circular path.
Centrifugal force: The centrifugal force is the reaction force that tends
to move a body away from the centre. In other words, it acts in opposite
direction to the centripetal force
EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
10. The following are types of motion except (A) random motion (b)
rotational motion (c) nuclear motion (d) oscillatory
motion.
(a) i & ii only (b) ii & iii only (c) I & iii only (d) i, ii & iii
WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: FRICTION
CONTENT
Definition of Friction
Reducing Friction
DEFINITION OF FRICTION
Fr α R
Fr = µR………………….1.
W
R
R
W
W
R W
W = mg
R = mg
F = µ mg
Fr = µmg…………………… 2
R
Fr P
P – Fr = ma
Since no motion a = 0
P – F Fr = O
P = Fr …………………….. 3
Case two: when the force P is applied and the body moves.
P – Fr = ma
P = Fr + ma
But Fr = µmg
P = µmg + ma
P = m [ µg + a ] …………………………….. 4
P – mgsinø = ma
P = mgsinø + ma …………………………. 5
P – mgsinø = ma
P – mgsinø = 0
P = mgsinø ……………………………… 6
mgsinø – P = ma
P = ma + mgsinø ………………………… 7
P – mgsinø – Fr = ma
But Fr = µmg
Also, R = mg cosø
µ = tanӨ………………………………….. 10
EVALUATION
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
REDUCING FRICTION
4. By streamlining.
EVALUATION
1. State three (3) advantages & two (2) disadvantages of friction.
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
THEORY
CONTENT
POSITION
The
The bearing of an object from the origin is the angle which it makes with
the north pole in the clockwise sense. It is specified in two ways:
2. The use of three digit notation. Students should note that bearing
which are located by cardinal points are with respect or reference
to the North and South.
NW N NE
W E SW S
SE
velocity =
time (sec)
Uniform velocity
time (sec)
Example 1:
A train moves with a speed of 54km/h for one quarter minute. Find the
distance travelled by the train.
Solution:
= 15(m/s) × 15(s)
= 225m
Time Taken
S = (v+u) t ………………………………………………………7
v = u + at ……………………………………………………….8
v2 = u2 + 2 aS ……………………………………………………….9
S = ut + ½ at2 ……………………………………………………….10
Example 2
2
A car moves from rest with an acceleration of 0.2mls2 . Find its velocity
when it has moved a distance of 50m.
Solution:
v2 = u2 + 2 as
v2 = 02 + (2×0.2×50) = 20
v = √20 m/s
EVALUATION
GRAPHS
1. Distance- time
2. Displacement – time
3. Velocity – time
Distance – time
time (sec)
0, 0
time (sec)
DX
time (sec)
time (sec)
Gradient/slope = speed =
time (sec)
time (sec)
a) Non-uniform velocity
The velocity-time graph is more useful than any of the two graphs
described above because it gives more useful information concerning
the motion of objects. The following information can be obtained from
the graphs (i) acceleration (ii) retardation (iii) distance (iv) average
speed.
Example 3
i)
or
20 =
A =
ii) Deceleration =
= ½ × (70) × 20 = 700m
Example 4
The velocity – time diagram for the journey is shown above, from this
diagram
= AE / EO
= (30-0) /(5-0)=30/5
= 6mls2
=½xbxh
= ½ x 5 x 30
= 75m
= ½ (AB + OC) AE
= ½ (15 + 30) 30
= 675m.
1. U = O, V = 3, t = 5
V=u+t
a = v-u/t = 30 – 0 / 5
a = 30/5 = 6ms-2
a o in
a = v – u / t = 0-30 / 10
a = -3 mls2
(c) S = ( u + v) 5
= 30 / 2 x 5
= 75m
st
for the 1st part S= 75m from (c)
S = vt
= 30 x 15
= 450m
= ½ (30 + 0) 10
= 150m.
EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
5. A body moving with uniform acceleration has two points (5, 15)
and (20, 60) on the velocity-time graph of its motion. Calculate (a) 0.25
ms−2 (b) 3.00 ms−2 (c) 4.00 ms−2 (d) 9.00ms−2
THEORY
(iii) Sketch a graph of the motion and calculate the total distance
covered throughout the motion.
(b) State two factors that affect the value of the acceleration due
to gravity.(WAEC,2006)
(iii) Average speed during the same time interval as in (ii) above (WAEC,
2009)
(b) A body starts from rest and travels distances of 120, 300,
and 800m in successive equal time intervals of 12s. During each
interval the body is uniformly accelerated.
(ii) Sketch the velocity- time graph of the motion. (WAEC, 2010)
10. (a) State two reasons why the acceleration due to gravity varies
on the surface of the earth. (NECO, 2008)
WEEK SEVEN
Definition of Density
Determination of Density
Relative Density
DEFINITION OF DENSITY
Determination of Density
Relative Density
Density of water
Mass of sand = m2 – m1
R.D = m2 – m1
EVALUATION
R.D of liquid = m3 – m1
m2 – m1
Example – A glass block of length 10cm width 8cm and thickness 2cm
has a mass of 400g. calculate the density of the glass.
Solution
density = 0.76gcm-3
volume = ?
volume = mass / density= 500
0.76
solution
mass of acid = n – 15 . 0g
= 24.0g
R.D = 1.20
R.D = n – 15.0g
39.0 – 15.0g
1.20 = n –15.0
24.0
n- 15.0= 1.20×24.0
n- 15= 28.8
n =28.8+15
n=43.8g
EVALUATION
1. The volume of an
object is 1.5x10m and its
mass is 3.0×10 kg.
Calculate its density.
2. A relative density
bottle weighs 20g when
empty, 80g when filled
with water & 100g when
filled with liquid. Find the
relative density of the
liquid.
READING ASSIGNMENT
THEORY
WEEK 8
CONTENT
Pressure
Laws of Floatation
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as the perpendicular force per unit area acting on a
surface. It is a scalar quantity & measured in N/m2 or Pascal (pa).It can
also be defined as the force per unit area, which is calculated by taking
the total force and dividing it by the area over which the force acts.
Force and pressure are related but different concepts. A very small
pressure, if applied to a large area, can produce a large total force.
Solution
F = 40N, A = 5m2, P = ?
Pressure in Liquid
4. Pressure at all points at the same level within a liquid is the same
P = hℓg ……………………..2.
To keep the large piston (A) at equilibrium with the small one (a) a load
= F is placed on the large piston .
P = f/a = F/A
EVALUATION
1. Define pressure
In the figure on the left, there are arrows on the top and bottom of the
solid block. The downward arrow represent the weight of the block
pulling it downwards and the upward arrow represent the upthrust
pushing it upwards. If one were to measure the weight of the solid block
when it is immersed in the fluid, he will find that the weight of the block
is less than that in air. There is a so-called “apparent loss in weight”,
because the buoyant force has supported some of the block’s weight.
The body is weighed in air w1, and then when completely immersed in
water w2
= w1
W1-W 2
A solid is weighed in air (w1), then in water (w2) and finally in the given
liquid (w3)
= W1 – W3
W1 – W2
Solution:
upthrust in water
2 = w – 10
w – 15
2w – 30 = w – 10
2 w – w = -10 + 30
w = 20g
Law of Floatation
A floating object displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it floats
or an object floats when the upthrust exerted upon it by the fluid is
equal to the weight of the body. When an object is floating freely (i.e.
neither sinking nor moving vertically upwards), then the upthrust must
be fully supporting the object’s weight. We can say
Upthrust on body = Weight of floating body. By Archimedes’ principle,
Upthrust on body = Weight of fluid displaced. Therefore, Weight of
floating body = Weight of fluid displaced
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
3. Density is defined as the ratio of mass to (a) pressure (b) area (c)
volume
5. Pressure can be measured in the following except (a) bar (b) N/m2
(c) pascal (d) Nm2
THEORY
WEEK 9
Work
WORK
W = F X d ……………………………………….1.
W = mgh ……………………………………….2.
Solution
= 50 x 10 x 3
= 1500 Joules
Energy
1. Mechanical energy
1. Thermal energy
1. Chemical energy
1. Electrical energy
1. Nuclear/Atomic Energy
1. Solar/Light energy
1. Sound Energy
1. Potential energy
1. Kinetic energy
Solution:
Solution:
POWER
Time …………………………………………..7
Solution
Time 20
EVALUATION
1. Define power.
EVALUATION
1. A loaded sack of total mass 100kg falls down from the floor of
a lorry 2m high. Calculate the work done by gravity on the
load.
EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
GENERAL EVALUATION
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The following are example of force field except (a) electric force
(b) magnetic force (c) frictional force (d) gravitational force
5. The SI unit of power is (a) joules (b) kilogram (c) watt (d) pascal
7. An object of mass 0.5kg has K.E of 25J. calculate the speed of the
object (a) 50ms1 (b) 25ms-1 (c) 2.ms-1 (d)10ml-1
10. A diver is 5.2m below the surface of water of density 103 kg/m3. If
the atmospheric pressure is 1.02 x 105 pa. Calculate the pressure
on the diver. [g=10mls2 ) (a) 6.02 x 104 pa (b) 1.02 x 105 pa (c)
1.54 x 105 pa (d) 5.20 x 105 pa
THEORY
3. A loaded sack of total mass 100kg falls down from the floor of a
lorry 2m high. Calculate the work done by gravity on the load.
TOPIC: VISCOSITY
CONTENT
Meaning of Viscosity
Effect of Viscosity
Application of Viscosity
MEANING OF VISCOSITY
Length …………………………………………………2
W=U+ V
W – U- V = 0 ……………………………………………………………3.
Diagram:
Procedure: Set-up the apparatus as shown above & gently drop the
steel ball in the jar of glycerin
Graph :
Drag force is the force that keeps the object continuously moving after
the terminal velocity has been attained.
Stokes’ Law state that at the terminal velocity, the upward frictional
force (F) = 6Π ŋrV
EVALUATION
Effect of Viscosity
Application of Viscosity
1. It is use as a lubricant.
EVALUATION
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. What is viscosity?
READING ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
2. The SI unit of velocity gradient is (a) m/s (b) s-1 (c) m/s2 (d) ms
4. The following are vector quantities except (a) friction (b) viscosity
(c) upthrust (d) pressure
5. Friction and viscosity are similar but not the same. True/False
THEORY
1. Explain viscosity.