International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 533~545

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp533-545  533

Modified PDPWM control with MPPT algorithm for equal

power sharing in cascaded multilevel inverter for standalone PV
system under partial shading

Mawadah Glaa Yahya1, Massara Glaa Yahya2

1
Computer technology engineering, Al Salam University College, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Medical Instruments Technology Engineering Department, AL-Esraa University College, Baghdad, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) based
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is used to track the
Received Sep 5, 2022 maximum power of a PV system using DC-DC boost converter technology.
Revised Nov 16, 2022 To raise the PV module's input DC voltage, a DC-DC boost converter was
Accepted Nov 29, 2022 employed. The boost converter powered the DC-AC multilevel PWM
inverter, which then delivered the output AC voltage to a solitary inductive
load. Cascaded multilevel inverters are often used to condition power in
Keywords: renewable energy applications because they are easy to use and have few
parts. Ripples in the voltage of DC link capacitors cause low order harmonics
Cascaded multilevel inverter and inter harmonics in the multilevel inverter's output voltage. Phase
Maximum power point disposition pulse width modulation (PDPWM) has the fewest harmonics. The
Tracking inverter cells' power delivery is not equal in this manner. In the present paper,
Modified phase disposition a strategy for improving sharing of power PDPWM for photovoltaic
Pulse width modulation applications is proposed. The modified PDPWM is used on a 9-level inverter
partial shading where each cell is connected to a PV array running at maximum power point
Photovoltaic system tracking MPPT and under partial shadowing for single phase multilevel
inverters. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was used to do simulations,
and the findings demonstrate that the method presented is effective at
balancing the way power is shared between different inverter cells and
reducing the voltage ripple of the DC link capacitor.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mawadah Glaa Yahya
Computer technology engineering, Al Salam University College
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are used a lot in everyday life because solar energy can be used for a long
time and its cost has gone down as a result. But when PV systems are put to use in the real world, the primary
issues with these products are their short lifespans and low energy efficiency. This is primarily due to power
outages and hot areas that come from partial shadows. Classical strategies for tracking the point where
photovoltaic produce the most power PV systems can work well when the amount of sunlight is the same. A
photovoltaic system that is working in a state of partial shadow can reduce the impact of hot spots on its output
by connecting bypass diodes. Partial shading conditions (PSC) will have distinct local maximum points on its
power-voltage characteristic curve. Complexity increases when many peaks on the characteristic curve of PV
are present, and a more appropriate control system must be developed that distinguishes between local and
global maximums in order to assure maximum possible power, thereby boosting overall efficiency. A PV

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534  ISSN: 2088-8694

system's global maximum power point (GMPP) can be efficiently predicted independently of the surrounding
atmosphere's state, regardless of whether the sun irradiation is uniform or not. For partial shading, a number of
global MPP search techniques have been developed. A lot of these methods have problems, like being hard to
use, expensive, or requiring measurements on a lot of different parameters [1].
Oulcaid et al. [2] constructed a solar array point tracking employing a polar information-based artificial
neural network (ANN) with three layers of feed-forward. However, there were several limitations to this method's
outcomes, such as the control scheme's excessive complexity and the enormous number of computations. The
PSO method is a procedure for improving an optimal solution to a problem by using a "swarm" of potential
solutions [3]. For better switching sequence generation and to reduce switching power loss in semiconductors, [4]
and [5] applies APOD-PWM to ZSCMI, which leads to an unequal distribution of energy between the two
operating modules. Also, carrier rotation is used with the APOD-PWM to give each operating module the same
amount of power. There are three main types of modulation methods that can be used with MMCs. They are; i)
stair-step modulation, like selective harmonic elimination (SHE) [6], nearest level modulation (NLM) [7], and
sub module-unified PWM (SUPWM) [8], ii) space vector PWM (SVPWM) [9], [10], iii) carrier-based modulation
it can be further subdivided into two groups carrier disposition (CDPWM) including phase-disposition PWM
(PD-PWM) [11]-[13], phase opposite disposition PWM (POD-PWM) [14] and, alternative phase opposite
disposition PWM (APOD-PWM) [15] and phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) [11], [12], [16]. In [11], [12], [17],
simulation and/or tests were used to compare various PWM approaches. Carrier PWM is the most often utilized
of the PWM techniques listed. For cascaded H-bridges [16], the PS-PWM method is commonly used because it
provides equitable distribution of the electricity and consistent switching. PD-PWM, however, in contrast to that,
has lower harmonic distortion, but it distributes power unevenly. This work proposes a modified PD-PWM (MPD-
PWM) with improved waveform quality, lower capacitor voltage ripple, and more uniform power distribution.
This research presents an enhanced power sharing mechanism for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Used on a nine-
level inverter, each cell is connected to a photovoltaic array that is tasked with achieving maximum power point
tracking and partial shading. Simulations utilizing MATLAB/SIMULINK software confirmed the effectiveness
of the approach in achieving a balanced distribution of power among the various inverter cells and lowering the
DC link capacitor voltage ripple.
Section 2 talks about the simulation of PV and MPPT, and section 3 talks about the modified PSO
algorithm. In section 4, we talk about the principle of partial shading. In section 5, we talk about how to use
the DC-DC boost converter, and in section 6, we talk about cascaded multilevel inverters. The MPSO algorithm
is talked about in section 7. In section 8, the results and discussion of the simulation are talked about, and in
section 9, the conclusions are given.

2. SIMULATION OF PV AND MPPT SYSTEMS

Photovoltaic (PV) arrays convert the energy from the sun into usable power in photovoltaic systems.
Because of its cleanliness, photovoltaic arrays are widely used, don't run out, and are easy to keep up. Photovoltaic
systems need power converters to transfer energy from the solar panels to the load. As shown in Figure 1,
a photovoltaic cell is a non-linear circuit that may be represented as a current source that is paralleled with a diode.
During the night, the diode stops energy storage devices from sending a current in the wrong direction into the
panel [18]. The practical model of a PV cell shows how the internal resistance series and parallel, Rs and Rp, are
connected. The shunt value is very high, while the series value is very low. These resistance values don't have
much of an effect on how well the cells work as a whole, which is shown in (1) and (2) [18], [19].

I = 𝐼𝑃𝑉,𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝐼𝑜 [exp (𝑉 + 𝑅𝑠 𝐼 /𝑉𝑡 𝑎 ) −1] (1)

𝑉𝑡 = 𝑁𝑠 k T/q (2)

Where, I is the output current of photovoltaic, V is the output voltage of photovoltaic, 𝑉𝑡 is the thermal voltage of
an array of series-connected Ns cells, q is the electron charge (1.60217646 e−19 C), k is the Boltzmann constant
(1.3806503 e−23 J K −1 ), T is the p-n junction temperature in Kelvin, and 𝑎 is the diode ideality constant.
I PV,cell is the photovoltaic cell's light generated current, as stated in (3) and (4) [18].

𝐼𝑃𝑉,𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = (𝐼𝑃𝑉,𝑛 + 𝐾𝑖 ∆𝑇) 𝐺/𝐺𝑛 (3)

ΔT = T - 𝑇𝑛 (4)

Where, 𝐼𝑃𝑉,𝑛 is the light generated current at the nominal conditions of 25℃ and 1000 wm−2 , T is the actual
temperature in unit Kelvin, 𝑇𝑛 is the actual and nominal temperature in unit Kelvin, G is the solar irradiation
received by the PV surface, and 𝐺𝑛 is the nominal solar irradiation.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  535

Figure 1. Equivalent circuitry of a photovoltaic cell

It is possible to express the relationship between the saturation current of the diode, indicated by Io,
as well as its temperature dependency as (5) [20].

𝐼_𝑜 = [(𝐼_(𝑠𝑐, 𝑛) + 𝐾_𝑖 ∆𝑇)/𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑉_(𝑜𝑐, 𝑛) + 𝐾_𝑣 ∆𝑇/𝑎𝑉_𝑡) − 1] (5)

Where, 𝐾𝑣 is the open-circuit voltage/temperature coefficient, 𝐾𝑖 is the short-circuit current/temperature

coefficient, 𝐼𝑠𝑐,𝑛 is the short-circuit current under nominal condition, and 𝑉𝑜𝑐,𝑛 is the open-circuit voltage under
nominal condition.
Maximum power output is required from the PV system. Photovoltaic device designers should adopt
the maximum power point technique since the output power of PV arrays is modified by temperature and sun
irradiation because SPV systems have a low efficiency, numerous strategies are used to boost efficiency while
still maintaining a proper balance between generation and demand. In order to get the most power out of a
variable source, MPPT and its controlling technique are employed together. Using a boost converter, the MPPT
controller is able to send the most power from the array possible to the load. P&O, PSO, FLC, and the Fibonacci
line search are a few of the control methods available for MPPT. Modified PSO is used for MPPT control in
the paper. A simulated photovoltaic module (Motech Americas IM72D3-330) has the following parameters, as
shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The simulation parameters of a PV module (Motech Americas IM72D3-330)

Model Clear line PV Model Clear line PV
Maximum power (Pmax) 330W Short circuit current (I𝑠𝑐 ) 9.27A
Current at maximum power (Imp ) 8.76A Number of cells (N) 72
Voltage at maximum power (Vmp ) 37.66V Number of series cells N𝑠 2
Open circuit voltage (V𝑜𝑐 ) 45.73V Number of parallel cells N𝑝 1

3. PSO MODIFICATION
Particle swarm optimization PSO, was developed in 1995 by Eberhart and Kennedy [21]. PSO has
already been widely used in the field of engineering, power system optimization, and more. In PSO, the
possible solutions are called "particles," and they move around in the search space to find the best one and store
it in memory. The best particle in the population (Pbi) and the greatest overall value in terms of fitness whole
iteration (Pg) both affect where the particle ends up. Each particle travels at a certain speed in the direction of
its own and the world's best position and changes that position after each iteration. The following changes are
made to the speed and location of the ith particle in d-dimension space.

𝑣𝑖𝑑 (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑊𝑣𝑖𝑗 (𝑘) + 𝑐1𝑟1 [𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑗 (𝑘) − 𝑥𝑖𝑗 (𝑘)] + 𝑐2𝑟2 [𝑃𝑔𝑖 (𝑘) − 𝑥𝑖𝑗 (𝑘)] (6)

𝑥𝑖𝑗 (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑥𝑖𝑗 (𝑘) + 𝑣𝑖𝑗 (𝑘 + 1) (7)

Where, k is the iteration number, k + 1 is the index denotes the next iteration, 𝑐1 is the acceleration coefficients
corresponding to individuality weight, 𝑐2 is the acceleration coefficients corresponding to sociality weight,
𝑟1and 𝑟2 is the uniformly distributed random number between [0, 1], 𝑃𝑏𝑖 is the personal best experience of each
particle, 𝑃𝑔 is the best particle in the swarm found so far, 𝑥𝑖 is the position of ith particle, and 𝑣𝑖 is the velocity
of ith particle. A modified PSO algorithm has been proposed to track true MPP. The suggested algorithm's new
velocity update equation is updated as (8).

𝑣_𝑖𝑑 (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑊𝑣_𝑖𝑗 (𝑘) + 𝑐_1 𝑟_1 [ 𝑃_𝑏𝑖𝑗(𝑘) ̶ 𝑥_𝑖𝑗 (𝑘)] ̶ 𝑐_2 𝑟_2 [𝑃_𝑤𝑖𝑗 (𝑘) ̶ 𝑥_𝑖𝑗 (𝑘)] +
𝑐_3 𝑟_3 [𝑃_𝑔𝑖(𝑘) ̶ 𝑥_𝑖𝑗(𝑘)] 𝑐_4 𝑟_4 [𝑃_𝑔𝑤𝑖(𝑘) ̶ 𝑥_𝑖𝑗(𝑘)] (8)

Where, 𝑐1, 𝑐2, 𝑐3 and 𝑐4 are acceleration coefficients, 𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3 and 𝑟4 are uniformly distributed random number
between [0, 1], 𝑃𝑤𝑖 is the personal worst position of each particle, and 𝑃𝑔𝑤 is the worst particle in the swarm

Modified pdpwm control with mppt algorithm for equal power sharing … (Mawadah Glaa Yahya)
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that has been discovered so far. 𝑃𝑤𝑖 and 𝑃𝑔𝑤 are the two new terms added to the standard PSO velocity update
rule written in (6). The inertia weight is calculated as (9).
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 −𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑊 = (𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̶ 𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛) × + 𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 (9)
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

Where, 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 is the maximum number of iterations allowed, 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 is the current iteration time, and 𝑊 is the
inertia weight.
The position of each particle is constantly updated by (7). The 3rd and 5th terms in (8) were added to
the PSO algorithm during the modification phase. As a result, the swarm's capacity to follow an optimal
solution improves by ignoring the worst possible outcomes [22]. The duty cycle of the DC-DC converter can
be set up so that the instantaneous power is as high as possible. The MPPT controller uses sensors to measure
the Vpv and Ipv and figure out how much power is being put out. MATLAB/SIMULINK programmers have
employed the MPSO-based MPPT method to determine the optimal duty cycle, as seen in Figure 2 (see
Appendix) [23]. The duty cycle is the position of the particle, and the fitness function is the amount of power
that is made. The algorithm starts by putting random particles in a search space and giving them random speeds
at the start. The starting point for the particles is between the minimum and maximum duty cycles.

Start

Initialize: D, population size, iteration count

i= 1

Output the duty cycle according to the position of the

particle i

Sense VPV and IPV of PV array

Calculate power PPV

Yes
Better individual Update Pbi, Pwi
fitness value?

No

Yes
Better individual
Update Pg, Pgw
fitness value?

No

No Next particle,
All particles
evaluated? i=i+1

Yes

Update particle‘s velocity and position using equ. (8) &(7)

Sort particle‘s position

Check the No Increase

termination iteration count,
criteria k=k+1

Yes

Record the final D

No
Shading pattern
changed?
Yes

Figure 2. Flowchart of PSO algorithm

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4. PRINCIPLE OF PARTIAL SHADING

The movement of objects that might prevent PV modules from receiving sunlight can either partially
or completely shade them. Because of this, the output of solar modules is more complicated and has more than
one peak point. The P ̶ V curve of a PV array that is shaded has more than one local peak, while a PV array
that is not shaded only has one peak. So, only the global peak, and not any of the other peaks, can guarantee
the most power. Figure 3 shows both global and local peaks. Also, the problem of partial shadowing has to be
addressed fixed by using a technical method that maximizes the sun's power [24].

Global peak
Global peak

Local peak
Local peak

Figure 3. Global peaks and local peaks

5. DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER

The boost converter is consisting of a source of DC voltage, an inductor, a filter capacitor, a diode,
and a switch as shown in Figure 4. The equation below shows how to calculate the output voltage of boost
converter as (10).

𝑉𝑜 = (1/(1 − 𝐷))𝑉𝑠 (10)

Where, 𝑉𝑠 is the DC voltage source of boost converter, 𝑉𝑜 is the output voltage of boost converter, and 𝐷 is the
duty cycle. In the DC-DC boost converter, the voltage at the load resistance R is higher than the voltage at the
input [25].

Figure 4. DC-DC boost converter

6. CASCADED MULTILEVEL INVERTERS

In the published works, different types of multilevel inverter topologies are talked about, such as
flying capacitors, cascaded H-bridge, and clamping diodes. The cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter CHMI,
which doesn't use flying capacitors or clamping diodes, has more benefits than the other two inverters listed.
CMLI has devices that use less power than the other topologies. This topology is made up of H-bridges that
are connected in series and have their own DC sources. Since the H-bridges' output terminals are connected in
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series, its sources must be kept separate. Because of this, CMLIs work well with solar cells or fuel cells to
achieve more levels [15]. The (11) shows that m is the number of output levels in each phase if s is the number
of modules connected in series.

𝑚 = 2𝑠 + 1 (11)

In this paper, 9-level CMLI has been used, it has four bridges. The numbers of switching devices IGBTs are
four and the numbers of antiparallel diodes are four. The advantage of antiparallel diode is to send the energy
back to the DC source.

7. MODIFIED PHASE DISPOSITION SPWM SWITCHING METHOD

In the phase disposition pulse width modulation method, carrier signals of the cell have the same
amplitude, but their DC levels differ. The reference sine wave [26] is used to compare these carrier signals.
Figure 5 shows the carrier signal amplitude in a 9-level inverter to be 2/(m–1) =1/4. These varying quantities
of direct current for the carrier signals result in varying cell activation times. The inverter cells' power delivery
is not equal in this manner. When employing the modified PDPWM method, which shifts the DC level of
carrier waves during each period of switching frequency, different cells should have the same average DC
carrier wave level as shown in Figure 6. In order to deliver equal power from the cells. DC levels across all
cells are the same, thus this is a good thing. Even power distribution between cells is obtained to reduce the
voltage ripple of output cell.

Figure 5. PDPWM carrier and reference signals for 9-level CMLI

Figure 6. Part of carrier waves for modified PDPWM considering 5 kH switching frequency

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8. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PV and MPPT simulation under partial shading is shown in this section. The modulation technique
phase disposition pulse width modulation is used with the 9-level CMI. They were fed by PV array operated
at maximum power point tracking under partial shading. Furthermore, the modified PDPWM 9-level CMLI
has been proposed. This leads to reducing the voltage ripples of DC link capacitor and to provide equal power
sharing in cascaded multilevel inverter. Additionally, the results of PDPWM and modified PDDPWM 9-level
CMLI are compared to verify the effectiveness of the modified switching methods.

8.1. PV model and MPPT simulation results

Figure 7 shows Simulink of a PV array with partial shading and maximum power point tracking
connected to a DC-DC boost converter. The DC-DC converter's output is connected to an 80Ω load. S-function
builder is used to develop the code for the modified PSO algorithm. The proposed system is made to have a
peak power capacity of 660W. It does this by connecting two PV models in series. When partially shaded, the
solar irradiance for the first cell is 1000W/m 2 and for the second cell it is 800W/m2.
From Figure 8, we can see that the SPV string's output power has two peaks, one of which is a local
maximum and the other a global maximum. Because of this, the PSO algorithm should be able to find the
global maxima. Figure 9 displays the output current, voltage, and power of a DC-DC boost converter while the
area being converted is partially shaded.

8.2. Simulation result for single-phase 9-level cascaded multilevel inverter with PDPWM technique
under partial shading
A PDPWM 9-level single-phase CMLI with the frequency of switching is 5 kHz, and the frequency of the
carrier is 50Hz has been simulated. A multilevel inverter that was powered by a PV array worked at its maximum
power point when it was partially shaded. The 9-level CMLI has four bridges, which are made of four semiconductor
switches (IGBTs) and four diodes that work against each other. That send the energy back to the DC source.
Figure 10 shows the PDPWM “9- level single-phase CMLI with Inductive load (R=100 and L=0.5H)”.
Figure 11 shows the SIMULINK model of single cell for PDPWM 9-level single-phase CMLI. It
includes four semiconductor switches (IGBTs) and four diodes that work against each other. The value of DC
link capacitor, which is connected in parallel with PV array to reduce the DC ripple, is 6.3*10 -5F. The PDPWM
generator blocks generate sets of pulses and that is through comparing the sinusoidal reference signal of
frequency 50 Hz with eight triangular carrier waves of frequency 5 kHz as shown in Figure 6. The voltage
across the DC link capacitor is shown in Figure 12 when the PDPWM technique is used of inverter cells and
there is some shading. DC link voltage ripple is about 58% by using C=6.3*10 -5F capacitor. The output voltage
of single-phase CMLI bridges by applying PDPWM technique under partial shading is shown in Figure 13.
The output current and voltage of single-phase 9-level CMLI by applying PDPWM technique under partial
shading is shown in Figure 14.

Figure 7. Simulink of a PV array with partial shading and MPPT

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Figure 8. P-V characteristic under partial shading

Figure 9. Output current, voltage, and power of a DC-DC converter with partial shading

Figure 10. PDPWM 9-level single-phase CMLI Simulink model

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Figure 11. Simulink model of single cell for PDPWM 9-level single-phase CMLI
Voltage (V)

Time (sec)

Figure 12. DC link voltage ripple of the inverter cell by applying PDPWM technique
Voltage (V)

Time (sec)

Figure 13. Output voltage of single-phase CMLI cells by applying PDPWM

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Current (Amp)
Voltage (Volt)

Time (sec)

Figure 14. Output current and voltage of single-phase 9-level CMLI

8.3. Simulation result for single-phase nine-level CMI by using modified PDPWM technique under
partial shading
In modified switching method, which is proposed in this paper, the swapping of DC levels of different
cells took place at each switching frequency period. A modified PDPWM 9-level single-phase CMLI was
simulated for switching frequency 5 kHz, and carrier frequency 50 Hz. Multilevel Inverter feeding PV array
worked at its maximum power point. Figure 6 shows part of the carrier waves for modified PDPWM with a
switching frequency of 5 kH. The DC voltage of DC link capacitor for inverter cell with modified PDPWM
technique under partial shading shown in Figure 15.
Voltage (Volt)

Time (sec)

Figure 15. DC link capacitor for inverter cell with modified PDPWM technique

By using 6.3*10-5F, the ripple voltage for the capacitor of DC link is about 27.5 %, in accordance with
the outcome of the simulation shown in Figure 16. CMLI inverter cells' output voltage when applied modified
PDPWM technique under partial shading is shown in Figure 16. After one basic cycle, the cell output voltages
are more symmetric. Furthermore, the average power provided by different CMI cells is equal in this technique.
CMLI inverter cells' output voltage and output current when applied modified PDPWM technique under partial
shading are shown in Figure 17. This section compares the results obtained from using PDPWM and modified
PDPWM for single-phase cascaded multilevel inverters under partial shading.
As shown in Table 2, the DC link capacitor voltage ripples for CMLI under partial shading when
using modified PDPWM decreased as compared with using PDPWM's output voltages are more symmetrical
because the DC levels of carrier waves in separate cells are displaced during a single switching period by
shifting the DC levels of the cells themselves.

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Figure 16. CMLI inverter cells' output voltage when applied modified PDPWM technique
Current (Amp)
Voltage (Volt)

Time (sec)

Figure 17. Output voltage of CMLI inverter by applying modified PDPWM technique

Table 2. Comparison between PDPWM and MPDPWM according to ripple voltage for capacitor of DC link
Multilevel inverter topologies Voltage ripple of DC link Voltage ripple of DC link Decreasing%
capacitor for PDPWM capacitor for Modified PDPWM
CMLI 58% 27.5% 30.5%

9. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the cascaded multilevel inverter switching methods that use high-frequency techniques
for standalone solar energy application has been presented. To ensure that all cells of a multi-level inverter
receive the same amount of power. Modifying the Phase Disposition Pulse Width Modulation (IPDPWM) has
been used. This switching method has been applied to 9-level under partial shade conditions.

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The PWM switching method with Modified Phase Disposition is shown. This method was used on a
nine-level Cascaded Multilevel inverter system that was fed by photovoltaic arrays and run at Maximum Power
Point Tracking with some shading. Simulations show that the modified method not just to solves the problem
of power sharing between different cells of multilevel inverters using the PDPWM technique, but also reduces
the voltage ripple for capacitor of DC link by 30.5% when a nine-level single cascaded multilevel inverter is
used.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mawadah Glaa Yahya is a lecturer in Computer technology engineering, Al

Salam University College, Baghdad, Iraq since 2011; She received the B.Eng. degree in
Electromechanical Engineering Department and the M.Eng. degree in Electromechanical
Engineering Department, both from University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 2011 and
2017, respectively. Her research interests include the field of power electronics, photovoltaic
power systems. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Massara Glaa Yahya is an Assistance lecturer in Computer technology

engineering, Al Salam University College, Baghdad, Iraq since 2016; She received the
B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering Department and the M.Eng. degree in Electrical
Engineering Department, both from University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, in 2013 and 2016,
respectively. Her research interests include the field of power electronics, photovoltaic power
systems. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Modified pdpwm control with mppt algorithm for equal power sharing … (Mawadah Glaa Yahya)