eo» -B Practice St “he degree de a pendonb verter is 4. The dearee fan istated vertex is_o_, Tn a complete graph with n vertices fetal Mumber edges is 1% Tn a Tequhar graph ; aU vertices are & equal daguee. TP the eslges 4 a oak axe distinck, then it is Called trait A cyele is a closed poh in cdhich all the vertites are Astin except for the initial and final vertex. A connected qrepe thak Contains no cyeles Cotveuits ) 1s Called a tree, TP there eodst oft least one path between ox v0 vertices of @ graph , it iS called a Connected graph : UP OA = {£1-4,5, 4} and Be [4,68 10125 Tun Ange (46h : the. inverse 4 ince qe CS) Where $= {UA iss 34: ‘The inverse 4 t inthe group CS.) Where so {ri--iy (Geto 5 she inverse fo tnthe group (5) Where ¢ = {vi,-b-if is x4. “the inverse =i fn the grep (Ss) where s=f{u b-L-i is _ta A= {ray ae) B= £2,3,55 , ten Ax (eng=? 2 Bnd og Ax (eng) = Axg as 2a ae {3.4} and w={y2h vhen Ax rh) =? > Bag =¢g ? Ax (BND) = te. & the Venn diagram Pf Ave is _ tt The venn a eanes & Aus! is — - a Ave'=(anp)! Ve Bed b AUBNe ~ Av n WO HW AVP) = A_ an cave) . 498) y BOD WAN AvP)= A Wy AVA. AL vis AUAT 2 iy AAA = A_ Vi) Anas Every non-zero clement in a Field is yntt Tn a qroup (6), @eby'= boa! for all a,b ea. 19. ao. 4. TP a be an dlemerk 4 oo group 61,0) - Then 0) = 0). 72 AbVa) = bob) ALY | Bw iepvea) = _bAa 24. PV (mb) = _Tauology25. 6. OA Be ee ee ee by~p = Aawblo . 28. Heo cad ve qnore of the word “Work ? mon perm ons . > Since trove are 4 lebbers. $0, the number + permutations F4l 2 4x3xox1 = 24 : ; 79. How man per mudakins are quore tue word “ school ”2 2 There art 6 letters inthe word “sohsol” out which “o” Ocequrs +taice - at 1 The number & permutations » o = EXTX4X3X2X1 2x1 30. - = 360 The number positive integers that axethe factors the number of 4% 57 Is $4 > CH)X (34) x40 = 4x*4x3 = 84 The number positive integers hak ave the factors & the number 34% 9? is 45 2 (44) ¥ GH) x QH) = OX3x3 = 45 32. Im Boolean. Algebra, associative lav States tak (A+8)H=As€4¢) 31. 33. In Bovlean Algebra, idempotent law states thal Ataza 34. Tn Boolean Algebra, Q.al'= _o35. t TL Boolean Algebra, Ata’= 4 4. 4 Telahion 0 is defined onthe sb z by “age Pand only if Ob ie divide ype” for Ab EZ, Examine if Cis an equivalence velatim on Z. © [Mapa book page ne. -197] 2 Let ¢ bo the set cf alh Lines in 3- space 4 volation? ts defines on S by % fem iP and only t if L bes on the plane & " for Lmes, Examine if ¢ is wo veflexive G symmetric &) transitive. ? LMoapa beok Page no. -12] 3+ Obtain DNF oP p > (pata). > b>(bAG SH) = ~bv {baleavey} Leb 2% e~byg] Eby BA Fhv eave = Taubloay a fap v cave} 184 complement = vb Vv @w41vb) (ey Tdentity laa] “PY (b¥~4) [by commutative laa] = &bvb) vee [ by assodadive laa] = Taublegy vn = Tantolos y = bvvp 4 Which is a DNF, ane 4A. Without using truth table, prove thal p -»4 = b> (baa) > poe = ~b vtCtautotegy ) A (opve) Cobvbya lebva) Ti tawelegy = ~bvb] bv (pag) , by distributive havo Pb -> (baa) 5. Leb ¢= {1 @,wt where was Than prove thak, $ is an abelian group with respect to ynutiplicalion . 7 he Composition table for the salts Mut mor iy TE appears From tne table thak the sdk $ is closed under mnublipiicalion. ®) Muttipticatio is associadive on Cand Sis a cubsd dt ©. Therefore, multiplication is associative on S$. Wy 4 is the identity element. ~ inverse har 1 the inverse faisa, inverse P vo is W% is W. Therefore, inverse A each element in S exists ins. Y The table is symmetric abouk the prindpal ahitag onal. Tore fore, rnvdtipUcation is Commutative on S- Henee, CS is an abelton arr: b. tet S = fui iy Then prove thak, Sis an abelian qrour With respeat to multiplication. > Do Yourself (Composition table is / a i ven)Ne ES SE: Prove the equivalence: sete Seow enepy EH) i *T Logie book jage m0. > 3-14] Prove the equivalence + (bva)a(by~4)= D w(poaje bane > [bogie book. page no. > 3-le] 4. : ; : Verify Whether -the graphs G4, and Gig Ore isomorphic ov mob. Dia 5 ; iy p oA - a 2 Es T Su is by Gy Ww A fees a a u 4 Se 7) No & vertices in G= 5 = Nod vertices Gy No. edges in 4% = 4 = No & edges in Gig Degree sequence in PALA = Pearce Sequence in Gy There exists @ one-to-one correspondence beucen the vertios A>P Eat Bar ers D328iw 5 40. 7 SD: Aa ok SG) amd q, axe isomorphic. No ¢ vertices in 4) 24 No. & verticesin Gy No ¢ edaes Mm G = 5 = No ¢- edges in Gp Degre sequence ta Gy = § 2,93, at = Degree Seqpence in Gg. Ther existe a One-to-one correspondence belween the vertices and eyes p yap 978 Re SoA “Gand Gy are isomorphic. Sine, In 6y Bis the only vertex £ deg vee 8 and iM Go, R is the only vertex degree 8. thaselove, for @, and Gy te be isomorphic , B must correspond to R. Bub there are too pendant vertex A and @ adjacent to B bub their is only one pendant Vertex u Adjacent to R. “ Gy and Gg are mot Isomorphic. Draw the Gtaph Dhese Ineidence mabrix ie 4 2 v7 ah o aa ot ae vy, I %y\ oO M4 oO v5 \0 ' 9 t At #0 oO ' 1 o o'o 't! M _v_ 02 Va ! 0 ov 0 eeo-0qeork o o | -) 1 al 1 0 Oo 0 0 o O ° ei 1 0 0 a © 1 0 0 ° o ott ? > So ky Oy & MWfO 0 1 + I Mf -l | Oo o 0 4f 0 0 9 oO ° % ' 0 0 o-tl Ve o ' Oo o 0 yi eo - 1° vy Ve. es a a, gy H VV: 4 6 “5 Ane boys and 6 qiels are +o be seated tn avon. Ha mang voaes can thay be seated if all boys are, to be seabed to gelhar and all ques are to bx Seated together? 2 All Possible Oxqs qirls can be seabed =6 All : nae) Possi ble Orr ang ement among boys = ra * boys! and * gins’ Can be arronged Qmon: isle M Hoo ways 4 Now,PP pebaasa'Z a ~The Yequired number & arrangements = 61 XGl x2 = 1036800, 13. ty how mone Ways can 3 phasics books, 4 madhematics book, 3 Chemistry books and 4 blology beoks can be Arranaed on a shad sothal all books & tne Same Aubject are together? 7 * Phy sies | “Mathematics , ¢ chemistry’ and “Biology! books Can be arranged among themsdves in 41-24 tongs. Naw, ‘physics’ Cowtains 3 beots which Can be arranged among themed ves in WH 3) = 6 ways. Similaely, © Mathemahics’ Contains 4 books @hith Can be Arranged among thamsdves in 41 = 24 Ways. 3 chemistry’ ond 4 ‘biology? books Can be arranged Ommony- Memsolves in 31-6 and 41 =24 Pegs Tespectivey , * Ba Product rule prindple the required number & arrangement = 24x 6x 24% ex.24 = 494664 14. Show dthab Sollaaing Propositions are tausolo ; a: > Gvayveg 4 > @ (poaes (~1>=b) Wb {Cba~a) sr} {ba Cavnt> do Qoursels- 3. Show thot follaaing propesitions ave contradiction: > vaya bawdy oP MOM ArAb SY Tae yourself be . "> Shoo thal, the argument: p3a,~b Kana is mot Valid. » Show thal, the Follsaing arguments are valid: Y po~a, ev sa,r pnp D boa, rs na,e be~b > do yours. V4. Find the dual

(8 aS Siest thearem qrerh theory. = ae on > the sum ¢ the degree & ath vertices INO qn IS froin tne number edges @ in We qreph - . Find tne member 4 yertios na aren worth 20 edges iP gach vertex has degqreo 4, DP Leb, om = number vertices Then, sum & degree 4 aut vertices =4n 4n = 2x20 D2 4n-4o 2D n=-40 X 7 s, “ ‘0 By using principte a mathematical induelion, prove “tho Po A+ 243444 -..04n = TMH 3 oe »N7%d1 apa ee aL n+) Cont = eceay cant ml PAtB +54... tenypen™ ny > Po qoursak Al. Find the ad jaceney matrix < the folleaing qeephs: Mi » do F % vu V4 a vi v4 vs Ve ly “ A). Oe ie %3 Ve V3 4arvedef a 0 1 oO 1 oo bf 1 1 41 19 1 ° c ° 1 0 o [| 0 d '( 0 @ o 1 9 e\o t t toot $ 09 0 0 0 19, it J) VE Ve V3 Mg Vie Mi © ' ' 10 Vo. | ° t Oo 0 Va, ' t ° t Go V4 | I o 1 Vs \o o 1 0 > Mio V2 Vs Vq Vs Me Va Vg “Mf 0 2 60 4 0 0 09 Oo wl 2 0 142 00 8 ° Vs, ° 4 ° 4 o oO o 0 WV) 4 92 4.0 4 29 9 ° vs|o 0 0 4 0 9 9 0° y/o oo 0 04 4 0 %lo o0 0 0 0 4 9 3 %|O0 © 0 © 0 0 3 0 22 TPA, Band @ ore the subsets fa universal sv. Than prove thal > (AUBy'=a'n6! W) Caney’ =A'UB ‘Wis (AUB)ACBUE)N (EVA) = (ANB) UENCE) Uni ? | Mapa bok Page no.- t and ao]28. Prove thak, a qroup (G,2) ¥s abelian if and omg if (aobyt=arleb! ¥a, eo. > Leb, (acb) te woe! ya, bea Then, (@eu) ty! - (atewt)™ DS ab = Tota! py @ilza, vace] > aob =boa » ¥2,% 6G > (G,») is an abelian aro Neak Lek (@,0) fs am abelian group. THN, dob =boa Ya bee 2 (acb)"'. (boa > (acby te alton! yasvee . 24. Prov thal, the sb z forms a commutaltve group with Yespecl to addition. D> Mapa book Pq: wo- At 25. In a qeour (4,0) , a is an clement order 30. Find the order & al’, 2 Mapa book Pt: No 101 26. DoeSine the Soll naing * ty Plaster qrer Tree ii Euler qreph Qt Solve the recurrence gelatin th=-3tn1+t,nz1 with intial condition tp =5.ky = 3tny 44 = 3.( 8ty.9 tt) +4 = Paty.g +3444 = 32 (Bty-g tA t+ 3.444 = 33ty 5 + O44 B.4tt = Mt, 437 gg ee FRE HE “2, 2. 434) foe Solve the mourrence va ations D> Ons Gany-8An-9 Wns 4ana> 44n-2 Py order & the veeurrence relation = n-(n-2) 22 ©. the characterise equalim is We G2-B D> x -GxtB=0 2D -4)@-2) =0 2D X=2,4 The solulim is an = A(4) 4+ B(2)" , Anene A and B owe arbitrary con stants . W order 4 the reeurrence velahi m= N-M-2) =9 |The characterise equation ts > 4x-4 D W-4x 4420 F@MEo PD 22,2 \ The solubim is an = (A +98). ai isa funation & three Boolean variables %4,2 defined \ Fay, 2) 2 xy ry! . Express fawy,a) in disjunctive Normal Lym. 7 £ ts ocleseribed by the florng “= u R as z o 4 0 4 0 4 0 FRR BR Oo ce epee oOFrFRO OS rPRrPROo oC On Go er POOR RS RR POOR RS ° ne 1 F assumes 4 ab jun points (9090), (0,0,1), (10,0), way (11,0) ond CD only . the function that assumes 4 at (0.0, gporly | is a 4 “ " w 1 ak (604) onl is 2% ” 4 “ wv 4 ob (oap.only is 2 4 i aed cE ak (0,1) only is “a 4 4 4 w 4 ab (1,0) ony is Ye eres 4 a ak CLL) only is ye“the pue & ftxy,2) is feay2) = gle! + x42 payee nz eye't aye 80. A function fis AoSined by ty, =42 +y'2', ind the DNF and the onF & ftxy,2). ) fb is described by the following table. am 4 2 ge ye FF oo oO oO ! 1 0 oo 4 oO ol 0 1 oo oO oO ao! ° t t I ° 130 te oO ° | eae) Loo. ° ° o ! at oO o o 4 1 ° ' 0 1 1 I P assumes 4 ab the paints (0,0,0) , Cont), 0,0), CY), the function thal assumes 4 ak (00,0) only is x’y ‘2! 4q 8 “ a 4 ak (01,0 only is x ye “ou u 4 a ak 0,0) only is xy'2! 4 4 4 v 4 aF Wt 1 only. Is ye | Peony, a= aye ealye +x 4'2" 4 nye | thts is the DNE & Feary 2) ; | cage] = (eye)! Cage!) Cry’! aga)! | LY Fouyay = xY/2 42lya! a ny'e saye!] PAOD = Coryted) Cor gee Coty +2") (ty! 42) This is the ONE F fexy2).By Simply, The Boslean Expression : YeApnte is Y= AB +A B404 6(8 10 Wy = @te)(Av+ad) tActe Dd Yo AB + AcB+O + BCRTO AB+ AB+ AC +BBtBC B+ AB + AC +B +BC [ B=B, by idempotent haw] AB +AC+B+4+BC i* = AB+ AC + BUTY AB +B = At, by idem eee ABSA +B LL at end, by nw Jaa] = AB+AC +B E84 =8, by identty lav] AB+B+Ac = BCI4A) +40 Ba 4 Ac B+ AC , tres is thereduced form # the Boolean. Expression . % Y= Gry pend) +acte = (ATO A (045) + ACHE [using diaripulive fav] = (ty Alt Ac te fv pede4, by Complement law] = CAHQDA HACHe CH Aled, by identity far] = AAD) ACHE CY AOA SA (AF9, bY Commutative Law] Ag ote} +e (by associative Law] = A(Ate) te Lette, by tdempotent law] = AAtActe Ley a eel far] - AA + CUtA Ate CHA Lv AR =A, by id empoterd: faa]Ne | [vita= 4, by nut fan] = AX, thts ia the veduced orm et ine gen Boolan 2xpression. 32. vartte tha truth table ed tho Boolean expression iy fora = xyz! 40/y2 1 foam aay + a2! 2 fay 2) = ya! tayz > dbo sfoureels Find the prime implicants and a minimal sum é Products form for cach dt the follewing sum & Producls elas by ress! by using Kor nang he Map : YEouyy xy WE 2 xy ty exty! i P Baxyay'y No. & vori ables (n) = 2 w. Total no. pe edls = 9" =9"= 4. In sop ' x20 | Yeo xX Y \ tt {| w)__. Aol |\yYe4 x A © x w here ts one poly arp Fie qeoup & using two cells which covers maximum no. & 1s,“Bie & Keperre So, winimel sop is E=Y, Te pair aroup P is prime implicant hich Cover adltne x w Here, $e pair qroups hand f2 Ore Pov med which Cover OU the Moos Pi Po eae x + x ¥ o/ o t ot 0 ! I a L Y' x he minimal SoP is E =xty! Prime implicants are too pair greys P, ond P2 Shown ln Fiquee -