Bes Young S Modulus

Expt. No.
DATE:
DETERMINATION OF THE YOUNG’S MODULUS OF THE

MATERIAL OF A BAR BY THE METHOD OF FLEXTURE
APPARATUS : A bar of uniform rectangular cross section and of length about 1 m made of
material whose Young’s modulus is to be determined. Two stout iron stands with
leveling screws at the base and sharp knife edge fixed at the top, a rectangular stirrup
with a knife edge and a vertical pointer. A traveling microscope, standard weights,
spirit level, a hanger, metre scale, a pair of slide calipers.
THEORY : Suppose a uniform rectangular bar supported symmetrically on two horizontal and
parallel knife edge be depressed by a load of mass m gm. – suspended from the beam
midway between the knife edges. Then the depression ‘x’ of the middle of the bar is
given by
mgl 3 mgl 3 gl 3 ⎛ m ⎞
x= or, Y= or, Y= ⎜ ⎟
4bd 3Y 4bd 3 x 4bd 3 ⎝ x ⎠
Where,
Y = Young’s modulus, d= depth of the bar and
l =Length of the bar between two knife edge, g = acceleration due to gravity.
b = breadth,
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 1

P
O
A B
Schematic diagram for Young’s Modulus experiment.
PROCEDURE AND DATATABLES:
[A] Steps for the measurement of breadth and depth of the bar:
1. Take readings of breadth and depth of the bar with slide calipers at three different points
respectively and calculate the mean reading.
2. Find the instrumental error of the slide calipers and correct the mean readings.
Vernier constant of the slide calipers = cm
TABLE 1: Measurement of breadth and depth of the bar:

No. Main scale Vernier Total Mean Corrected
Quantity to Instrumental
of reading scale reading reading reading
be measured error
Obs (cm.) reading (cm.) (cm) (cm)
1
Breadth
2
(b)
3
Depth 2
(d)
3

[B] Steps for the measurement of length of the bar between the knife edges, A & B:
1. Measure the length of the bar with the help of a metre scale.
2. Mark the mid point (O) of the bar (if length of the bar is 100 cm. then the midpoint
would be at the distance of 50 cm. from one of the edge of the bar).
3. Place the bar on two knife edges at the points A and B.
TABLE 2: Measurement of length of the bar between the knife edges:

Scale reading for
No of Scale reading for the Length (y ~ x)
the knife edge A (x Mean length (l cm)
Obs knife edge B (y cm) (cm)
cm)
[C] Steps for measurement of depression of the bar at its mid-point for different loads(weights).
1. Put the hanger at the mid point of the bar.
2. Focus the traveling microscope on the tip of the pointer P and take the corresponding
scale reading (zero load depression) from the vertical scale.
3. Put a load 0.5 kg on the hanger and again adjust the vertical scale (move the fine
adjustment screw clockwise only to avoid backlash error) of the traveling microscope
and align the horizontal cross-wire with the pointer P. Take the reading from the
vertical scale.
4. Repeat the step 3 by increasing the load by 0.5 kg up to 3.0 kg.
5. Again take readings of vertical scale by decreasing the load from 3.0 kg to 0 kg in the
steps of 0.5 kg.
6. For each load calculate mean reading (a+b)/2 by taking average of readings at
increasing(a) and decreasing(b) load.
7. Calculate depressions(x) for each load by subtracting the corresponding values
(a+b)/2 from the zero load.
For example:
Load(kg) readings when readings when Mean reading depression

m load increasing load increasing (a+b)/2 x(cm)
0 a1 b1 l1 l1- l1 = 0
0.5 a2 b2 l2 l1- l2
1.0 a3 b3 l3 l1- l3
. . . . .
. . . . .
3.0 a7 b7 l7 l1- l7

TABLE 3: Measurement of depression of the bar at its mid-point for different loads:
Readings when load Readings when load
increasing (cm) decreasing (cm) Mean
No. Load on
(a) (b) ½ Depressions
of the hanger
(a+b) (cm) x
Obs m (kg) Main Vernier Total Main Vernier Total cm.
scale scale reading scale scale reading
1. 0.0
2.
0.5
3.
1.0
4.
1.5
5. 2.0
6. 2.5
7. 3.0
[D] Steps for drawing load vs. depression graph and calculation of m/x (slope) from the graph:
1. Take the data of m and x for various observations from table 3 to table 4. Draw the
graph m (horizontal axis) vs x(vertical axis) by using the data in table 4.
x
m
The characteristic of the graph will be a straight line passing through the origin(0,0).
2. Calculate m/x by using the inverse slope of the graph m vs x.

TABLE 4: Measurement of load and depression:
1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7.
5.
Quantity
Load (in kg) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Depression (in cm)
Slope of the load vs. depression graph is ……………………………………
CALCULATION :
MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE ERROR :
gl 3 ⎛ m ⎞
Y= ⎜ ⎟
4bd 3 ⎝ x ⎠
Where,
δ l = 0.2cm (Two divisions of a metre scale)
⎛ δY ⎞ δl δb δd δx δ b = 0.01cm (vernier constant of Slide
⎜ ⎟ =3 + +3 +
⎝ Y ⎠ max l b d x calipers)
δ d = 0.01cm (vernier constant of Slide
calipers)
δ x = 2 × 0.001cm (2. vernier constant of
Travelling microscope)
⎛ δY ⎞
Maximum Percentage Error in Y is, ⎜ ⎟ × 100 % =
⎝ Y ⎠ max
Standard value:
For Iron: 19.5 × 1010 N/m2
For Brass: 10 × 1010 N/m2
(Conversion to C.G.S unit: 1 N/m2 =10 dyne/cm2)
DISCUSSIONS:

Bes Young S Modulus

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Expt. No.

DETERMINATION OF THE YOUNG’S MODULUS OF THE

© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 1

Schematic diagram for Young’s Modulus experiment.

PROCEDURE AND DATATABLES:

Vernier constant of the slide calipers = cm

TABLE 1: Measurement of breadth and depth of the bar:

© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 2

TABLE 2: Measurement of length of the bar between the knife edges:

Load(kg) readings when readings when Mean reading depression

© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 3

© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 4

Depression (in cm)

Slope of the load vs. depression graph is ……………………………………

MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE ERROR :

(Conversion to C.G.S unit: 1 N/m2 =10 dyne/cm2)

© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 6

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