Chap 5.

Eucaryotic cells and

microorganisms
Learning Objectives
Evolution of Eucaryotes

Structure and Function of Eucaryotic cell

Introduction of Fungi, its application

Introduction of Algae and Protozoa, its

medical importance

Introduction of Parasitic Healminth, its

prevention
 Evolution
procedure of
eucaryotic
cell
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJLiitz2H6s
(bacteria and fungi)
 External structure
Locomotor appendages
Cilia
Similar with flagella
Shorter and more numberous
Only in certain protozoa and animal cells
Function in providing motility, on some cells,
also function as feeding and filtering structure.
Flagella
It is thicker than prokaryotic flagellum
It is more complex, contains microtubules
Providing motility and expenditure of
energy and a coordinating mechanism
(algae and protozoa)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA (flagella)
 External Structures
Glycocalyx
an outermost boundary that comes
into direct contact with
environment,composed of
polysaccharides
appears as a network of fibers, a
slime layer or a capsule
functions in adherence, protection,
and signal reception
 External Boundary Structures
Cell wall
rigid, provides structural support and
shape
Fungi have thick inner layer of
polysaccharide fibers composed of
chitin or cellulose and a thin layer of
mixed glycans.
algae – varies in chemical
composition; substances commonly
found include cellulose, pectin,
mannans, and minerals such as
silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate
External Boundary Structures
Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
typical bilayer of phospholipids and
proteins
sterols confer stability
serves as selectively permeable
barrier in transport
Eucaryotic cells also contain
membrane-bound organelles that
account for 60-80% of their volume.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJLiitz2H6s (bacteria and
fungi)
 Internal Structures
Nucleus
compact sphere, most prominent
organelle of eucaryotic cell
nuclear envelope composed of two
parallel membranes separated by a
narrow space and is perforated with
pores
contains chromosomes
nucleolus – dark area for rRNA
synthesis and ribosome assembly
 Internal Structures
Endoplasmic reticulum – two types:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)–
originates from the outer membrane of the
nuclear envelop and extends in a
continuous network through cytoplasm;
rough due to ribosomes; proteins
synthesized and shunted into the ER for
packaging and transport; first step in
secretory pathway
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)–
closed tubular network without ribosomes;
functions in nutrient processing, synthesis
and storage of lipids, etc.
 Internal Structures
Golgi apparatus
consists of a stack of flattened sacs
called cisternae
closely associated with ER
Transitional vesicles from the ER
containing proteins go to the Golgi
apparatus for modification and
maturation.
Condensing vesicles transport proteins
to organelles or secretory proteins to the
outside.
 Internal Structures
Lysosomes
vesicles containing enzymes that
originate from Golgi apparatus
involved in intracellular digestion of food
particles and in protection against
invading microbes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ekdIEpSf-1I
 Internal Structures
Mitochondria
consists of an outer membrane and an
inner membrane with folds called cristae
Cristae hold the enzymes and electron
carriers of aerobic respiration.
divide independently of cell
contain DNA and procaryotic ribosomes
function in energy production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_UQwbb00UV0
 Internal Structures
Chloroplast
found in algae and plant cells
outer membrane covers inner
membrane folded into sacs, thylakoids,
stacked into grana
larger than mitochondria
contain photosynthetic pigments
convert the energy of sunlight into
chemical energy through
photosynthesis
primary producers of organic nutrients
for other organisms
 Internal Structures
Ribosomes
composed of rRNA and proteins
40S and 60S subunits form 80S
ribosomes
larger than procaryotic ribosomes
function in protein synthesis

30s and 50s are the two subunits for

prokaryotic cell
 Internal Structures
Cytoskeleton
flexible framework of proteins,
microfilaments and microtubules
form network throughout cytoplasm
involved in movement of cytoplasm,
amoeboid movement, transport, and
structural support
 Kingdom Fungi
100,000 species divided into 2
groups:
macroscopic fungi (mushrooms,
puffballs, gill fungi) - not our focus in
this class
microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
Majority are unicellular or colonial; a
few have cellular specialization
 Microscopic Fungi
Exist in two morphologies:
yeast – round ovoid shape, asexual
reproduction (budding)
Hypha (molds) – long filamentous fungi or
molds, multicellular, reproduce through
spores
Some exist in either form – dimorphic
– characteristic of some pathogenic
molds (can present as either yeast or
hypha)
 Fungal Nutrition
All are heterotrophic
Majority are harmless saprobes living off dead
plants and animals
Some are parasites, living on the tissues of other
organisms, but none are obligate; mycoses –
fungal infections (For example: ringworm)
Growth temperature 20o - 40oC
Extremely widespread distribution in many
habitats
More close to animals than bacteria - cant do
photosynthesis
Nutrient from other organisms: heterotrophs
 Fungal Organization
Most grow in loose associations or colonies
Yeast – soft, uniform texture and
appearance
Filamentous fungi (Mold)
– mass of hyphae called mycelium;
cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
hyphae may be divided by cross walls –
septate hypha, nonseptate hypha
vegetative hypha – digest and absorb nutrients
reproductive hypha– produce spores for
reproduction
 Fungal Identification
Isolation on specific media
Macroscopic and microscopic
observation of:
asexual spore-forming structures and
spores
hyphal type
colony texture and pigmentation
physiological characteristics
genetic makeup
 Roles of Fungi
Adverse impact
mycoses, allergies, toxin production
(candida albicans infection, ringworm,
diaper rash)
destruction of crops and food storages
Beneficial impact
decomposers of dead plants and animals
sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic
acids, vitamins (penicillium and
Aspergillus)
used in making foods and in genetic
studies
http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMwkoT8b0qg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naRJMMI8pPc
(fungal disease)
 Differences between Fungi and
Bacteria
Fungi:
Multicellular(mold) or unicellular(yeast)
Eucaryotic cell structure
Asexual or sexual reproduction
Fungus can be yeast format or mold format
Heterotroph
Bacteria:
Unicellular (all)
Procaryotic cell structure
Asexual reproduction
Most are heterotroph , some are autotroph
 Kingdom Protista
Algae
Protozoa
 Algae
Most are free-living in fresh and marine
water – plankton.
Provide basis of food web in most aquatic
habitats
Produce large proportion of atmospheric O2
Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and give
off toxins that cause food poisoning with
neurological symptoms.
Classified according to types of pigments
and cell wall
Used for cosmetics, food, and medical
products
(red tide)
 Protozoa
65,000 species
Vary in shape, lack a cell wall
Most are unicellular; colonies are rare
Most are harmless, free-living in a moist
habitat
Some are animal parasites and can be
spread by insect vectors. ( such as
Trypanosoma, cause African sleeping
sickness). Ameobic dysentery caused by
ameobas, Maralia etc.
 Protozoa
Most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or
pseudopods.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA (flagella and cilia)

Exist as trophozoite - motile feeding stage

Many can enter into a dormant resting stage when
conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding –
cyst.
All reproduce asexually, mitosis or multiple fission;
many also reproduce sexually – conjugation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0 (mitosis)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTzH1P3aQjg&feature=related
Important Protozoan Pathogens
Pathogenic flagellates (know which causes
which)
Trypanosomes – Trypanosoma
T. brucei – African sleeping sickness
T. cruzi – Chaga’s disease; South America
(insect vector, mammals involved)
Infective amebas
Entameba histolytica – amoebic dysentery;
worldwide ( through contaminated water
and food, not vector)
Malaria by Plasmodium malaria or P.
falciparum
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfxjJVLKWZw(Malaria life cycle)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoIO-g1hiSo
Chagas
disease
transmissi
on
Organs
involve:
lymphoid
organ,
liver,
heart,
brain
Symptoms
: fever,
inflammati
on, and
heart,
brain
damage
Transmissio
n of
amoebic
dysentery
Symptoms:
nausea,
vomiting
and
diarrhea,
weight loss
and
dehydration
Organs
involve:
Liver, lung,
and skin
 Parasitic Helminths
Multicellular animals, organs for
reproduction, digestion, movement,
protection
Parasitize host tissues
Have mouthparts for attachment to or
digestion of host tissues
Most have well-developed sex organs that
produce eggs and sperm.
Fertilized eggs go through larval period in
or out of host body.
Know what the larval period is
 Helminths
50 species parasitize humans.
Acquired though ingestion of larvae
or eggs in food; from soil or water;
some are carried by insect vectors
Afflict billions of humans (50 million
each year in US)
 Summary
Structure and function of eukaryotic cell
Differences and common features between procaryotic
and eucaryotic cell
Fungi:what is spore, difference between bacterial
endospore and fungal spore, classification of hyphea,
differences between fungus and bacteria cells, impacts
and diseases caused by fungus
Protista : algae, protozoa - algae is beneficial to us,
what is cysts, pathogenic protozoa, diseases and life
cycle, malaria & life cycle
Match disease w description
Helminths
structure, funciton, reproduction
 Study Guide

1. Be able to describe external structure and function of

eucaryotic cells.Be able to compare the differences and
similiarities between procaryotic external structure and
eucaryotic external structure.2.Be able to discuss cell
membrane structure and function.3. Be able to describe
internal structure and function of eucaryotic cell. For
example: Function of Mitochondria, ribosome and so on.4.
Be able to answer what is yeast, what is mold (hypha).Be
able to give examples of fungal disease and the
pathogens that cause these diseases.Be able to answer
the differences between fungi and bacteria.
5. Be able to describe what causes red tide, what are
protozoan diseases, what are pathogens cause these
diseases. For example, what cause african sleeping
sickness. What is cyst, what is trophozoite.Be able to
describe the life cycle of pathogenic protozoa.*(what are
host, what are vectors, and symptoms, damaged organ)6.
Parasitic helminths, be able to describe the identification,
classification and their life cycle.