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    Street Manuals 1

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    Federal (70 169)

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    Street Manuals 1

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    federal(70-169)

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    Street Manuals 1

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views100 pages

    Federal (70 169)

    Uploaded by

    Genet
    Street Manuals 1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers IN ‘Table 18, Spacing, minimum width and type of pedestrian crossings. ‘Street types | Maximum spacing for pedestrian crossing Minimum width “Type of ped 1 [Industriat __[ofpedestrian crossings crossings ‘Avail athe At all walle Atallirafic [8 Signalized. ( ‘controlled in- | controlled in| controlled in- synchronize land service | tersections and | tersections and | tersections and sound mess streets of other | junctions junctions junetions EW, MW and |Mid-block at | Mid-block at | Mid-block at 120m 150m 200m SAS ‘Atalliratic | Atall waffie ‘Atal raffle controlled in- | controlled in- [controlled in- tersections and | tersections and | tersections and junctions, junctions junctions Mid-block at | Mid-block at___| Mid-block at 120m. 130m 200m ‘tall walfic |Atalliwatic | Atall trafic ‘controlled in- | controlled in- | controlled in- tersections and | tersections and _| terseetions and junctions junctions junctions 120m 150m 200m is 100m 120m 200 ‘un signal Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian crossing is a strip across a street reserved for pedestrians to cross while vehicul and bicycle traffcs are stopped at sirect intersections and junctions, In streets having continue Tength, which might be tiresome and boring for pedestrians, midblock erossings are essential. Pedestrian crossings shall be located at all traffic controlled junctions, and mid blocks w clear view for drivers. ‘The crossings shall consist of horizontal line for stopping vehicles ahead of the crossis and perpendicular alternating painted and unpainted lines of 30-S0em wide ‘The length of erossings shall be equal to width of the street from curb to curb. Minimum width of crossings shall be 2.5, 3, 4 and Sm for LS, CS, SAS and PAS res tively. Pedestrian crossings in transport nodes, urban development nodes, interchanges for pressways, Motorways and Toll Roads; LRT, BRT, Railway, Principal Arterial Streets required), at city centers, commercial and mixed use areas, or in selected high pedes traffic areas shall be underground or overpasses and shall be provided at 0.25-1km s © The curb ramp for pedestrian crossings shall be limited within the furnishing zone of the pedestrian walkway. Pedestrian crossings at LRT, BRT shall be fitted with signals and traffic lighting and with voice or speakers for pedestrians. Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MuDE Geometrie Designs Figure 15. Pedestrian crossing layout. Pedestrian Crossing Layouts Pedestian Crossing al Mic-biocks Pedestrian Crossing {At Signalized Intersection Length=Width of Vehicular Way Location. at all traffic controlled and} signalzed intersections. mid block at 120-200m Color - White or Yellowish Orange| Figure 16. Curb ramps. Ramp Driveway SECTION B-B Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH » peace ee et Arcaded Walkway) 2 8 jestrian refuge islands fugec islands provide pedestrians waiting places until the pedestrian crossing light is on or traf alms for crossing where there are no signalized intersections. Refuge islands shall be flashed the asphalt to provide safety and comfort for pedestrians and people with disabilities, Figure 17. Pedestrian refuge. Pedestrian refugee jlicability ian walkways shall be defined in preparation stage of structure, strategic, basic and sketch and shall be shown in the cross sections and street network plans. Pedestrian crossings, curb 3S, extensions/bulb-out and refuge islands shall be defined at the stage of urban, block, street ‘geometric designs and implemented accordingly. inability opportunities are ongoing practices of building pedestrian streets by cobblestone, tiles and other materi- by city administrations and municipalities. Funding are also available from ULGDP, other and Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH own sources, There are existing institutional arrangements for building and improving prov for pedestrian walkways. Therefore there are opportunities for sustainability. 10.3 Public Transport Lanes Significance As population and spatial size of urban areas increase urban centers require sufficient number and ‘width of publie transport or transit lanes. The shortage of transport results in wastage of time and resources, which on the other hand reduce productivity and overall development. Therefore all cities are proposed to reserve appropriate share of ROW of collector, and arterial streets for transit lanes starting from their initial stage. Transport routes in small urban centers could be shared with other vehicles at their initial development stage. However, as the size of traffic increases progres- sively urban transport system shall be organized with separate exclusive or dedicated lanes for urban transport for providing faster and uninterrupted public transport routes. This process could start from only bus lanes, and then developed to Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Transit Oriented Development (TOD). Transit lanes require larger carriage way or lane widths as compared to other vehicular lanes. Challenges Insufficient attention given to transport; shortage of finance, obstacles in preservation of ROW of streets, shortage of experienced manpower, and lack of enforcement are the main challenges. Design criteria and standards ‘© Exclusive lanes in EW, MW, TR, PAS, SAS and CS as applicable shall be reserved for public transport. ‘These lanes could be shared with ambulances, fire fighting cars, bicyclists or others as applicable and required based on interests of urban administrations. The use, width, lo- cation and treatment of lanes could be re/arranged as required based on studies and street designs. Publie transport lanes shall have minimum width of 3m. Urban areas with 0.Smillion and more people shall have at least only bus lanes. Urban areas with Imill and more people shall have only bus lanes, plus segregated BRT/ LRT lanes. ee nnn ic transport lanes shall be built at the same level with other lanes; with LRT and Railway lanes covered with fence which shall be removed after animals are avoided from urban streets, Public transport lanes shall be prioritized and also signalized fitted with signs, signals, ‘marks and sound alerts Exclusive public transport lanes shall be located at the center, or near the curb of streets «8 applicable based on the character and design of the streets Only bus, BRT or dedieated public transport lanes shall be matked with legible sketch and/or written description or both as applicable on the surface of the street pavement. le 19: Share of public transport lanes from ROW of streets and location of lanes. Streets Requirement ‘Transit ane location [Minimum width of lane [Share from ROW (%) (m) '8 (or 4m on each side) | 20 8 (or 4m oneach side) [30 7 (or 35m _on each side) [35 $5-Sectional Elevation of 40m Prinicpal erial Street City Center Applicability AIISAS and PAS strets, EW, MW and TR when crossing urban centers and CS as applicable shal have exclusive public transport lanes as specified inthis standard document and shal be presented in urban plans and intersections. f Sustainability opportunities ‘ ‘There are experiences of assigning and reserving public transport lanes in Addis Ababa and other urban centers that could be improved and expanded. There are institutional arrangements deal- ing with transport in the urban centers. There are revenues generated from businesses in urban ‘transport. Part of these revenues could be used in reserving and developing public transport lanes. Public transport lanes carry large number of people with lower cost and time as. ‘compared to mixed lanes. They also reduce cost of fuel, air pollution and traffic congestion and are therefore more sustainable. iopian Urban Centers 10.4 Vehicular Lanes or Carriage Ways hhicular lanes or carriageways are spaces reserved for vehicles from the ROW of streets. They facilitate, streamline, organize and lead vehicular traffic movement. By providing separate lanes for motorized transport they help to protect pedestrians from traffic accidents. They transport ‘people and freight to various destinations for different purposes, simplify and assist traffic man- development. Streets could have similar or varying num- and widths of lanes; could be with or without speed limits for each lane. Based on local luations vehicular lanes could be used for public and private vehicles, rking. Therefore vehicular lanes are important in street design. challenges rving suflicient number and width of lanes might be difficult due to partial development of . occupation of street ROW by developments, farms and forests. Shortage of finance could the other challenge. Protecting the spaces for the defined carriageways or lanes might be diffi due to encroachment of the ROW, and lack of capacity for enforcement. ign criteria and standards ‘The proposed number and width of vehicular lanes as well as the ROW itself shall accom- modate projected AADT for at least 50 years. Vehicular lanes shall be segregated by full 30cm thick lines where crossing is not allowed and broken lines where it is allowed. ‘Table 20. Minimum stopping sight distance ‘Type ofstreet [Maximum permissible vehicular | Reaction time | *Minimum stopping sight (see) distance (m) PAS ‘60K 2 45 ‘80knv/ar forhigh speed lanes of [2 70 expressways and toll roads crossing urban areas ‘S0kan/e 2 35 cs. 40k 2 25 Ls. 20 krafhr 2 15 * Minimum stopping sight distance is ealculated by assuming similar deceleration rate with the maximam permissible vehicular speed limits. @... ‘Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Service lanes MUDH ! Service lanes are type of vehicular lanes that provide access to adjoining properties while other lanes carry vehicular traffic with higher speed or are inaccessible due to level difference or ferice segregating traffic. Geometric Designs Figure. 19 Service street or lane. MIXED FUNCTION 60M-PAS WITH SERVICE LANE Service Street Applicability Vehicular or carriageways shall be defined at the planning and design stage of streets, and shall be followed in geometric design and construction. Sustainability opportunities ‘There is already experience of segregating lanes of ROW of streets by traffic management. offic- s. The experience could be strengthened and built up on. The regional and federal govemments are focusing on reducing traffic accidents. Therefore there are opportunities for sustainability. 2 es sis 10.5 Medians Significance Medians serve different purposes including traffic separation, street definition and enclosure, beautification, utility accommodation, water collection, and aesthetics, Medians provide spaces for green and trees, which reduce noise, and also absorb gases. Medians are necessary to stream- line traffic and provide refuge island and waiting space for pedestrian as well as shorten the dis- tance of street crossings therefore they protect people from accidents. They also beautify urban streets, if provided with appropriate plantation they could contribute in modifying the microcli- ‘mate. Medians could also accommodate transport routes and stations and also provide options for ‘exclusive transport services. Challenges The challenges regarding medians are problems of reserving sufficient amount of land for me- dians, lack of proper design, poor selection of street trees and greenery, poor implementation of proposed designs and management, Design criteria and standards * All streets except local and collector streets in some cases of city center, commercial, mixed use, and industry areas shall have medians in accordance with the standards in this document. No paved or tiled medians of less than 0.6m shall be allowed in all streets; if medians are narrow than 0.6m shall be marked with only curb stone rather than having tiled and small width because pedestrians will stagger and fall in to the vehicular carriage way and face accidents. Medians shall consist of mixture of trees for shading part of the carriage ways and shrubs for absorbing sound and emission and also beautification, ‘The minimum width of medians having trees shall be 1.2m. ‘The maximum height of median curb wall shall be 40cm. Unobstructed continuous median length for vehicular lanes of PAS, SAS, CS and LS shall bea maximum of 2km, 1km,0.5km and 0.2km respectively. enn ress oe ‘Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Table 21: Share of Medians No | Streets ‘Median Requirement ‘Minimum with (rm) PAS, 3 without public and Tim with public transport routes and sts- 2 without public and 1m with [10-15% public transport aie Cs 15. 10.15% 4_|us ‘Table 22: Maximum continuous length of medians No | Streets ‘Maximum continuous length of me- dians EW, MW, and TR "To be decided based on locations of entrances and exits to urban centers and road connections PAS) 2m SAS. Tm 2 3 a cs is is Geometric Designs Figure. 20 Median. geet Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers licability Sdians are to be applied in allocation of the share of ROW to street elements, at the planning, d design stage of streets. The curb construction for medians shall be installed during construc- mand shall be properly built with foundation in the ground not on the pavement. tainability opportunities are city beautification and cleanliness offices at the urban levels which take care of the truction and maintenance of medians and planting, managing and financing of stret trees ‘greenery in the same. The Wereda administrations in small towns assist municipalities in the De aspects, Therefore there is already existing administrative system which could be built up Shand strengthened. If consiructed and managed well medians could give sustainable service. fore there are opportunities for sustainability. 6 Bicycle Ways le ways provide dedicated lanes that are safe and comfortable for bieyclists. Bicycling does Fequire fuel, running and maintenance costs are low therefore is cheap and economical to use. ing has health benefits because it helps a person to exercise and enjoy the urban space. ether they are constructed alone th own ROW or integrated in the ROW of urban streets, bicycle ways do not require major Fastructure, llenges =k of emphasis to bicycling in design and construction of streets; problem of street design ie. reserving required space, poor culture and awareness creation of using bikeways, and poor rent are the main challenges. gn criteria and standards {mn urban centers where the topography and climate allows separate bicycle ways shall be Provided in SAS, PAS and as applicable and required in CS. * In such urban centers bike routes shall consist of continuous and complete network con- ‘Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MuDH We necting key and important areas of the urban center and residential areas. The network could consist of bike lanes and/or separate bike only streets in parks, along rivers, lakes, forest areas, hill sides and other natural features. ‘As required and applicable shared bus-bikeway lanes could be proposed for streets, wher- ever the speed and volume of buses is low, In CS and LS as required bicycle ways shall be shared with vehicles. Bicycle routes shall be segregated with curbs or concrete posts of maximum 1Semand/or with paints and marks. Bicycle lines shall be marked on the pavement surface with the sketch of a bike and writ- ten description visible for all users. Urban centers having city parks adjoining major landuses shall provide separate exclusive bicycle ways within the same in accordance with the standards. Crossing spaces shall be provided at street intersections and junctions. ‘Table 23: Standards for Bicycle Ways a [stanaara 1 [Design peed simu) kw 2 | Width (minimum one way) sm 3] Wet (inimum wo way) 25m ail [eight tearnee (nium) 225 m 5 Gradient (maximum) 5% [Colour Ligh orange Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Geometric Designs Figure 21. Bike ways section and layout plan. 6... ‘Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Street Sta Applicability Challen Bicycle ways shall be defined at the planning and design stage of streets. Bicycle routes shall ‘Narrow be applied in urban centers or in parts of urban centers where the topography has flat and gentle parking | slope of up to 5%. They have to be well marked and labeled. Training and awareness ereation ing area shall be given for users of bikeways. car park Sustainability opportunities Design. ‘There are experiences of designing and applying bikeways in Addis Ababa, and under study . in Bahirdar, Although these practices are new and results are not as expected, they could be i strengthened and built up on. There are urban centers with suitable topography for bikeways i and a lot of people bikes but in shared lanes. Therefore this could be a good start towards developing exclusive bike ways in these urban centers. Municipalities are already undertaking technical works for improving streets, which could be expanded t« orporate bikeways. There- fore there are opportunitie 10.7 On Street Parking Significance On street parking provides easily ‘accessible and comfortable car parking, while at the same time ead are source of income for unemployed people and urban administrations, They also provide buffer to pedestrians from vehicular lanes. There is serious shortage of car parking in urban centers in Figure Ethiopia. Firstly, city administrations do not think that these are public services that they should s| provide at least in different hierarchies of city centers. Secondly, property owners do not want to provide car parking and instead want to build rentable spaces. Critical point that is misunderstood js that lack of parking will reduce their income or eventually make them to lose their market. On the other hand, people having property along streets think that they have ownership right to the street ROW and delineate parking space and do not allow others to park. However, full ROW is LJ part ofthe public property and owners of adjacent property owners shall provide their own park- ing within their plots. City administrations have the obligation to protect rights of residents to use on street parking on public streets. Not only these, urban administrations have the obligation to provide public car parking spaces. — eet Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers u Challenges Narrow ROW of streets that cannot accommodate car parking; occupation of on street pubic car parking by shop owners, government and public organizations; prohibiting of potential car park- ing areas from use; poor management of ear parking areas, lack of study and emphasis given for car parking are the main challenges. Design criteria and standards Location of on street car parking shall be at the side, parallel and along the curb of streets. Minimum width of parking lane in parallel parking arrangement along the strect shall be 22m, Clearance of on-street car parking from intersections and junctions of PAS and SAS shall belSm; from bus stops 12m, from bridges 50m; from railway crossings 20m and from driveways 4m. ‘On street car parking shall be allowed in areas where there are shortages of off street park- ing and based on the type of landuse and local development requirements, ‘On street parking shall be owned by urban administrations as public property but free for all residents with or without payments wherever they are allowed. cometric Designs gure 22. On-street parking Applicability On street car parking shall be specified in urban plans and detailed in NDPs and urban designs. ‘They could also be proposed by urban administrations based on need assessment and selection and allocation of sites. ‘There are strong existing experiences in Addis Ababa which could be copied and adopted for other urban centers. There is institutional arrangement for dealing with transport related issues. Potential financing sources are also available. There are large number of unemployed people who zed in MSEs and engaged in providing car parking facilities. up 3 lighting helps to maintain safety and security of street users. Shortage and poor concern for e proper location and design of street lighting in urban centers creates dark and insecure spaces. es that do not have lighting are not used by many people therefore will be inefficiently uti- ed, aesthetically poor and uncomfortable. On the other hand streets having sufficient lighting ill be safe, comfortable, attractive and walkable and also generate better economic opportuni- Challenges ‘main challenges could be shortage of finance, power supply, and lack of maintenance and criteria and standards Lamps for street lighting could be placed on single central postat medians to light both ‘ways, with a single row of lighting posts illuminating an area of up to 15 m radius, ‘On wider streets where the area to be illuminated is more than 15m in radius around a pole, or if'a central post is insufficient, poles shall be mounted on each pedestrian walk- way. Street lights shall be powered by solar cells mounted on each or group of poles or in spe~ cific locations as applicable. Incity center areas, urban and transport nodes decorative posts and lamps shall be provid- ed to increase illumination for pedestrians and also beautify urban spaces. The height of such poles shall be 3-4.5m, colour shall be shades of bronze, brown and black. @... ‘Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Table 24.Standards for street lighting SN | Type of streets Location of street light Maximum spacing of Height of street amps (a) Principal Averill Street “Two sides and double sided atthe middle oz Sub-Arterial Street ‘Two sides 69 Collector Street “Two sides or at medians 69 Local Street ‘One side could be steel pipes or pedestrian lamps 46 Geometric Designs Figure 23, Street Lighting 60M STREET Service Street st Standard for Ethie 40M STREET 3m. @... Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers 30M STREET am Sm 3.5m) 3m 0 30m. 25M STREET Applicability ‘Street lighting shall be designed and then accordingly installed during the street construction together with other elements. The posts could be produced locally by MSEs. Financing for solar lighting could be obtained through service charges from companies engaged in the sector. Sustainability opportunities Urban areas have different levels of street lighting. There is experience of selecting locations and installing and managing street lighting by municipalities. This could be a good ground for expanding street lighting in urban centers. The periodic payments for cost of street lighting could hc Standards for Ethiop bbe lowered by installing solar powered street lighting system. Although the initial costs of instal- Tations might be high the cost of power supply will be free. Street light facilitate protection of ‘people from danger, support businesses and other developments therefore some of the finan ‘could be covered from users. Therefore there are good opportunities for sustainability. 10.9 Street Furniture ‘Similar to buildings, streets have elements serving as enclosure or walls (structures and build- ‘ings) need furniture to be utilized. The arrangement of these elements shall consider the types and requirements of each street design elements. Similar to buildings and properties along streets ‘trees and other elements give character to urban centers. The spacing, placing, height, colour, or ganization of elements beautify streets in cities. The siting and design of these elements shall be -designed on a site by site basis in accordance with applicable structure plans and NDPs, in line with the provisions in this street standard document. 10.9.1 Public transport stations ificance lic transport stations are important elements of urban street design and transportation plan- They mark the point of stopping for transportation at regular and convenient intervals pro- resting places for people, shades from sun and rain and articulate and beautify streets. The cation of stations as well as the transport system of urban centers needs to be integrated and shall be decided considering the landuse, street network and socioeconomic situation of urban centers. center areas and transport nodes require main public transport stations serving multi-modal ‘Eransport. These stations shall be followed by minor stations and bus stops as applicable along transport route, lenges nd upkeep, misuse and abuse of public transport stations. criteria and standards ‘© Urban centers shall have integrated and synchronized main and minor publie transport. stations, bus stops and routes. eet Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Main public transport stations: © Shall be located at city centers of different levels and at public transport nodes. © Shall have the capacity to serve multi-modal transport facilities. © Shall have required size and facilities for population to be served. Minor public transportation stations shall: © Be placed at 500-1000m distance along public transport routes, each serving an area with a catchment radius of 250-500m. Have modular length of 3 m; and if more than one are required, shall be aligned and fixed sequentially to a maximum length of 3 modules. Have a minimum width of 0.8m but in no case shall be more than the width of the furnishing zone of pedestrian walkway. In cases where minor stations adjoin sufficient urban spaces they could be provided in the form of lay-bys with double or single loading without disrupting pedestrian walkways. Bus stations shall have minimum height clearance of 2.2m. Have fixed seat made of hardened wood, plastic, fiber glass or appropriate mate- rials as applicable. Have wall and roof covers made of steel, aluminum, fiber glass or laminated glass or plastic. ‘© Asmuch as practicable the walls shall be built of transparent materials to avoid the occurrence of crime. Public transport route map shall be fixed at information boards of main stations and trans- port nodes and fixed in the internal part of walls of each minor public transport station laminated in glass, flexi glass or any material and printing that withstand weather and abuse. st Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Geometric Designs Figure 24. Public transport station. 10.9.2 Street signs and signals ‘Signs and signals: Prevent accidents by giving warnings. Give information for appropriate use of street ROWs. Inform the street users about the slope, topography, direction, condition, alignment, num- ber of streets at junctions, and distance of the road s/he is about to take. Point out the streets that have been closed down on a temporary or permanent basis, Help people understand what the signs mean regardless of their linguistic background. ‘Show the highest and the lowest speed limits allowed on a given street. Inform the driver about the type of passengers that use the street or the specific point in the network system most of the time e.g. children, the elderly, cattle etc. Indicate where it is possible to park, stop, unvload, turn, etc. Indicate height, time and weight limitations for passing vehicles. ae an Urban Centers ‘Therefore signs and signals are very important aspects of street design. Challenges ‘The main challenges are poor design, lagging of signs and signals from design and constructions of streets, incomplete signs and signals, poor management, maintenance and upkeep. Design criteria and standards ‘¢ Traffic signs and signals must be placed in a convenient position clearly visible to all users ‘of the ROW and must not be placed within Im distance close to each other or be clustered in one location. ‘The material for signs and signals shall be glossy and have uniform size, height and shape. ‘Traffic light shall be cantilevered or hanged and minimum height of 4.5m shall be seen from at least150m. ‘Traffic signs shall have clear pole height of 2.2m up to the lower edge of the plate and a total of 2.5m height including the plate. Spacing of traffic signs shall be at50-150m interval and shall be located near street intersec- tions and junctions, with priority given to traffic signs that give warning. Pedestrian crossings shall be provided at all streets with length of pedestrian zebra markings equal to the ROW of streets and width of 2.5-5m (section 10.2). Information boards shall be located at 0.35m minimum distance from the end of the street curb along the straight side of the street and shall have minimum of 4m height clearance; color of blue or green background with white text. Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Geometric Designs Figure 25. Traffic sign and street addressing Trae Sign Street Addressing _| Go] 7 H=0.2m H=2.2m peas Ea ee ©... Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers PSiret Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Applicability Street signs and signals shail be provided to all types of streets in urban centers as applicable re- 4gardless of their width and hierarchy. Signs and signals shall be installed in the required quantity ‘and quality for the street types at the design and then construetion stages. They have to be regu- larly inspected and maintained. Sustainability opportunities ‘There are street signs and signals in all urban centers in Ethiopia at different amounts and qual- ities. There are already existing experiences, institution and systems for installing and using of Signs and signals. Therefore these could be exploited to sustain developments and applications ‘of signs and signals, Funding sources are also available from regional, federal, wereda and urban ‘administrations as applicable. Therefore street signs and signal have good sustainability oppor- tunities. 10.9.3 Litter receptacle Significance Litter receptacles are necessary for keeping cleanliness of streets and urban centers. By providing receptacles for collecting litter urban administrations could have clean, hygienic, healthy and aesthetically attractive streets. These would build confidence of people and have health, environ- ‘mental and social advantages. Challenges ‘The cost of providing, emptying and managing litter receptacles might be high. There are many problems distracting attention of the municipalities and city administrations not to fully attend to allocating and managing of litter boxes. Litter receptacles may be exposed to abuse, damage, and also theft. Litter might not be collected on time, could overflow and scatter around on the streets, The design of the boxes might be inconvenient for emptying. The location could be improper and ‘might hamper movement of pedestrians. Se oT Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Design criteria and standards Litter receptacles shall bef ‘+ Easy for emptying, attractive, with appropriate location and spacing not to affect move- ment. Placed at each pedestrian crossing or at maximum of 150m spacing in non industrial landuse areas or maximum of 200m in industrial areas in the furnishing zone of the pe- destrian walkway. Made of hardened plastic, fiber glass, sheet metal, or other materials that are easy to clean and manage and resist impact, and are strong and durable. ‘Table 25. Standards for litter receptacles SN__| Aspect of litter receptacle Quality 1_ [Size 40emX4em, eight 60-905 2 | Consiaction Fixed 3 | Emptying ype Fixed on poss, with he box above te ground on rotating hinges or her easy mechanism for removing waste Tocation ‘At each pedestrian crossing or a maximum of 150m. spacing in non industrial and use areas or 250m maximum in industri | al areas | Geometric Designs Figure 27. Litter receptacle. Litter Receptacle Height =0.75m Width =0.4m ‘Maximum Spacing 150m in non-industrial 200m ir & ‘Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH \ * ~~ Sey ‘pplicabil Jitter receptacles shall be installed during furnishing stages of street development. Different ups and individuals could sponsor provision of litter boxes through advertising their estab- shments and products based on uniform standards. Sustainability opportunities, Enterprises, organizations, individuals and institutions are funding the installation of litter boxes. jere are existing experiences of installing small litter boxes in residential neighborhoods, in ont of offices, shops, hotels, colleges, universities etc, These experiences could be replicated in ther parts or urban centers. Clean ies are beautiful and comfortable. They increase community's confidence and sense of belong- ss, bring about good social and economic developments, Therefore there are good sustain- bility opportunities, treet seats enable people to sit, enjoy urban life, do business, get goods and services. Most of turban centers have good outdoor weather conditions that could be enjoyed for most hours the day and year if supported with good design and street elements. Street seats also beauti ., and also support street vending and service provision such as shoe shining, selling and intenance of electronics materials, and trading of small items. By making urban centers livable ite local economic or design with lack of uniformity in size, color, type of construction and quality of materials; jortage of finance and lack of legal framework and attention. Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Design criteria and standards + Street seats shall be fixed, have similar height, color and quality and easy to produce and fix, Traders and shop owners shall provide seats in accordance with street standards. Height shall be 40cm and 80 cm with back, length 0.6-1.5m, width 0.4-0.6m Materials shall be cast iron, hardened wood or plastic, conerete, stone, fiber glass or com- bination. Shall be located at comers of intersections and junctions Sand mid-blocks at spacing of 50-100m. ‘They shall be provided in SAS and PAS streets and CS in city center areas. Shall be combined with other street elements such as street vending, Geometric Designs Figure 28. Street seats Street Seats Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH SF Applicability Street seats shall be provided at the design stage, and implemented accordingly in the construe- tion and furnishing phases. They shall be provided in SAS and PAS streets and collector streets in city center areas. opportunities ‘There are good experiences which could be improved and replicated supported with the street ‘standards. Street seats could be financed through advertisements, donations, by adjoining prop- ‘owners along the strect frontage, street vendors, CBOs, NGOs, community and individuals. is institutional arrangement dealing with urban beautification and cleanliness, which could strengthened to enforce and manage street seats, residential areas fence define boundary, provide safety and security. However in city center they could be obstacle for socioeconomic activities. The strong culture of believing in ing and territoriality will create dead, unsafe and unattractive areas. It also results in loss of jomic opportunities of streets. Fences and buildings are walls of streets and their design and. lation needs attention. ges strong culture of believing in fencing and territoriality will continue to create dead, unsafe ‘unattractive areas. Modern technologies of Central Camera and TV security system installa- requires financial resource, and will be difficult to secure due to different projects that require financing, criteria and standards No government institution except prisons shall be fenced with more than 1.2m height and ‘opaque materials. No fence shall be allowed in commercial, city center areas; if mandatory height shall be max- 6... ‘standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH 2 imum of 1.2em and material shall be transparent Geometric Designs Figure 29. Fence Fence of Government Plot Applicability street fences shall be implemented with the approval ofthe concemed authority atthe implemen- tation stage; considered and treated as urban street furniture. Sustainability opportunities “The proposed standards could be implemented because there is already a trend of having street cond development and economic benefits of streets are given mare emphasis in urban plan- ning and design. Government institutions, commercial establishments; services have more trans- parent fences. Dead wall fences of government institutions are Being used for MSEs in many urban centers. There is a general understanding that such spaces are affecting the image of urban centers and at the same time are making urban ‘administrations to miss economic opportunities of streets. Therefore there are good grounds for sustainability. _—__—__—_—_—_—______ i aa te Sa eee rect Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers are urban spaces, they need enclosure to be perceived and experienced. They have to attractive to be enjoyed. The enclosure and aesthetical character of streets is affected by the Pontext. The context is created by mainly the buildings specifically the height forming the walls of the streets, and as the ratio between street and buildings increases the enclosure increases. The fer clement which defines streets is building setback. If the ratio is higher than the human scale enclosure as compared to the street width, the height feels to dominate the users, The context 5 streets attractive or dull, creates activities or not. Good street enclosure has economic and social benefits because it creates intensive landuses, peial activities and economic opportunities. Enclosure and benefits from streets increases when ildings are aligned along the streets and open up and respond to streets especially in commer= and city center areas. In service, manufacturing, green recreation, residential areas setbacks ht be required for protection against fire, noise and vibration. In most urban centers building ulation specifies 2m setback for buildings for urban centers. This is found good to have uni- setback in cities where the regulation is being applied streets are defined in the urban plans and regulations developments will be delayed which tum will have negative ecioeconomic effects on the urban center. Street enclosure has also effect on traffic on streets cause it defines the space thereby help drivers to reduce speed. If streets are enclosed the driv- ‘expect that there are pedesirians, other vehicles, cyclists and activities thus will be cautious, + speed and drive carefully. architectural quality of buildings also affects streets and users in different ways. Glazing of ‘Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Challenges Low affordability as well as market demand for multi-storey buildings in small urban centers. If building heights that are not affordable for developers or property owners along streets are defined in the urban plans and regulations developments will be delayed which in tur will have negative socioeconomic effects on the city. Low rise and poor quality buildings located along streets create poor enclosure and will not enable cities to exploit the potential of streets, Design criteria and standards ‘+ The minimum ratio of ROW of streets to building height shall be 3:1 given that the local ge- ology carries the loads from the building, ‘The colour theme of buildings along street shall be a maximum of 3. Setback of buildings shall be defined in accordance with federal, regional and local regula- tions and specific urban, landscape and/or architectural design/s or proposals for the site. Glazing of buildings shall not be reflective and hamper visibility for drivers and pedestrians. ish Level (FFL) of buildings shall not be lower than the level of adjoining street.” Geometric Designs Figure 30. Ratio of ROW to building height Right Of Way (ROW) Minimum Ratio of ROW: Building Height= 3:1 Applicability “The proposed standards shall be applied at the stage of urban design. Buildings along streets ‘are property of the public as they are that of the private developer: Therefore their design and interface with streets shall be regulated in accordance with street standards, and applicable reg- ulations. Sustainability opportunities ‘There are regulations in urban areas detailing the setback and height of buildings. There are also experiences of defining similar developments along a street. Therefore there are already experi- ences on which to build. ‘Street Standards for Fthiopi 10.9.7 Bollards and Rails Significance Bollards and rails are important street elements that delineate, define, fence, give character, beau- tify and mark urban streets. The design of these elements could affect the view of streets in a Positive or negative way. They also contribute in maintaining safety of pedestrians from car acci- dents, Together with other street elements they create beautiful and comfortable urban spaces. To achieve this, the location, spacing, type, design and size of bollards and rails shall be standardized. Challenges The lack of mechanism to control the number and varieties of bollards is one of the main chal- lenges. The other challenges are the poor and arbitrary designs and representations, lack of focus and concem for street beautification and comfort and shortage of finance to establish up to stan- dard bollards. Design criteria and standards Bollards and rails shall meet the following requirements: * Shall not be located within the through zone of pedestrian walkways. ‘The materials shall be of high standard, weather resistant and attractive, Color of bollards and rails shall be black, dark brown, steel or bronze. Shape shall be solid, decorated and well formed and with or without lights. Size shall be 90cm high and not more than 40 em diameter or 40X40cm. Spacing shall be 0.5-1.5m. Shall be fixed or movable, permanent or temporary as applicable based on the location and use and shall have permits. Materials: cast iron, steel, bronze, copper, precast conerete, PVC and fiber glass. Height of guard rails on over passing streets shall not be less than Im. Geometric Designs Figure 31. Bollards and rails BOLLARDS Applicability Bollards shall be proposed in NDP, urban designs and block designs based on site specific solu- tions. They could be applied in urban spaces to beautify, for safety and also protection based on through study, design and approval. Sustainability opportunities There are existing efforts by urban administrations, institutions, shops, banks for delineating and beautifying urban spaces with bollards. These efforts could be built up on and expanded in accor- dance with the standards to create harmonious and attractive urban spaces. There are possibilities of financing bollards and rails by adjoining property owners, donors or through sponsorship arrangements. ‘Street Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH 10.9.8 Street advertisements, information boards and security cameras Significance Advertisements help to sell items and services traders provide. Information board gives data about distance, location, and sequencing of places. Streets are home to advertisements and in- formation boards which are good income sources. But if many boards with different character are displayed in one location will create chaos. Therefore standardizing their location, number, colour, height, and size are essential. Challenges ‘The main challenges are lack of focus to beauty and comfort of streets, lack of attention for main- tenance, renewal and removal of old advertisements, and structures from pedestrian walkways. ‘The other challenges are the un-proportional number of advertisements to street and intersection spaces. Design criteria and standards * Advertisements shall not be placed close to each other or cluttered in more than 2 in one specific location or in one place. The color, size, height and location of advertisements shall be similar with maximum of 2 varieties. Clear height of advertisement shall be a minimum of 2.5m on walls and 3m on poles. Duration of contracts for temporary advertisement boards shall not be more than 6 months. ‘The owner or city administration shall remove the board within two weeks of notification of expiration of contract to the owner. Duration of contracts for permanent information boards and boards for permanent adver- tisements is 5 years, but shall be maintained every year or whenever they are damaged. Fittings for placing of advertisements on poles shall be designed and emplaced as integral parts at installation of the poles. Security cameras shall be fitted in important locations at a minimum height of 4.5m on street lighting poles. ‘Tourist maps shall be posted in tourist interest areas such as airports, railways, hotels, public transport stations located at nodes and city centers where there are concentrations — treet Standard for Ethiopian Urban Centers MUDH 7 of people. Information boards shall be located at the beginning of major travel direction on PAS and SAS connecting one part of an urban center to the other. Location of information boards shall be at minimum distance of at 0.35m from the strect curb and limited within the furnishing zone of the pedestrian walkway. Geometric Designs Figure 32. Advertisement board Advertisement Board = ‘Business Names- Uniform il as i eel oa [Frontage F dvertisement Board ire 33, Information board i) treet Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Information Board Spacing 2-SKM Ending & Starting Points Length and Width -0.6-1.2m Height clearance-2.2m on posts ‘5.5m overhang or cantilevered Blue Background with White Text aie use i Applicability ‘The location and number of advertisement and information boards shall be defined at the street design phase. The fittings shall be installed during construction phase. ‘Sustainability opportunities Urban administrations are already generating income from payments for establishing advertise- ‘ments and information boards. There are institutional arrangements for giving construction per- mits, regulate and manage advertisements and information boards. These experiences could be further expanded by applying the current street standards. — Se seth Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers 10.9.9 Public toilets Significance ‘There are no public toilets in streets in the pilot cities except Addis Ababa, Even in the latter case they are unattractive, unhygienic, and not well managed. This situation makes people to urinate ‘on and along streets and in public spaces. This situation creates fertile ground for spreading of pathogens causing diseases. It also lowers the image and competitiveness of urban centers. Pub- fic toilets contribute to the upkeep of the urban environment, hygiene and health aspects of the society. Therefore need attention of urban administrations. Challenges ‘Shortage of finance for initial installation, lack of clear institutional arrangement for shouldering ‘responsibilities for installation and management of publie toilets, lack of experience and focus ‘are the main challenges. Public toilets shall: * Be located at 500-1000m distance from each other, at public transport stations, pedestrian crossings in mid-blocks in the (furnishing zone). Be hygienic, easy to clean, compact, attractive and with no foul smell disturbance to the surrounding. Consist of standard toilets for normal and people with disability and special needs. Be movable with built-in storage tank in areas where there are no sewerage network or fixed and connected to sewerage networks where they are available. @... Standards for Ethioy Geometric Designs Figure 34, Street pu Applicability The location of public toilets shall be determined in NHD, urban, street or block design stages; and implemented in construction and furnishing phase of streets. They could also be installed as part of street re/design and improvement, Sustainability opportunities ‘There is large demand for public toilets in urban streets in Ethiopia. There are also experiences of providing toilet services by urban administrations. Public toilets could be run and managed through MSEs or unemployed individuals. There are good practices, which could be copied and applied to our urban centers. Potential funding sources in the form of donations, sponsorship and advertisements that could be tapped are also available, Public toilets could be one source of rev- enue for urban administrations and of income sources for MSEs or individuals. Therefore there are good opportunities for sustainability. Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers 10.9.10 Planters Significance Planters could serve multiple purposes of delineation, definition, and beautification. They also streamline and facilitate pedestrian movement. They add natural element to urban streets and help to create sense of belongingness and calmness. However their location shall be carefully Selected not to create obstacle to pedestrians. Their size, design and colour are also critical. Challenges ‘The main challenges are the variation in type, height, size, design, materials and location of plant- ‘rs; insufficient attention given to design of planters; lack of regulation and enforcement; lack of ‘experience in street beautification and usage of elements. Design criteria and standards The total height of planters shall be 60-90em, maximum width or diameter or size on the top and depth of plot shall be 60cm each. Planters shall be placed as single element or sequentially along streets as approved. Ifplaced sequentially the maximum length of one single row shall be 30m. The variation of planters in one single row shall not be more than 3 types. Materials shall be strong, weather resistant, attractive and easy to clean and could be con- crete, steel, cast iron, wrought iron, iron, clay, cement, PVC and fiber glass. Planters shall be movable, but shall have security and sufficient weight for protection. The height of planters plus the plants shall not be more than 2m height and density of plantation shall not obscure view to pedestrian walkways and vice versa. Plants used in planters shall be small trees that could be pruned and with short roots; shrubs, flowers and clingers or combination. 6... Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers Geometric Designs Figure 35. Street planter STREET PLANTER 600m Applicability Street planters shall be designed in combination with other materials based on site specific con- ditions at the stage of street design. They shall be installed and managed by adjoining property ‘owners in commercial and mixed use areas and by government where they are used by the public. Sustainability opportunities ‘There are ongoing efforts of installing planters in some urban centers such as Bahirdar, Diredawa, ‘Addis Ababa and Adama by private property owners along frontage of main streets. Addis Ababa city administration is applying planters in beautification of street side open spaces currently. Peo- ple in urban centers are using planters. These experiences could be further developed and applied. Financing could also be obtained from different sources including property owners sharing the street frontage, donors, and sponsors. ct Standards for Ethiopian Urban Centers ‘MUDH 10.9.12 Parking meters (On street parking is being provided by MSEs through using labour force to absorb unemployed People. It is expected that these shall continue within the coming near future, However in some streets where parking service shall be given using parking meters its location and design shall be Standardized, Parking meters could give facilitate and manage parking Challenges ‘The main challenges could be lack of technology, experience and finance, The selection of loca- tion, material and design requires detail study. Design criteria and standards Height of parking meters shall be a maximum of 90cm. Spacing shall be 100-200m or at driveways and access to parking buildings and sites, Material shall be metal having the strength to resist impact and internally fitted with elec~ tronic components for registering and managing parking. Geometric Designs Figure 36, Parking meter | paris merer @... Standards for Fthiopian Urban Centers Applicability Parking meters shall be applied at the street design stage in the selected location where they are required. They could be fitted to new streets or existing streets. Sustainability opportunities ‘The existing experience could be expanded and applied in providing parking meters.'The demand for parking is increasing in urban centers which increase demand for parking meters. New tech- nologies could easily be adopted from other countries. Private operators could also finance the installation and management of parking meters. There are institutional arrangements at different levels for supporting and also managing parking services in urban centers. The service could also be profitable. These show that there are opportunities for sustainability. 10.9.13 Fire hydrant Significance Fire hydrants are important urban street elements that help to address fire hazards, by placing re/lilling stations for trucks nearby or within settlements. The location of fire hydrants shall be

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