PROBABILITY

Probability is how likely it is that an event will happen.

For example,
• how likely is it that the sun will rise tomorrow?
• If I throw a die, how likely is it that I will get a 7?

TERMINOLOGY:
EVENT: An event is an activity that has outcomes.
For example rolling an even number is an event with outcomes.
OUTCOME: Is the possible result of an event.
For example the event rolling an even number has 2, 4 and 6 as possible results.
SAMPLE SPACE: The set of all possible outcomes.

A probability scale is used to decide what the chance is that an event will happen.

Impossible Unlikely Fair Very

50% certain
0% but likely
100%
possible 75%
25%

The probability can be calculated using the following formula:

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

This ratio can be expressed as a fraction, decimal or percentage.

Probability is always between 0 and 1, when expressed as a fraction or decimal.
Probability can also be between 0% and 100% when expressed as a percentage.

When answering probability questions it helps to represent information visually.

Tree Diagrams, Venn Diagrams and contingency tables can be used. Sometimes in probability questions
information is given in a Tree Diagram, Venn Diagram or contingency table.
TREE DIAGRAMS
Consider the following example to understand how a tree diagram is drawn.
Example:
A coin is toseed twice. What is the probability that it lands on,
a) heads on both occasions?
b) Heads then tails?
c) Once on heads and once on tails?
Solution:
On each toss there are two possible outcomes, either Heads (H) or Tails(T).
So the outcomes of the first toss can be represented as follows on a tree diagram.

14
 H

NB:
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
T P(H) =
𝟐𝟐
, P(T) =
𝟐𝟐
P(H) + P(T)=1

After the second toss of the coin, the following tree diagram give all possible outcomes.

H HH
H
T HT

H TH
T
T
TT

So after tossing the coin twice there are altogether four different outcomes:
HH, HT, TH or TT

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 1

a) So the probability of getting HH is: =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 1
b) Probability of HT: =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4

𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 2 1

Probability of HT or TH: = =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 4 2

Note: P(HH)= P(H) x P(H) = × =

1 1 1
2 2 4
P(HH) + P(HT) + P(TH) + P(TT) 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 P(HT)= P(H) x P(T) = × =
= + + + 2
1
2
1
4
1
4 4 4 4
=1 P(TH)= P(T) x P(H) = × =
2 2 4
1 1 1
P(TT)= P(T) x P(T) = × =
2 2 4

15
VENN DIAGRAMS
Venn Diagrams are used to solve probability questions. The given sketch is an example of a Venn
Diagram. The rectangle S represent the Sample space with all possible outcomes. Each oval/circle
represent an event in the sample space.

S (sample space)

Notation:
P(A): this represent the probability of event A
A´: the complement of A , that is all outcomes in the sample space (S) other than event A i.e A´ is (notA).
A and B: are all the outcomes which are in event A and in event B. It is that which is in the intersection of
the two events.
A or B: are all the outcomes which are in A, B as well as in the intersection of A and B,
Example 1:
Draw a Venn diagram to show the sample space.
S = { 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10}
Indicate the following events in the sample space Explanation:
Event A is the set of prime numbers. ∴ A = {2; 3; 5; 7} Notice that 2, is an outcome in both event A and
Event B is the set of even numbers. ∴ B = {2; 4; 6; 8; 10} event B. That is why we know that event A and B
Solution: must be drawn so that there is an intersection. 2 is
then placed in the intersection.
Now enter the other outcomes of event A and B.
Note that there are some outcomes in the sample
space which is not in event A or B, add these
outcomes in the rectangle which represent the
sample space.

Example 2:
Determine each of the following for the Venn diagram in example 1.
a) P(A)
b) P(B)
c) P(A and B)
d) P(A or B)
Solution:
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴 4
a) P(A) = =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 10
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵 5
b) P(B) = =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 10
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵 1
c) P(A and B) = =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 10
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 8
d) P(A or B) = =
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 10

Note the following from the above example:

8
P(A or B) =
10

16
P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
4 5 1
= + −
10 10 10
8
=
10

i.e.
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
Addition Rule: where A and B are two events

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
Mutually exclusive events are events that cannot happen at the same time. There is no
intersection between the events.

If the two events are mutually exclusive (cannot occur at the same time) then:
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵) = 0 [No intersection]
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)

If ,
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵) = 0 [No intersection]
or
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
Then events A and B are mutually exclusive.

Complimentary Events
The complementary rule:
𝑃𝑃(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ) = 1 – 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)

17
QUESTION 1
Two events, A and B, are complementary and make up the entire sample space. Also,
P(A′) = 0,35 .
1.1 Complete the statement: P(A) + P(B) = … (1)
1.2 Write down the value of P(A and B) (1)
1.3 Write down the value of P(B) (1)

QUESTION 2
What expression BEST represents the shaded area of the following Venn diagrams?
2.1 (1)

2.1.1
(1)

2.1.2
2.2 State which of the following sets of events is mutually exclusive: (1)
A Event 1: The learners in Grade 10 in the swimming team
Event 2: The learners in Grade 10 in the debating team

B Event 1: The learners in Grade 8

Event 2: The learners in Grade 12

C Event 1: The learners who take Mathematics in Grade 10

Event 2: The learners who take Physical Science in Grade 10

QUESTION 3
3.1 Complete the following statement: (1)
If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then
P(A and B) = …
3.2 Given that A and B are mutually exclusive events. The probability that event A occurs (3)
is 0,55. The probability that event B does occur is 0,7.
Calculate P(A or B).

QUESTION 4
A bag contains 3 blue balls and 𝑥𝑥 yellow balls.
4.1 Write down the total number of balls in the bag. (1)
4.2 If a ball is drawn from the bag, write down the probability that it is blue. (2)

18
QUESTION 5
In a certain class of 42 boys:
• 27 play hockey (H)
• 32 play soccer(S)
• 7 do not play hockey or soccer
• An unknown number (𝑥𝑥) play both hockey and soccer
The information is represented in the Venn diagram below.

5.1 Calculate the value of 𝑥𝑥. (2)

5.2 If a boy from the class is chosen at random, calculate the probability that he:
a) Does not play hockey or soccer (1)
b) Plays only soccer (2)

QUESTION 6
A survey was conducted among 150 learners in Grade 10 at a certain school to establish how
many of them owned the following devices: smartphone (S) or tablet (T).
The results were as follows:
• 8 learners did not own either a smartphone or a tablet.
• 20 learnersowned both a smartphone and a tablet.
• 48 learners owned a tablet.
• 𝑥𝑥 learners owned a smartphone.
6.1 Represent the information above in a Venn diagram. (4)
6.2 How many learners owned only a smartphone? (3)
6.3 Calculate the probability that a learner selected at randaom from this group:
a) Owned only a smartphone (1)
b) Owned at most one type of device (2)

QUESTION 7
In a class of 40 learners the following information is TRUE:
• 7 learners are left-handed
• 18 learners play soccer
• 4 learners play soccer and are left-handed
• All 40 learners are either right-handed or left-handed
Let L be the set of all left-handed people and S be the set of all learners who play soccer.
7.1 How many learners in the class are right-handed and do NOT play soccer? (1)
7.2 Draw a Venn diagram to represent the above information. (4)
7.3 Determine the probability that a learner is:
a) Left-handed or plays soccer (3)
b) Right-handed and plays soccer (2)

19
QUESTION 8
At a certain school there are 64 boys in Grade 10. Their sport preference are indicated below:
• 24 boys play soccer
• 28 boys play rugby
• 10 boys play both soccer and rugby
• 22 boys do not play soccer or rugby
8.1 Represent the information above in a Venn diagram. (5)
8.2 Calculate the probability that a Grade 10 boy at the school, selcted at random
plays:
a) Soccer and rugby (1)
b) Soccer or rugby (1)
8.3 Are the eventsa Grade 10 boy plays soccer at the school and a Grade 10 boy (2)
plays rugby at the school, mutually exclusive? Justify your answer.

QUESTION 9
One morning Samuel conducted a survey in his residential area to establish how many (3)
passengers, excluding the driver, travel in a car. The results are shown in the table
below:

Calculate the probability that, excluding the driver, there are more than two passengers
in a car.

QUESTION 10
If you throw two dice at the same time, the probability that a six will be shown on one (3)
10 1
of the dice is and the probability that a six will be thrown on both the dice is .
36 36
What is the probability that a six will NOT show on either of the dice when you throw
two dice at the same time.

20
PROBABILITY
QUESTION 1
1.1

1.2

1.3

QUESTION 2
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2

QUESTION 3
3.1

3.2

QUESTION 4
4.1

4.2

QUESTION 5
5.1

5.2 a)
5.2 b)
QUESTION 6
6.1

6.2

6.3 a)

b)

QUESTION 7
7.1
7.2

7.3 a)

b)
QUESTION 8
8.1

8.2 a)

b)

8.3

QUESTION 9

QUESTION 10
 Directorate: Curriculum FET

SUBJECT and MATHEMATICS GRADE 11

GRADE
TERM 4 WEEK 1
TOPIC PROBABILITY
AIMS OF LESSON 1. Revise the
• ADDITION RULE: 𝐏(𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁)
• ADDITION RULE FOR MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
• COMPLEMENTARY RULE: 𝐏(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐀) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)

2. The use of Venn diagrams to solve probability problems, deriving and applying formulae for any three
events A, B and C in a sample space S
RESOURCES Paper based resources Digital resources
Please go to the Probability section in Calculating Probability Using Venn Diagrams
your Mathematics Textbook. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErJ2F8lWJKc

Grade 12 Probability Past Exam Question 6 Nov 2013 Part 1| NTE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1zP_7dqOVg

Determine Probability from a Venn Diagram (Basis, And, Or, Complement)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPlPTu-L0BI

Shading Venn Diagram Regions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=059SNMvGEzE

1
INTRODUCTION: PRE-KNOWLEDGE What learners should already know from previous grades:

• Probability is the likelihood of something happening in the future. It is expressed as a number between zero
(can never happen) to 1 (will always happen). It can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal or as a percentage.
5
So, a probability of 5 out of 8 can be written as 8 or as 0,625 or as 62,5%.
• CAPS – GR 10

a) Compare the relative frequency of an • We can use a probability scale to decide what chance there is of an event happening.
experimental outcome with the theoretical
probability of the outcome.

(b) Venn diagrams as an aid to solving

probability problems.

(c) Mutually exclusive events and

complementary events. The probability that a fish will be alive The probability that the pregnant The probability that the sun will
after 2 days out of the water is 0% lady will have a girl is 50%. come up tomorrow is 100%.
(d) The identity for any two events A and B:
P(A or B) = P(A) + (B) − P(A and B)

• The formula we use to calculate probability is:

Number or favorable outcomes

The probability of an event = Total number or possible outcomes

𝑛(𝐸)
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛(𝑆)

2
• TERMINOLOGY • An EVENT is a happening or an activity that has Example:
outcomes or results. Rolling an even number is an event with given outcomes.

• An OUTCOME is the possible result of an event. Example:

The possible outcomes:
• The SAMPLE SPACE is the set of all possible • of rolling a dice is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
outcomes. • If you flip a coin: is H (heads) or T (tails).
• SYMBOLS AND SETS S Sample Space.
USED IN PROBABILITY P(A) probability that an element from set A will occur.
𝑛(A) the number of elements in set A.
A’ all the elements of the sample space that are NOT in set A.
(Complement of A)
A∪B It means the union of the two sets and represents the total of all the
A or B. elements that are in set A or set B.
A∩B It means the intersection of sets A and B and represents all the
A and B elements that they share.
P(A ∩ B) the probability that an element from (A ∩ B) will occur.
𝑛(A ∪ B) the number of elements in set A or set B.

• PROBABILITY RULES ❖ Event A and B is exhaustive ❖ 𝐏(𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝟏

❖ Events A and B are mutually exclusive ❖ 𝐏(𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁) = 𝟎
❖ A and B are complimentary events → ❖ 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) = 𝟏
(mutually exclusive and exhaustive) ❖ 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐀) = 𝟏
❖ 𝐏(𝐀′) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
❖ Addition Rule ❖ 𝐏 (𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏 (𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁)
or
❖ 𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏 (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)

3
 EXAMPLE 1: 1.1 The probability that a you will pick a Jack of diamond out of a pack of cards:

Number of favourable outcomes 1

NOTE: 𝑃(𝐽♦) = Total number of outcomes
52
There are 52 cards in a pack of
playing cards.
1.2 The probability that a you will pick diamond out of a pack of cards:
13 1 Always simplify!
There are 13 cards in a suit: 𝑃(♦) = =
2 − 10, J, Q, K & A 52 4

There are 4 suits:

• 13 diamonds 1.3 The probability that a you will pick a 17 out of a pack of cards:
• 13 spades 0
𝑃(17) = =0
• 13 hearts 52
• 13 clubs

CAN YOU? SOLUTION

QUESTION 1
1
1.1 P(4) =
1.1 Determine the probability that a you will throw a four with a dice. 6

1.2 Determine the probability that a you will throw an even number with a dice. 3 1
1.2 P(even) = =
6 2
1.3 Determine the probability that a you will throw a seven with a dice:
0
1.3 P(7) = =0
6

4
ADDITION RULE
𝐏 (𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏 (𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁)
𝐨𝐫
𝐏(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏 (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)
EXAMPLE 2: CAN YOU? QUESTION 2

Determine the probability that you will get a ten or a heart when you draw a Determine the probability that you will get a six or a three when throwing a dice.
card from a pack of playing cards.

SOLUTION
P(10 or ♥) = P(10) + P(♥)−P(10 en ♥)
4 13 1 P(6 or 3) = P(6) + P(3) − P(6 and 3)
= + − 1 1
52 52 52 = + −0
16 4 6 6
= = 2 1
52 13 = =
6 3

EXAMPLE 3: CAN YOU? QUESTION 3

Given P (A or B) = 0,6; P(B) = 0,4 and P(A and B) = 0,3.

During an experiment it was found that P(A) = 0,25 ; P(B) = 0,5 and
P(A or B) = 0,625. Determine P (A and B) Determine:
3.1 P(A)
3.2 If the events A and B are mutually exclusive.
P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P (A and B) Give a reason for your answer.
0,625 = 0,25 + 0,5 − 𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = 0,125 SOLUTION

3.1 P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P (A and B)

0,6 = 𝑥 + 0,4 − 0,3
∴ 𝑥 = 0,5
3.2 A and B are NOT mutually exclusive. P (A and B) ≠ 0

5
 • VENN-DIAGRAMS
• We use Venn diagrams to help us to represent different events.
• Venn Diagram consists of circles and a rectangle.
• The rectangle S represents the sample space (all the possible outcomes).
• Each circle inside S represents a different event.
• If the two circles intersect, the intersection shows which outcomes belong to both events.

EXAMPLE 4:
The purpose of these examples is to revise some terminology: *Inclusive *Exhaustive *Mutually exclusive *Complementary events

4.1 A and B are inclusive events → 4.2 Event A and B is exhaustive →

𝐏(A and B) ≠ 𝟎 𝐏(𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝟏

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B)
4 5 𝟏 4 6 2
= + − = + −
10 10 𝟏𝟎 8 8 8
8 =1
=
10

4.3 Events A and B are mutually exclusive 4.4 A and B are complementary events →
→ 𝐏(𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁) = 𝟎 (mutually exclusive and exhaustive)

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B) • P(A) + P(B) = 1

2 4 • P(A) + P(not A) = 1
= + −𝟎
7 7 • P(A′) = 1 − P(A)
6
=
7 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B)
2 4
Note: = + +𝟎
6 6 Mutually exclusive
P(A′ ) = P(notA) exhaustive =𝟏

6
 CAN YOU? QUESTION 4

Use the above Venn-diagrams to determine the following: SOLUTIONS

4.1 P(D) 4.7 True or false: (Give a reason for your answer) 4.1 2
P(D) = = 0,4
5
4.2 P(A′) 4.7.1 Events A and B are inclusive events. 4.2 4 4.7.1 True
P(A′) =
7 P(A and B) ≠ 0
4.3 P (A and B) 4.7.2 Events A and B are exhaustive events 4.3 1 4.7.2 False
P (A and B) =
7 P(A or B) ≠ 1
4.4 P (A or B) 4.7.3 Events C and D are mutually exclusive 4.4 6 4.7.3 True
P (A or B) = P(A and B) = 0
7
4.5 P (C and D) 4.5 P (C and D) = 0

4.6 P (C or D) 4.8 Which of the events above are complementary events? 4.6 P (C or D) = 1 4.8 C and D

7
NEW CONCEPTS AND SKILLS – GR 11
• CAPS GR 11: Dependent and independent events. (b) Venn diagrams or contingency tables and tree diagrams as aids to solving probability
problems (where events are not necessarily independent).

• NOTE: In grade 11 Venn-diagrams with 3 events will be assessed. (not only 2 as in GR 10)
EXAMPLE 5:
Research has been conducted on alcohol-based management. Information collected at the traffic
authorities of 54 countries on the methods used to test the alcohol level of a person is summarized
below:
• 4 countries use all three methods (A, B and C).
• 12 countries use the alcohol content of breath (A) and blood-alcohol concentration (B).
• 9 countries use blood-alcohol concentration (B) and certificates issued by doctors (C).
• 8 countries use the alcohol content of breath (A) and certificates issued by doctors (C).
• 21 countries use the alcohol content of breath (A).
• 32 countries use blood alcohol concentration (B).
• 20 countries use certificates issued by doctors (C).
• 6 countries do not use either of these methods.

On the right is a partially completed Venn diagram representing the information above.
5.1 Use the given information and the Venn diagram to determine the values of SOLUTIONS
𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 and 𝑔.
5.2 For a randomly selected country, calculate: 5.1 𝑑=5 𝑒=4 𝑓=7 𝑔=5
5.2.1 P(A and B and C) 5.2.1 4 2
P(A and B and C) = =
54 27
5.2.2 P(A or B or C) 5.2.2 48 8
P(A or B or C) = =
54 9
5.2.3 P(only C) 5.2.3 7
P(only C) =
54
5.2.4 P(uses exactly two methods) 5.2.4 5 + 4 + 8 17
P(uses exactly two methods) = =
54 54

8
 NEW CONCEPTS AND SKILLS – GR 11

CAN YOU? QUESTION 5 SOLUTIONS

A survey is conducted with a group of 50 learners to find out what is more popular at the school 5.1
tuck-shop. They are asked if they usually buy toasted sandwiches (T), wraps (W) or burgers (B).
They can choose none, one, two or three of the meals.
• 21 chose sandwiches
• 20 chose wraps
• 13 chose burgers
• 3 chose all three options
• 8 chose wraps and burgers
• 4 chose only burgers
• 5 chose toast and wraps

5.1 Complete a Venn diagram to represent this information

5.2 How many people did not buy wraps, toasted sandwiches or burgers? 5.2 10

5.3 Calculate the probability that a learner selected at random from this survey:
5.3.1 buys wraps and toasted sandwiches, but not burgers. 5.3.1 2 1
P(wraps and toast) = =
50 25
5.3.2 had only burgers. 5.3.2 4 2
P(only burgers ) = =
50 25
5.3.3 had at least one meal. 5.3.3 10 40 4
P(at least one meal) = 1 − = =
50 50 5

5.3.4 did not have toast sandwiches. 5.3.4 10 + 5 + 4 + 10 29

P(T′) = =
50 50

9
NEW CONCEPTS AND SKILLS – GR 11

CAN YOU? QUESTION 6 SOLUTIONS

There are 240 boys in grade 11. 6.1

The following information on participation in school sport was collected:
• 122 boys play rugby (R)
• 58 boys play hockey (H)
• 96 boys play cricket (C)
• 16 boys take part in all three sports
• 22 boys take part in rugby and hockey
• 26 boys take part in cricket and hockey
• 26 boys do not participate in any of the sports.
• Let the number of learners playing rugby and cricket be 𝑥.

6.1 Complete a Venn diagram to represent this information

6.2 Calculate the value of 𝑥. 6.2 𝑥 + 16 + 6 + 10 + 100 − 𝑥 + 26 + 70 − 𝑥 + 26 = 240

254 − 𝑥 = 240
𝑥 = 14
6.3 Calculate the probability that a learner who is chosen involuntarily:
6.3.1 Will play only hockey. 6.3.1 26 13
P(only hockey) = =
240 120

6.3.2 Does not play cricket. 6.3.2 86 + 26 + 6 + 26 144 3

P(not C) = = = 𝐎𝐑
240 240 5
96 3
P(not C) = 1 − =
240 5

10
ACTIVITIES / ASSESSMENT Mind the Gap Siyavula Mind Action Series
• P145-156 • P402-410 • P265 Exercise 1
• p 157 Activity 3 • P419-p425 • P274 Exercise 4
CONSOLIDATION: ➢ The addition rule (also called the sum rule) for any 2 events, A and B is
𝐏(𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁) − 𝐏(𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁)
A Venn diagram is a visual tool used to show This rule relates the probabilities of 2 events with the probabilities of their union and intersection.
how events overlap.
Each region in a Venn diagram represents an ➢ The addition rule for 2 mutually exclusive events is
event and could contain either the outcomes in 𝐏(𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝐏(𝐀) + 𝐏(𝐁)
the event, the number of outcomes in the This rule is a special case of the previous rule. Because the events are mutually exclusive, P(A and B) = 0.
event or the probability of the event
➢ The complementary rule is
𝐏(𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐀) = 𝟏 − 𝐏(𝐀)
Since A and (not A) are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
WORDS & VENN-DIAGRAM WORDS & VENN-DIAGRAM
SYMBOLS SYMBOLS
Only A Al

A and B and C

A∩B∩C

A and B At least one

A∩ B A or B or C

A∪B∪C

11
VALUES:

Venn diagrams are commonly associated with education. They are frequently used in mathematics to understand set theory and also used to do various
comparisons in the classroom. However, there are many other uses of Venn diagrams that you can take advantage of during your daily routines. The power of
Venn diagram lies in its simplicity. They are great for comparing things in a visual manner and to quickly identify overlaps.

12
 2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 8 REVISION MATERIAL

Probability Revision
Probability of an event happening: Example:
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) Tossing a coin:
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
=
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 Outcome could be Heads or Tails
𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴)
= Therefore:
𝑛𝑛(𝑆𝑆)
1
[On Formula sheet!] 𝑃𝑃( 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻) =
2
Independent events There is a bag with 2 red and 3 blue balls The events A and B are independent. P(A) = 0, 4
The two events that do not affect each Event 1: and P (B) = 0, 5
2
other’s outcomes. P(red) = Determine:
5
Balls are replaced! • P (A and 𝐵𝐵)
Multiplication rule :
Event 2: •
P(A and B) = P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B) 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) × 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
P(blue) = 3/5
2 3 6 = 0,4 × 0,5
P(Red and blue) 5 × 5 = 25
= 0,2
Mutually inclusive events:
• P (A or 𝐵𝐵)
A and B inclusive events as they have elements 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)– 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵)
common.
= 0.4 + 0,5 − 0,2
Addition Rule: = 0,7
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) – 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵)
Appears in both
Mutually exclusive events If events A and B are mutually exclusive and
A and B mutually exclusive if they have no common • 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) = 0,1
elements.
• 𝑃𝑃( 𝐵𝐵) = 0,3
Therfore: 𝑷𝑷(𝑨𝑨 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑩𝑩) = 𝟎𝟎 1 3
Addition rule becomes:
2 4 Calculate 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵)
5 7
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)– 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵) 6 8 Solution: 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
9
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)– 0 = 0,1 + 0,3
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 or 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 0,4

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 2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 9 REVISION MATERIAL

Complementary events Example:

• The complementary rule: The events A and B are independent. P(A) = 0, 4

and P (B) = 0, 5
𝑃𝑃(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴′ ) = 1 – 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) Determine:
𝑃𝑃(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴)
𝑃𝑃(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
= 1 − 0,4 = 0,6

Counting Principle Please note: Example:

The fundamental counting principle states: • If 𝑛𝑛 items can be arranged in a row, then How many different outfits could you put
Suppose there are n ways to make a choice, and for each this can be done in 𝑛𝑛! ways. (no together with 4 shirts, 6 skits and 2 pairs of
of these there are m ways to make a second choice then the repititions) shoes?
number of possible outcomes will be equal to 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑛𝑛 ways. Note: Solution:
5! 5 factorial Number of outfits = 4 × 6 × 2
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5! = 120 = 48 outfits

Arrangements with repetition: Example Solution:

Arrangements with repetition: How many three letter codes can be made Number of ways
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 from the letters in the word SPRING, if the 5 × 5 × 5 = 53 = 125
Where: letters can be repeated?
𝑘𝑘 is the number of choices
𝑥𝑥 is the number of times you can choose

Arrangements without repetition: Example Solution:

Arrangements with repetition: How many three letter codes can be made Number of ways =5×4×3
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑝𝑝! from the letters in the word SPRING, if the = 60
= 𝑝𝑝 × (𝑝𝑝 − 1) × (𝑝𝑝 − 2) × (𝑝𝑝 − 3) … letters cannot be repeated?

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 10 REVISION MATERIAL

Section A:
Question 1
A survey was conducted among 100 boys and 60 girls to determine how many of them watched TV in the period
during which examinations were written. Their responses are shown in the partially completed table below.

1.1 Calculate the values of a and b. (2)

1.2 Are the events 'being a male' and 'did not watch TV during examinations' mutually exclusive?
Give a reason for your answer. (2)
1.3 If a learner who participated in this survey is chosen at random, what is the probability that the
learner:
1.3.1 Watched TV in the period during which the examinations were written? (2)
1.3.2 Is not a male and did not watch TV in the period during which examinations were written? (2)

Question 2
A tournament organiser conducted a survey among 150 members at a local sports club to find out whether they
play tennis or not. The results are shown in the table below.

2.1 What is the probability that a member selected at random is:

(a) Female (2)
(b) Female and plays tennis (1)
2.2 Is playing tennis independent of gender? Motivate your answer with the necessary
calculations. (3)

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 2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 11 REVISION MATERIAL

Question 3
The probability of events A and B occurring are denoted by P(A) and P(B)
respectively.
For any two events A and B it is given that:
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵′ ) = 0,28
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 3𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
• 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵) = 0,96
Are events A and B mutually exclusive? Justify your answer. (4)
Question 4 [6]
Each passenger on a certain Banana Airways flight chose exactly one beverage from
tea, coffee or fruit juice. The results are shown in the table below.

4.1 Write down the value of a. (1)

4.2 What is the probability that a randomly selected passenger is male? (2)
4.3 Given that the event of a passenger choosing coffee is independent of being a male, calculate the
value of b. (4)

Question 5
For two events, A and B, it is given that:
P(A) = 0,2
P(B) = 0,63
P(A and B) = 0,126
Are the events, A and B, independent? Justify your answer with appropriate calculations. (3)

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 12 REVISION MATERIAL

Question 6
Zebra High School offers only two sporting activities, namely rugby and hockey.
The following information is given:
• There are 600 learners in the school.
• 3 72 learners play hockey.
• 288 learners play rugby.
• 56 of the learners play NO sport.
• The number of learners that play both hockey and rugby is 𝑥𝑥.
6.1 Represent the given information in a Venn diagram, in terms of 𝑥𝑥. (3)
6.2 Calculate the value of 𝑥𝑥. (2)
6.3 Are the events playing rugby and playing hockey mutually exclusive?
Justify your answer. (2)

Question 7
Research was conducted about driving under the influence of alcohol. Information
obtained from traffic authorities in 54 countries on the methods that are used to
measure alcohol levels in a person, are summarised below:
• 4 countries use all three methods (A, B and C).
• 12 countries use the alcohol content of breath (A) and blood-alcohol concentration (B).
• 9 countries use blood-alcohol concentration (B) and certificates issued by doctors (C).
• 8 countries use the alcohol content of breath (A) and certificates issued by doctors (C).
• 21 countries use the alcohol content of breath (A).
• 32 countries use blood-alcohol concentration (B).
• 20 countries use certificates issued by doctors (C).
• 6 countries use none of these methods.
Below is a partially completed Venn diagram representing the above information.

7.1 Use the given info1mation and the Venn diagram to determine the values of d, e, f and g. (4)
7.2 For a randomly selected country, calculate:
(a) P(A and B and C) (1)

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 13 REVISION MATERIAL

(b) P(A or B or C) (1)

(c) P(only C) (1)
(d) P(that a country uses exactly two methods) (1)

Question 8
Events A and B are mutually exclusive. It is given that:
• P(B) = 2P(A)
• P(A or B) = 0,57
Calculate P(B). (3)

Question 9
Two identical bags are filled with balls. Bag A contains 3 pink and 2 yellow balls.
Bag B contains 5 pink and 4 yellow balls. It is equally likely that Bag A or Bag B is chosen. Each
ball has an equal chance of being chosen from the bag. A bag is chosen at random and a ball is then
chosen at random from the bag.
9.1 Represent the information by means of a tree diagram. Clearly indicate the probability
associated with each branch of the tree diagram and write down all the outcomes. (4)
9.2 What is the probability that a yellow ball will be chosen from Bag A? (1)
9.3 What is the probability that a pink ball will be chosen? (3)

Question 10
Veli and Bongi are learners at the same school. Some days they arrive late at school.
The probability that neither Veli nor Bongi will arrive late on any day is 0,7.
10.1 Calculate the probability that at least one of the two learners will arrive late on a randomly
selected day. (1)
10.2 The probability that Veli arrives late for school on a randomly selected day is 0,25, while the
probability that both of them arrive late for school on that day is 0,15. Calculate the probability
that Bongi will arrive late for school on that day. (3)
10.3 The principal suspects that the latecoming of the two learners is linked. The principal asks you
to determine whether the events of Veli arriving late for school and Bongi arriving late for
school are statistically independent or not. What will be your response to him? Show ALL
calculations. (3)

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 14 REVISION MATERIAL

Section B:
Question 1
Five boys and four girls go to the movies. They are all seated next to each other in the same row.
1.1 One boy and girl are a couple and want to sit next to each other at any end of the row of friends.
In how many different ways can the entire group be seated? (3)
1.2 If all the friends are seated randomly, calculate the probability that all the girls are
seated next to each other. (3)
Question 2
The letters of the word DECIMAL are randomly arranged into a new 'word', also consisting of seven
letters. How many different arrangements are possible if:
2.1 Letters may be repeated (2)
2.2 Letters may not be repeated (2)
2.3 The arrangements must start with a vowel and end in a consonant and no repetition of letters is
allowed. (4)

Question 3
Tulani High, has a sports awards ceremony. Tulani High has a basketball team consisting of 5 players
and a volleyball team consisting of 6 players.
3.1 All the basketball players sit in a single row at the ceremony. There are no restrictions on who
sits in which position. In how many different ways can they be seated? (1)
3.2 The decision is taken that the captain must sit in the first seat of the row. The two vice-captains
have to be seated next to each other in any of the remaining seats. In how many different ways
can the basketball players be seated now? (3)
3.3 After the interval, the basketball team and the volleyball team sit in the same row at the
ceremony. Calculate the probability that the basketball players will sit together and the volleyball
-players will sit together. Assume that seating positions are allocated randomly. Give your
answer as a simplified fraction. (3)

Question 4
The digits 1 to 7 are used to create a four-digit code to enter a locked room. How many different codes
are possible if the digits may not be repeated and the code must be an even number bigger than 5 000? (5)

Question 5
Consider the word M A T H S.
5.1 How many different 5-letter arrangements can be made using all the above letters? (2) (2)
5.2 Determine the probability that the letters S and T will always be the first two letters of
the arrangements in QUESTION 5.1. (3)

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Question 6
The cards below are placed from left to right in a row.

6.1 In how many different ways can these 6 cards be randomly arranged in a row? (2)
6.2 In how many different ways can these cards be arranged in a row if the diamonds and hearts are
placed in alternating positions? (3)
6.3 If these cards are randomly arranged in a row, calculate the probability
that ALL the hearts will be next to one another. (3)

Question 7
Cindy has the following books on a bookshelf:
• 4 Mathematics books
• 3 Ohysical Science books
• 2 Life Sciences books
7.1 Determine the number of different ways that all the books can be arranged. (2)
7. 2 Determine the number of different ways that the books can be arranged in order that the books
in each learning area are next to each other. (3)
7.3 In how many different ways can all the books be arranged in order of descending height? (2)

Question 8
Consider the letters of the word: NUMERATOR.
8.1 How many 9 letter word-arrangements can be formed, if repitition of letters is allowed. (1)
8.2 How many 9 letter word-arrangements can be formed, if all 4 vowels are never together and
repitition of letters is not allowed? (3)
8.3 An 8 letter word-arrangement is made from the NUMERATOR. All the vowels must be included
in this word-arrangement and repitition of letters is not allowed. What is the probability that all
odd-number spaces are accupied by vowels? (4)

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Probability
Section A:
1.
WATCHED TV WATCHED TV DURING
DURING EXAMS/ EXAMS/ TOTALS/
KYK TV GEDURENDE KYK NIE TV GEDURENDE DIE TOTALE
DIE EKSAMEN EKSAMEN NIE
Male/ Manlik 80 𝑎𝑎
Female/ Vroulik 48 12
Totals/ Totale 𝑏𝑏 32 160
1.1 𝑎𝑎 + 12 = 32
𝑎𝑎 = 20
𝑏𝑏 = 80+20=128
1.2 No
20
𝑛𝑛(M and not watching TV) = ≠0
160
20
𝑛𝑛(𝑀𝑀 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) = ≠0
160
1.3.1 128 4
𝑃𝑃(watching /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 TV ) = = = 0,8 = 80%
160 5
1.3.2 12 3
𝑃𝑃(female and not watching TV) = = = 0,0075 = 7.5%
160 40
12 3
𝑃𝑃(𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) = = = 0,0075 = 7.5%
160 40

2.1(a) 70 7
𝑃𝑃(Female/𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉) = = = 0,47
150 15
2.1(b) 20
𝑃𝑃(Female playing tennis/𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) = = 0,13
150
2.2 70
𝑃𝑃(Female/𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉) =
150
70
𝑃𝑃(Playing/𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 tennis) =
150
𝑃𝑃(Female playing tennis / 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ) = 0,13
70 70 4900
P(Female|𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉)×P(Playing|𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 tennis) = � � � � = = 0,22
150 150 22500
P(Female playing tennis|𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)≠P(Female|𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉)×P(Playing|𝑆𝑆
Therefore the event of playing tennis is not independent of gender.
Dus is die gebeurtenis om tennis te speel nie onafhanklik van geslag nie

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 9 TUTOR GUIDE MEMORANDUM

3. 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵′ )
= 1 − 0,28
= 0,72
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜|𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵)
0,96 = 0,24 + 0,72 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵)
0,96 = 0,96 − 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵)
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵) = 0
Events A and B are mutually exclusive
Gebeurtenisse A en B is onderling uitsluitend

4. 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴/𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭/𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻/ 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻

𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻/𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 20 40 60
𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪/ 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐 80
𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋
𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 20
/𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆
60 100 𝑎𝑎
4.1 160
4.2 60
𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀) =
160
3
=
8
= 0,375
4.5 𝑃𝑃(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) × 𝑃𝑃(𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
𝑃𝑃(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) × 𝑃𝑃(𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾)
3 80 𝑏𝑏
× =
8 160 160
3 𝑏𝑏
=
16 160
16𝑏𝑏 = 480
𝑏𝑏 = 30

5. 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) × 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)
= 0,2× 0,63
= 0,126
i.e. P(A) × P(B) = P(A and|en B)
Therefore A and B are independent/Dus is A en B onafhanklik

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 10 TUTOR GUIDE MEMORANDUM

6.1

6.2 (372 − 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑥𝑥 + (288 − 𝑥𝑥) + 56 = 600

716 − 𝑥𝑥 = 600
𝑥𝑥 = 116
6.3 No, they are not mutually exclusive.
There is an intersection between the two sets/
Nee, hul is nie onderling uitsluitend nie.
Daar is ‘n snyding tussen die twee stelle

7.1 𝑑𝑑 = 5
𝑒𝑒 = 4
𝑓𝑓 = 7
𝑔𝑔 = 5
7.2 4 2
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶) = =
(a) 54 27
7.2 48 8
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜|𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵 𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑟|𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶) = =
(b) 54 9

7.2 7
𝑃𝑃(𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜|𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝐶 ) =
(c) 54

7.2 5 + 4 + 8 17
𝑃𝑃(𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜) = =
(d) 54 54
𝑃𝑃(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ′𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔)

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𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵)

0,57 = 𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) + 2𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
0,57 = 3𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴)
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴) = 0,19
∴ 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 2(0,19)
= 0,38

9.1

9.2 1 2 1
𝑃𝑃(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) = � � � � =
2 5 5
9.3 1 3 1 5
𝑃𝑃(𝑃𝑃) = � � � � + � � � �
2 5 2 9
3 5
= +
10 18
26
=
45

10.1 Let the event Veli arrive late for school be V.

Let the event Bongi arrive late for school be B. /
Laat V die gebeurtenis wees dat Veli Laat B die gebeurtenis wees dat Bongi laatkom
𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜|𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵) = 1 − 0,7
= 0,3
10.2 𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉) + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵)
0,3 = 0,25 + 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) − 0,15
𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 0,2
10.3 𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉) × 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) = 0,25 × 0,2
= 0,05
𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉) × 𝑃𝑃(𝐵𝐵) ≠ 𝑃𝑃(𝑉𝑉 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎|𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐵)
V and B are NOT independent| V en B is nie onafhanklik nie

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2024 MATHEMATICS GR 12 TERM 3 12 TUTOR GUIDE MEMORANDUM

Section B:
1.1 2 × 2! × 7! = 20 160
1.2 All seated/Almal sit: 9! = 362 880 ways
Girls/Dogters: 4!
4! × 6! = 17 280 ways

2.1 77 = 823 543

2.2 7! = 5040
2.3 There are 3 vowels ⇒ 3 options for first position
There are 4 consonants ⇒ 4 options for last position
The remaining 5 letters can be arranged in 5× 4×3× 2×1 ways
3 × (5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1) × 4 = 1440
Daar is 3 klinkers ⇒ 3 opsies vir die eerste posisie
Daar is 4 konsonante ⇒ 4 opsies vir die laaste posisie
Die oorblywende 5 letters kan as volg gerangskik word
5× 4×3× 2×1 ways/maniere
3 × (5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1) × 4 = 1440

3.1 5! = 120
3.2 1 × 2! × 3! = 12
3.3 5! × 6! × 2 1
=
11 231

Case/Geval 1:
2
6 ___ ___ 4
1 5 4 2 Number of ways/ Aantal maniere

Number of codes starting with 6/ Aantal kodes wat met 6 begin.

= 1 × 5 × 4 × 2= 40

Case/ Geval 2: The first digit is a 5 or a 7./ Die eerste syfer is ’n 5 of ’n 7.

Number of codes not starting with 6/ Aantal kodes wat nie met 6 begin nie.
= 2 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 120

5.1 5! = 120
5.2 S and T can be arranged in 2! different ways.
The remaining three letters can be arranged in 3! different ways
∴Total number of different letter arrangements having S and T as the
first two letters = 2!.3!
S en T kan op 2! verskillende maniere rangskik word.
Die 3 letters wat oorbly kan op 3! verskillende maniere rangskik
word
∴ Totale aantal letterrangskikkings waarin S en T die eerste twee
letters van die rangskikking sal wees = 2!.3!
2! × 3! 1
𝑃𝑃(S and T as first two letters|𝑆𝑆 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙) = =
120 10

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6.

6.1 6! = 720
6.2 Number of arrangements/ Aantal rangskikkings
= 3! × 3! × 2
= 72
6.3 3! × 4! 144
𝑃𝑃(Hearts next to each other|𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = =
6! 720
1
= = 20%
5

7.1 9! = 362 880

7.2 4! × 3! × 2! × 3!
= 1 728
7.3 From the left to right and from right to left/ Vanaf links na regs en regs no links
There are 2 ways./ Daar is 2 maniere.

8.1 99 = 387 420 489

8.2 If all the vowels are together/ As al die vokale saam is:
6! × 4!
If the vowels are NOT all together/ As die vokale nie almal saam is nie:
9! − (6! − 4!)
= 345 600
8.3 Vowels in odd spaces/ Vokale on onewe spasies
=4×5×3×4×2×3×1×2
= (4 × 3 × 3 × 1) × (5 × 4 × 3 × 2)
= 4! × 120
= 2880
Probability/Waarskynlikheid:
2 880 2880 1
= = =
9! 362880 126

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