CHAPTBR 3

DESIGN OF BRICK WALLS

3.1 Introduction and definitions

A wallcan be defined as an upright member, the width of which
erOPeds four times its thickness. If this ratio is less than fout, the
wall is considered as a columa. Walls are of many types with various
structural configurations and functions to serve. A classification of
walls is given in Fig. 3.1. Definitions and notations of types of walls
and masonry constructions are listed here.

Wall

Load Non load

bearing wall bearing woll

Solid Solid Cavity. Faced Veneered Panel Par tition Curtain Frce standing
woll wall wall wall woll
with wall wall Wall wal
piers (pilasters)

Fig, 3,1 Classification of walls.

A solid wall is a wall built of solid or
and
designed perforated brickwork
b) A solidto carry an imposed load and its own weight.
wall with piers is a wall thickened at intervals by
ikaown
ncreasinasg the
piers croSS-$section
(Fig. 3.2), These thickened portions,
or
pilasters, are used for the following purposes:
 64
mon of Bending leaf metal of a
two d) dampness continuous c) iii) i ) 1)
load-bearing, is ties certain
within
limits. to to to
action Faced
different Cavity
moment providecarry
stiffen
(Fig.
under wall: through concentrated
cavitywall:
3.3). tbe
materials Plon
lateral
is
the a shared a Fig.3.2 wall
Focing wall while toThe with wall
support,
load Fig
Fig. the
cavity in
and in bythe separated the loads
section
ticalVer (Fig. which 3.3 Solid
with
wall Plon order
3.4 are thintermal
e outer tw o
Cavity
forms and from
3.4).
bonded stifinesses to
Faced the Vertical
section leaf leaves into
wall a lower roof
Backing facing wall.
wall. carriesbarrier tWO piers,
or
together face. being the
of foor
and Meta
ies bothUsually s structural
itagainst slenderness
interconnected beams,
backing own
to the
ensure weight penetros
leayes the leaves
are ratio
a
made only. inn
com 1

supported
necessary
(Fig.
3.6). posed framed
or
h)
part g) 0
(lFo3.aidg5.).actiobnacking ae)
vertical Partition Panel
Curtain
construction,
storey underVenbeut red
by wall: the not
in
vertical loadwall: wall:
height load. wall:
RCC
slab but an
and
necessarily
Fig.
3.6 column subjected a exterior
an Fig. a
RCC self-supporting
or used
horizontal inerior it section Usually wall
3.5Verticol
forms
for non-load bonded in
Curtain
wall. Veneered the so
to
partitioningnon-load into which
lateral carries
backing
structural
wall bearing a wall. facingthe
unit as
-Curtain
wall -Hinged
joint
loads. bearing
carrying a in to
members It large each wall result
is
may wall, all
room storey. in attached
beno one a the in
wherever
laterally structural imposed
superim or common
hall.storey to
the 65
 66
Eccentri-
Axially
Axially load verse 3,2 wiload.nd DOt
in fromstress.cally load
acting present Buttress:
supportoppositelateral SDeark)loads.forces lateral
j) i)
Uniformly
distributed addition The ) carTy
cally structure loads. tbat Theacting Load wall. Shear Parapet
A in
parallel wall loads cross its any
(vertical)
Axiol normally
toThe basis classification relation Coumterthfeotort: supporttheto These wall:
ipplane inlotaderactitoon can wall
Concentrated
taceto
interaction lateral ofwil the be
wall load to a wapll ane vertical
Fig. assified
with and face.a the are orwbia ch a and
or useddesigo axis clis
3.7 is walls walimposed
Eccentrically or cause is walcommon
l.
transverse
and in of dividof
edbased
thickened thickenedstif ening compound
located may
Types ShearParallel
transverse thebending A indesigned
wal
such wall a based portion or loads,
claloading case
of ion buttress tal wal may to
ssiTypesficofation.shear into onon porton
TransverseLateral structural cause the the perimeter
l3adidinsgditrsiTriUnibtrutiobfngul
eorml
utdedayrly loads ofstress two their buiisldiofng inanotcarry but
force. walls axial load same of a are
a bui lding have wall
on cause with in mailonThadse action. pr ovided wall :
a Figure elements stress. Anwall
additioneccentri- face wall expecte d
construction primarily
wall. groups. of wh whifunctioDs
which ch vertical walls
bendinglateral relation. However,the tfacebeOn
3.7 the horizontal
is to imposed whitoch
or the load.
provides provides
illustratesstresseadiferent
trans. as
resist
Concentroltd arial The d,
a
Comb

euective End 5 4 3 1
Openings.(i) of H=istance the
Various The
the support (6) 2(2) No. sl.
ion dif erent tionsfateral thconditions
deterconditions.
mtboundary
inofed thby enRoundary If
wal,
following of both
length supports restraint
combinations conditions
(iii) these wall
between lateral
No No
ofSupport
considerations
a PartialPartial Full Top Table3.1 two is is
wall Full and
the restraint
Type of said and
boundary
Table provided,
and of from supports. the kinds rotational
toby
they the Effective
corresponding be
crossarise: of
above conditions.
givesrestrajntsthenfully
are Partial FullPartial FullPartial Full Bottomn
wall height a restraints
it
effectiveTherestrained
listed (i) is
conditions said
Free
or of
effective
heights.
walls partial.
with to
in pier be are
Table end, at
3.1 the offered
the
Efective
height [1] height
or
deter 2.0 H 15H1.00 H 0.85 H0.75 H location
result
support.
3.2. buttress, (ii)
of
mineOontinuity the a
Combina-support,
condi- wall If
the and only
67
is in
 loading, eccentricity
of wall. length
of Efective 3.8 Pig,
ratio,
slenderness i))
mortar, strength I=2-0L H/8,y>H/6, x< 5:Case
of 1 )
bricks, strength
of and type )
factors: following thè depends
on asonry
stress allowable Permissible
or end Free
brick for (Cae) compressive
safety. factor
of divided
by strength
limiting to taken
the equal which
is stressallowable =Jat
generated stress actual = Oj Where
y>H/6,|=1-5L H/8, x> 4:Case
limits.permissible
produced Stress end Free
within should
be structure the loads
in the by
actual the that design
is stress working design
in criterion
of The
design Criterion
of 3.3
considered
free. opening
are the atwall the of
an tbere
is If i ) H/6,(10L >H/8,y x> Case
3
ends the then wal, 5 than taller opening
a in 0.7H
buttresses
wall/pier cross centre
of between from
or wall length
of L=
support
lateral adequate centres
of between wall hcight
ofH=actual Note:
i)
1981. New
Delhi, Institution, Standards Indian Walls, Masonry Buildings,
Structural
Safety
of Practice
for CodeStandard
of -Indinn1905-1980, 1S:
end. other at
the buttress
2.L Supported and eod one atFree 5 yH/6,=
0-9L >H/8, x2:Case
0 wall/pier/ cross a by
end. other at
the buttresS
one atFree 4
1.L
5 wall/pier/ cross continuoUs
witha and end
at 3
1.0Lwall/pier/buttress cross a byend eachSupported
end other X y
supporting
the wall/pier/buttress
at cross contiouous
with
Supported 2
0.L
9 and wal/pier/buttress
end one at cross a by
wall) cross L
opening (n0
0.8L offace the from distance
of within H/8, x> Case
1:
wall/piers/buttress cross
H/8 supported
by aContinuous
wall, y>H/6,
0-L8 P=
No.
Bfectilvengte h
support Condition
of
[1)* 3.8) (Fig. walls 3.2 Table
length
of Efective
69 L
68
 it
basic andfmfok where It 70
stiffening
thickness the tbe
Inness walls reflects 3.4 theslresses given towhich masonry.
wall appropriate
Di ) i) Thus zero is may vi) v)
solid oreffective An casethickness axial reduced
is Effective brick compressiv¹ cross-sectionalshape
replaced istwo-tbirds having effective dependsin be
the for
eccentricity
load, for Table
coefficient facedis
walls Basic fmk fok SR
expressed
tbickness masoDry and masonry a COmbine and
obtained behaviour of wall by =
thickness
both thickness the on
= = =
by
an mortar multiplying characteristic
3.3. permissible characteristic whichever
less.
eCcentricitythickness is
effective
slenderness size
of designgiven slendernessstrength effective
height
as the the strength inFor to
equivalentgivenstiffened by is members Table fae as: area of
by sumleaves the to its give
of of the problem axial = the
a a get height, of
multiplying same wall 3.3. after
by the foe(SR,
in of wall P isthe compressive of ratio bricks,
the
of wall. arelcadingratio a strength strength
Table actual also The applying basic loading
pier piersuniform as is requiredreduces length,given stress masonry.
For an fixed
e,
foks and
of
3.5. thickness
the or actual solid basic the and compressive
factor
in of of Smk),
width thickness,
effectivethick-
idealised then to eccentricity effective
In cross strength. permissible
boundary. Table stress factorstress mortar brick thickness effective
length
actual thickness. walls selecting
this the (k.).
thickness
equalthe walls, of 3.4. factor of is
both and
thickness criterion This strengththof
thiccase,kness conditions
the obtained e
safety.
the compressive
correspons of
the the Forfaced following: loading
stress
1s: Further
cros effectby
ive walls. cavity walls, which (3.1) and factor from
is
ty'
Note:
24 21 18 16 14 12 10 3 6 SR
1) 1) i)
3.9).Vertical Linear
Vertical
(Fig.Equivalent SRe=
0.440 0.470 0.500 0.580 0.670 0.760 0.840 0.920 1.000 0 Table
equivalent=
slenderness
force and
interpolation 3.3
eccentricity--A
lateral 0.415 0.448 0.480 0.565 0.660 0.750 0.335 0.920 1.000 0.04
W eccentricityStress
Fig. acting eccentricity
ratio.
3.9 loads, between factors
at 0.380 0.420 0.450 0.545 0.640 0.740 0.830 0.920 1.000
0.1 of
athe wall
Equivaent of loading (k)
statically two vulues loading,
or for
Wy=
W W= loads 0.310 0.354 0.396 0.500 0.604 0.706 0.810 0.910 0.996 0.2
=
a for e<: (1)given
cccentricity. Eccent
W rice W;+W2
load
xigl A
equivalent column the
are t=thickness
Thycknesswaldistance
lof + W2
xe slenderness
W, 0.220 0.276 0.324 0.440 0.556 0.664 0.770 0.880 0.984
replacedwhen stress 0.3
=
Resultant load effective factor
subjected of ratio
at by the 0.190 0.250 0.300 0.420 0.540 0.650 0.760 0.870 0.980 0.33
an is
load and
eccentriciy
equivalentpermissibl. member
to
0.110 0.170 0.230 0,350 0,480 0.600 0.730 0.850 0.970 0.5
both and 71
 72
Table 3,4 Basic compressive stresses for masonry members (after 28 days) 1)

Brick Crushing strength (in N/mm)

Mortar
No.
type
5.0 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 24 30 35

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9 (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

1.65
1.4
0.53 0 85

Note 1The Table is valid for slenderness ratio up to six and

Note 2-The values given fot loading with zero eccentricity.
for basic compressive stress are applicable only when the members are properly cured.
Note 3-Linear interpolation is permissible for units whose crushing strengths are
Table. intermediate between those given in the

permissible lowing
stress), binations. steps:
procedure
Desiga3.5 Note:sp 5 4 3 NO
b) a) 1
appropriate
Design 1) The gal . thof
Dead Dead W,=actualI= I,
desiga =
cross
Table croSe
load load The wall.widththicknescentre 3.5
loads: of more or
20
combinations
t of wal ,
+ an thickness to Ratio 2 buttresses
of
the centre 15 10 6
stiffening
appropriate live Wp and
loaded
axially pier pier.
load, Select thickness
of
in spacing
Sp coeffipierscorient
are: the the the
live directionwall. of (1]
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
load wall pier or
for equal
Or walls
+ carried is of to
the cross Stiffening
stifened thrice
seismic loads wall wall, 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
or coefficient the
load and out by
aloDg thickness cross thickness
(with their
tp walls
higher the of 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.3 2.0
com- of
fol- the the 73
 ened thick100mm
ExAMPLE 3,6 appropriate
Axially3.1 permissible stress
load. fåctor. permissible
stress), 74
Design 4) 3) 2) d) c)
and and 6) 5)
(Refer
3.10).
Fig.WeightWeight Live Live Examples Compute
Compute Dead
Application Select Select: load
Dead
it an
load
load supports
of of interior
RCC the load
of effective strength.
masoDry b) a)
floor 80 on on walls permissibleeffective +
mm floor roof slabs of thickness
Fig, a cross seismic
appropriate +
finish 2.65 loaded under desigothe
3.10 thick with thicknessbeight
m wall
Example terrace 3 uniformly
wide unstiffened compressive for load.
ma and self live
ceiling
two-storeyed
slab. and
kN/m²0.8 = = kN/m?1.5 = checkiag
criterion
for length. load
3.1. weigbt
196 kNm²=2 height. solid distribated slenderness
3000 3000 stress,
purposes, +
kN/m wall wind
The
building
loads after ratio. load
wall
applying and (with
is
unstia canto
t

should
notThis the height).
(actual
uonal)
V) same
ii) unit a)
1) groui)nd The
miz volume).Aby
Actual is
= Sel
Total Assume
f Floor
finish =
Efectivebeight
SlendernessBfective Efective
as Biective
(5.96+5.3) Wei
load gbtFloor: WeigWei results 10
given
ht ghtRoof: Load
actual loadweight levelcrcoi.tmbi
ical natioinn Select
the N/mm
at of of of inThe a wal
eXceed tbicknessthicknessheight height-Since on unit
of 100 80100 section
ratio thickness. top and
kNJm² loads basic ofthicknèss
xthe wall Live
load mm Liloadve mm the
and 2.65+12 wall weight mm which
=27 form:
for t, =1(0.1) Total slab Total lime slab
compressive
at above Mortar
for
h, bottom
SR = = length of this
full terrace is
two-storey
a = 100 a0.75 3000mm =41.786 brickwork level type 100 =
subjectedmentionedand
mm
solid x support, restraint (2) stress
fe= sand as
M1
22.5 = 3000 =5.3 = = 2.5 = = = = are: mm
(3.0) 2.0 0.8 5,96 = 1.5 2.5
wall kN/m 1.96 to (tbat
Crusbing
the = (20) = maximm brick
wall. 2250 efective(both is
effective 20kNm= NJmn'0.96. cement:
mm lateral 12 unit strength
height kN/m stress
thickness and is of
= atmortar =1:5 brick
0:7) rota the 75
is
 Total
load Self bricksratio, wall of of
height the EXAMPLE
Ihe
Kefer So Thus stress =0.455 76
effective
ends Design
may
weight wall of Basic
(using
provide Therefore, vii) vi) v)
compressive equal Fig. of want the =
AB cach by an3.2 Permissible
0.455 Eccentricity
Stress =0 e
(o) span to
one choice
of compressive 100 3.11. 2550 100 interior
=(5.96+ wall Load Load is endsSolid floor
supporting mm Solid provide compressive(0.96) factor
The
mm 600 2.65 brick of
by
wall
= on
fromstrength thick
is m. wall 100
for 3.11
Fig. croSS compressive
1)(2)(3.0)(20) wallAB supported
3 wall thickness. one = (k,)
(Ide 4.7) floor J00T 2550 m. The
stress intersecting supported of mm 0.437N/mm².
roof calculating
a walls stress for
2.65 -0.402
brickthick
example slab two-storeyed wall a (10004 25
100) 10940
=5.96 is 3.2. SR
10 of Bxample
to at thick stress
+ 4.7 of the is slab developed
N/mm² at N/mm² =
12=40.25 kN/m width
3.1
masonry self be Equivalent
pierIb) 3.6
kN/m² designed. walls wall is
= dimensionse-3twd m the = 22.5
for 12 and weigbt Soe
= long endssatisfactory.
(Fig.building as <foc and
load kNjm 2650 = a =
kN/m 0.96
Ml Let by
thicknes. k, no
mm and 3.11). and minimum =0.437
(basic
putations mortar). the with cross eccentricity
N/mm² is
thicknss
slenderness stiffened
ceiling
The RCC walls However, compressiv
N/mm!
slab; one
at

thickness.
EXAMPLE 100 The factor Hence latter
oneThe Slenderness
ratios
are:restraints)Since Hence W,
Design Actual
1oad
Permissible
Permissible factor
Stress
loadk,=0.455 For SR Efective thickness
Effective
Stiffening
permissible
load mm based
di=100mintersecting
ensipiers ons Twallsbesamethe Efwaelctisive
=
is a full the
thick slenderness Sp
an3.3 computed at stiffening Mm. supporasted
interior on heightrestraint
the coeficient =3700 asactual length
Solid stress taken is
wall height top Thickness shown
P=40.25
kN/m = mm. at of
wall can
from ratio
0.75 and is coefücient length. the the
wall is =f) =0.455
as =
given =1.0 = in ends
with Table of sinceSR 100 2250 bottom Wp Width wall
stand, more 22.5SR
=- (actual (S.C.) be
of the canof
of
a (0.96)
b 22.5 = (that (total pier by =
piers 1000 =
than0.437(100) 3.3 = is 100 300 100 3700 of
figure.
single the 22.5 cross 3600
byand loadthe supports.
height) 1.0 taken =pierassumed
N/mm²=0.437 is
thickness) =37 Ip=
wall the +
linear zero both 3 in
Centre walls, 100
storeyed = from 3ty the
canactual equivalent as
vertical. is 0.75(3000) lateral direction
be interpolation.
eccentricity = Table =300 to its
3700
workshop load. 100 spacing
centre effective
made =43.7 mm.
kN/mN/mm' and mm 3.5. mm.
Even
of 2250 of
the the piers to
of one rotational length Since
height though stress wall
brick mm the 77
=of is
 the 3,12). 78
therefore
clc. 4050
are (using spaced foundation
Fig. load 5.4
C,=1.04
(200) = By Therefore, Loading m
Cross-sectional
Eijective HencoBfective
such Self wall. Choose
1.04.linear mm. 200 supporting
weight bricks at
Therefore,
thickness)
(actual that 3600
Basicthickaess
interpolation thickness-The efective :
height--The (3600
there total Total Fig. block.
=208 of compressive of mm
area the streangth 3.12 a
height is 200) xload/bay(assuming load c/c of RCC
effective
mm. full wal Solid Assume
from of and
support +the =82kN from 10 wall 100 100 3600 roof.
WpSp wall restraint
= =(3,6x0.2)
0.75 (2x200 wall = 360045
xN/ma'stress of equalto wall
thËcknessTable is
unit 1000 244 roof th1C
200 3600 400 with roof The
500 supported conditions
(actual of
3.5, (lateral ×per weight
kN permasonry
100) 162kN
=
and Kness 200 piers bottom
2 bay -3600
stiffening= 18 + bay mm;
1.04 height) as of(2x0.2x MI l00 (Example equal
by well at76x masonry mortar). is mm
piers wallthe of
piers the equal
on to
=0.75 astop 10
0.1) of 3
coeficient to 3). 4S
atrotational). and mm'. = eitherwidth
ovta
rests
20 (5.4) 0.96
3600 (9400)
=
bottom KN/m) N/mni sida 20
SC mm (20) mm,
2

thickness restraint
actual ofheight assumed and Let 3.6mheightEXAMPLE the The And Table3.3is: and
Eifjectiye Efective Compressive
3x3x1x2x0.1xTotal Weight
Self us
Design Permissible St
fact
ress
o r The SR SR
t=h,= the design the zer o
select long. of design
is load weight tkickness
Pesrlmenderis ibsltesmalrness sler based YebasedndernesSratio:
of for each an3.4 is I
permissible eccentricity.
thickness providedheight
=68 calculation
of the afrom Assume
from interior saf e load
. criterion on on
0.75(3000) stress cavity storey Desiga of
the roof = 0.67 the
length height
2250mm. ( is1000 200x bt P kN/m wal l
of floor
roof is
of equal 20= cach loading wall of (0. 64) stress two
the of tbe at developed and wall being is Computed
stress
froThem = =
wall isa (taking of = = cavity 208 2880 208 4050
o
twcavity == 36 tw o lcaf of (76x actual
area).
load is is
top to 68000 self with 10 12
kN/m. as 3 a given selected
leaves, 0.75 floorsweightequal kN/m kN/m three-storeyed
follows: m, wall 109)
and is uni t factor for 13.8514~ 19.520
overall byfac
timesthe =0.34
N/mm² T'he = a as
weight =and to for and P<foe
486kN
Hence,equal bottom 12+ thickness 100 each wall by
slenderaess
=0.67(0.96) = linear
slenderness
of 2x mm.
actual
of floor. building,is (cross-sectional
effective to height, the
masonry=2010=32 P=244 interpolationfactor
two-thirds The equal uostiffened
ratio
thickness wall. ratio.
thickoess =0.64 to
kN/m to the kN.
the Efective sincesi 250 equal SR
kN/m") ceiling
and Hence Nymm? =
sum ful mm 1414. 79
is is
 thickness and 3.13)
Fi(seeg. wallsheightEXAMPLB stressthereforepolationload), 80
Compressive
Efective Tetal Weight
Self Select Allowable Slenderness
Thus ratio=
SR=
slenderness Assume 200 Design The
loadweight of of the for
of ofcavity a mm 0.34 brick as 2(100 +
height r50A each an3.5 the stress a
= the each k,
loading thick interiorCavityN/mm².stresscrushing slenderness 3
stress 77 ofroof
is the storey equalbasic
leaf ratio wall 200- 100)
equal kN/m. wall factor
developed and = for Cavity from at ac to
with Fig. 3600being
colin,the wall wall compressive =133
to =two 100 the =0.54 ratio
strength 0.54, is
wall 3.13 roof 3m. with
3x1x2x0.1x20=36
0.75 overall
mm. purpose mm of obtained
feo loors with =3600 Sp a (0.74), of h, mm
Example cross
times =c/c. Thethree- walls
=7.5 17
thickoess cross 16 2250
= = of wall
kN/m storeyed stress from and 13317
the 1000200 x which =
77000 16+2x calculation walls. 3.5 N/m² for l33
actual is obtained
and stiffened is and
Table zero mm),
12.5 200j more
height 250 from building--t
of than mortar eCcentricity
3.3
0.N/385a' kN/n = mm tOuterleat each by =0.74 by
self Innerleot =12,5KN intersectig
Since 41 an0 the linear
k weg floor actu Nmix
ful mte.

Concentrated
Compressive
Grushing
distributed
diferent theunder 37Hence mix k,
factor
a Select Hence,equal For
wall. l0adWalls M, Slenderness Inner
Efective Stifening Hence
wal toa to tshuem each
the the is a and efectiveThe wall
equivalent Coractesupefalonedctsive herjgehsttrabotint om
solid
thenbricks compr slenderness
to leaf
and from The load can design basicobtained Wp to Sp of of = is
stress subjected fock 0.58. thicknesS thickness
to wal l 0.75
loads be coefficient thickness effective
not behaviour
that =0.74
the developed
unit essive
stress
factor
stress ratio effective 3600 = a to provided
jis said compressive 200 313600 a (3000)
arelocal has
is basic from pier with solidthickness
less safe. of = =
under to to ratio of which
of been concentrated
than be compressive crushing Table thickness =18,2 3(00) mm,equal of cross tbickness
N/mm²>0.66 SRe the from widththe wall. =the at
crushing.
local of of
a y equals
uniformly
derivedmasonry concentrated stress of2250 top
one-third 3.3 16
wall Table = = to walls,
nature, strength mm
30O 100thrice equal Hence of aMm.
300 cavity and
stress
required byand 139 2250
3.5 100 The 100
The from axial le mm, its
k
linear zero thecroSs to
and
stresses to under the N/mm? =1.08(100) = 3 cross mm. of
is = 16 = the
asfailure one,loads 1.0 8 wp wall
cross-sectional eccentricity,
7,5 0,580.385interpolation l08 = thickness Inner two with of
such concentrated if thickness. wall
Nmm² + lew each
the =0.66
Nmm? thickness
occurrithe ng due load. 100) = = can leaf leaves, piers
bearing 200 floOr,
to and 108 corresponds
of be is
masonry The = two-thirds
uniform
due load 2rea and the mm assumed the Outer Efective
mortar 139 mm is
basi c area stress equal
is is o it mm leaf 81
is
 82
Table 3.6 Permissible local bearing stress for brickwork members

No. Mortar Crusbipg strength (in N/mm)

type
3.5 5.0 7.5 10 20 25
12.5 15 17.5 30 35 40

3.31

2 85

247
I.89 2.40
0.63
1.17 1.27 1.42

Note: (1) The table is valid up to a

(2) Linear interpolation is slenderness ratio of6 and axial load.
given in the Table. permissible for units the crushiog strengths of which are
intermediate between those

as
carrying
securely EXAMPL exceeds
developed
Bearing
stress bearing
Assume
area Let
i ) i) by
required
stressthestresses bearing is concentratedtadds
artehe assumed be
Concentrated Check provide i)
follows: Design persionprovided. dispersion thanthe
i ) thelaterali)bystress
load. capabl
bearie ag
at
50 there When
load The
theIgnore
Concentrated tot
for =7kN/m
loading Roof the tied steel of per
piers wall an 3.6: be to
dispersionis This of
bearing centre at stress
assumed Fifty cent be compressive
distributed
permissible
increase
wind obtained fo r resisting
thickness thexterior
e
trusses restraint
load at load.
Design through is
width roof in per bearing and the a load,
which
and
of
of
stress
=
load reaction
the
below allowable be
concentrated ofthe in a
the theseare by local local
P.= and at wal! of bed cent an a capacity is
= = = be wall enhancing concentrated loadprovided
A, lp W, 200 increasethein angle
from
floor the of solid
block the
30 = = top value,is with
Pe e mm level. a wall bed is
kN 3.14).
(see
Fig. the workshop listed of
200x 400 400 at is to due stress
200 × and withassumedblock. a stress. on30°.
30000 mm mm roof The 4.5 in load
depth the the to
200 concrete
m piers basismasonry, strength; thunder
e which
and trusses loading The
allowable Table The
mm spacing. through material
following:
building under as compressive of uniformly
of angle permissible the is
N/mm?
0.75 45°. bed
thickaess 3.6.additional 50
= shall a brickwork.directly
per
30 3.6
beTheconcentrated
bearing
stress
of block the If brickwork
kN cent
load
assumed wall m stresses/
to
bearing
actiag check below more
high dis 83
is
 Concentrated
load
loading
Local
roof Loading: load
acts
isthe desisafe. 84
Then The perties
are:Compressive Cross-sectionalLength
go ish stressmix
Efectiye shown top Check whicbearing Select
is of
the stifiening = on in offor type the
(4157x0.2
0.4x0.2) +Self of the greater
effective thickness: (4157x200) the Fig.
stress weight length compressive
foundation bricks Solid
M.
coefficient bay 3.14. L500
200 400 areaof than The
thickness developed consideration under = of wal
of Because the crushing with Fig.
Wp 2, 2 The the + the tan stress: permissible
dispersion
2H bloanckd piers 3.14
1.175.
SC= =from = (400x actual
wall Total
load wall bay 60
175(200) Table = = of under
Example
4500 strengh Concentroted
reaction
truS$
400 is fea in 200) 2x3600 the Cricital value
bonded 4.157x7= x3.6x20 the concentrated 4500
3.5, 11,25 = = V3
dispersion,1
124.700
91.14× 10 =91.14x
bay 3.6
by level =
with 124.700kN= =6S.600kN 4157
mm, 4157mm= 0.75 7.5
linear concentrated load of of
30,000KN
29,100 Nmm load
235 = piers 10 concentratedthe design N/mm, a
interpolation =
in and N/m0.m²14 kN mm² 1.11 and
Hence
its taken is N|unmortat
pro na the

level
3.1Fi5).(sege. 38 The compressive
Permissistblreess
i) )the of A type Usbriuninigckttsionfainctor
Cross-sectional
Minimum ofThe l
walDesign stress Su07p5 o=rtsEf, ective
there tfollowing
he MthI,e
net with
Pek,rmiIs.5ofible (actual ful
opening
is of
developed fac and
basic
73.
=0.compress0ve Iheight)
cross-sectional
a anwall reestraintsheaireght:
change reasons: opening =k,fbek Slenderness
ratio =
ared: Wall
Fig.
3.15 is with compressive of for
is an =2700mm. =h= As.wall
reduced,
in N/mm?
=0.74
=fick crushing
Opening LInte!
openings within axialstress:
slenderness has =0.78(0.74)
area load, =0.75(3600) provided,
(height) 0.75 securely is
and
to the strength
stress of
opening.
withan available be limits, From
considered stressthe h
area ratio. = tied
masonry of Table Hence
H hence 0.58 235 2700 at
available load
the of
to 7.5
Dispersion resist the both
separately the N/mn Nmn? factor3.3,for 11.5 =
under the design efective top
by a and
load and slenderness
interpola-
the is
load atbecause safe. mortar heightbottom
the 85
is
 more. 0S stress cffective of We
slabsEXAMPLB should bearing load. Ing (see arch openinglating developed The actual Above gross to 86
Design a serves Fig. Note: the know design
reference
is
considereefSldfeectnderive ness
with100 mn by The
provided slenderness wal, thickness the area be
not morestress 3.15). is length to
a an 3.7: length toWhenever
determined that should
requirement level thickoess considered
now minus
storey be transmit if Fig.
interior developed
less than The fea = thickness
Effective = rat io
Desigo above le ss
isthe the
which of 3.1 5. the
is : the
than of ratio. slenderness area be the Efective
height 50 projection there than length reduced axial
load le ss with area thas
wall of per bearing the the from is is
opening, average
Let the This e
one-tenth does load -)1-) than still equal area the is of
criticalis
of solidof cent. opening Table is The the is KSaefea the
3wo not at to of an comparable
effective ratio
effective the the to thickness
quantities,
=
difference
walt.l two of still
tm, wall The this effectt.ive opening.the or
The ofexceed each the opening 3.2. allowableSame, (L-a)
storeyed
opening with e
thlength to is The L net
partlintel
support also that ratio
wall end heigbt,
length Damely thickness area.
span100 or the average t
below on in dependent to the
ofshould eitber the compressive be of
carrying
iswall allowable brickwork, as This
stiffened bearing the it equal efiective
as
ofbeight. compressive efiective is effective
shown
side
bestructure
a
aused is
whichever
mm, concentrated wall on equal to equal
compressive at such of Where below
thickness
by the stree thickness height
eacn that the lintel a with for to
length strese to
Concrete open above calcu (3.3) (3.2) with th e
tue the to
or an the

eccentricity,loor notWhen 3.9 itx

able Cnoose obtained For theAbove
thickness
Effective iokness the supports, Solution
Maximum a thickness
bottom Then Self Let ü) ) of
the opening thick 3600
CommonlyWalWalls lin
s stresS Ly slenderness Slendernessratio openi ng, Efeetive Efheiectgiavnhtde: calculating th e foor
edge the then brick the totaweil ght
from to of
intersectro fintegrsecting
is sabjected
eccentricity.
buildings are = fea = level thickness:
account , wal l
self loadingloading size
on-coming
long equalling effective load of
facbasic units compressiveTable thickness 2000900 x
= Min.
area ratio of h,
effective
tweight
he
which 0.53(0.715)
compressive of
for = follows:
to 3.3 =(L-a)i=(3600-900)200=540000 the 540000 area mm! , Sincethe 15 wal l
==15 walls. walls
crushing N/mm P 200 3600 = ratio.
and 12,5
loadeccentric strength=7.5 of the Here
0.75(3000) + assumed as be at
causes stress by13 200150 opening
+ Assume
kN/m mmata
mm. reduction height slenderness
12.5+ = kN/m
is linear and we
1(0.2)2(3.0)20
>fea stress 515003.6 x
developed 175 2250 mm.
150 wall mm
loads The have=2250 loading
540000interpolation zero the 0.75 fully
= is 24
= average distance clc.
distributedloaded fock=0.42 eccentricity, =175
mm, eftective in to =
0,34. 13, 200
the take mm.(actual 511.5
restrained =24 as Also,
it with =0,34
N/mm effective area, KN/m mm of
is N/mm. and thickness an kN/m for 200 the
uniformly, some
difficult stress averageAt height) the wall
it mm
is thickness the at
Themortarand k, is orthe purpose from has
to or factor
= equal level
effective top a
allow 0.715. one door
deter- theif
of of 87
is to
 no such slabs follows: as 88
thickness
bearing eccentricity Which the S: support,
Certain eccentricity
on Dessesestablisbing
are ofmine
need depending
the Thus )
cases, thickness
of
When 190S
is an
thethe
to
surface normal the situation extofent
Fig. consider of guidelines
equal (second and the
Pig. the the they if ofspan assessment an eccentricity
Slab
(v) slab of depends
3.16(a) and
eccentricity span tothe exact
3,16(b) wall
andgeometry
span
Long do of
revision). or
bearipg,
any can one-sixtb wall, a are the
or not (that of beam
wall Bccentricity concrete given relationship onof
Bearing
eccentricity. resist if bear is then experience eccentricity
ofand i )
the 1s They variolousading
the of
less there the the
assumed on roof are for magnitude
pressure pressure tShortspan total wall the than the support.
Triangular
bearing due eccentricity
determination
is or as and Wil wal, betwaccurat
eenfactors ely.
to 30
loadsection entire bearing an
wall folloWs:
floor judgment have
on uncqual equal times
eccentricity (1v) of
a axialisas width is todegreeloads, them. with
wall. is to thewidth. more little That
span.
be
exactly thickness) of of (ti) These
one-twelfth Inof Even made of is
load, the due than the possibility
relativefactors because
to ixity
under designer,
30
there sagging
wall, Concrete
cause times at
the by thstif

SIga Stresses
(-Ye),M section
bending firstloaded that The of
ZtT Let duced caas
n eccentricthiaty ablin be
criterion
the design it
moment When 3.10
desigo tbe each two yalent side exterior
fixity mined.
of casSesThe
e andspan eccent
bearinrgicity For
asdue A wallscannot of ioorloads tO ec entricity isligbt-weight
thicdefknesleSct. ion
Thus momeat
and axial Desi ga thickness the
Maximum described criterion which there
of slabs/beams is an hence on
mentioned to ar e
Eccentricity load ei th er is
More timthe ber
bending
tensile axial the load resist a iscriteria within wal .
becauseddiscussed This
than
designed is iseccentcthiec
moment be loadlikely an of seen In increases is and
exterior
compressive M. assumed
the eccentricity 30
coming is
tension. 15 such because
tensile bearing eccentric for atthein of load. from by times other
above
tensileabove. bothcanBending
be The to the
loading wal l per above
on an a wall,
by cause to
cent, unequal with
Fig. case,
Hence axial on t he eccentrically Supports. and the of
reduces stress the stress Hence, Normally,
act are
stress stress the
basis
masonry bending load,
there then 3.16.there increase must
sectional load increàses at we spans for thickness, the
masonry compressive take
maximum M
compressive as a This
to = = is offar overall distance
feb=7 Jea taken is the if is ofassumed.
the athe
ioors,
is
- modulus zero made as loaded load bending net flexibility th e
M
=T be wi th assumed
compressive possible, is eccentricity difference bending roofwalls.
The (+
by W eccentrically tension. on
and an increases
wall th e equal as Thus
sagging in even
the and axial, moment or In the
no ve) Z. tensile
the induced floor it fioor. for
tension area tho assumption tobetween moment interior the ofcan one-sixth is
and Thus., otherwise, full-width
induced stresses. one-sixth is is onslabs.consider-
stress of be If
(3.6) (3.5) (3.4) deter- equi walls, seen their
e the the in- the 89
 weight,
selfing Solution tion
kN/m².
storeyThe 3.18. EXAMPLEdecreases
Supporting eccentricities
crease bution fromresultant and
eccentricity 3.11 foc than Drovided
fore,allowablethe The 90
Let Design The by i ) i) Regarding
Loading block a allowable the maximum
the Assume in for an bending loadsStress more
axial Total compressive Axial two
eccentricity,
3.8 or load the
: wall below. unequal an this (Fig. distribution in than
the are load acting compressive goveroingexcess compressive
load
Heretthickness
he calculatof triangular interior Solid moment. an axial compressive
axial
tensile shown resultant 3.9). 25 M
heightconcrete wall and eccentrically per is
cross the at compressive compression
solely
stress in a If These W,Mcent, conditions
equal bearing under net bending we a under
distance stress obtained
stress stress,
is Fig, load. it<.25 fae stress
is wall combinestressthe that due
eccentric 3.8- roof compressivedue twoeccentric A
200 3.17. loaded obtained
pressure (AB) The is, obtained the or
mslab,eccentric to moment, which can fac <stress are: to
mm and ecCentricity (Jac) following
bending It
stress
of can wall loads
because for a be thatabove by
the The loading.
and single stress combined above above M
W
the wall plan distribution be we isconsist is, more
moment seendistribution known
resulting
roof get should should of criterion
purpose
of is storeyed in than shall
the fixed is the that the of loading
loadingshown as into an
unequal increases. stress. not exceed
25not
to tension witb for
equivalent axial not is
buildinß a be perappied:
founda various
an distri eXceed cent,
as in face in
single load (3.9) (38) more
spans v g.

Zero(c)
Fig. stress
3.17
(b) (a) W

Fig. 1800 1800 (AdoptedVariation e W

in
eccentricity
3,18 0<e<
100
from of
Roof mSp=3600 stress
Draft of
plan lcading.
distribution
(Example IS
span
Long 100 Code:
Short
span

3.8). 1905 with (d)

cbange

91
 Compressive Compressive Oompressive
developed:
stresses developed Moment
Cross-sectional Total i) i) unequal sizes.
AB,igure.supported
i)different of
the 92
the it wall.
Section Assuming the
load =Self Load Load there load
due 20 loading
Accordingly of roof
A W= kN/m) W, weight from are
=76ÁY stress Jea stress modulus
(18-9)x-X2 M= due a to = 10xlx=9KN/m W,= 10xlx0W=from the on on
to area = two al
M triangular eccen W,+ of short long on triangular foureither
T0
due due
unequal 200(1000) 1x0.2+3.8
of is: the the it
Z tricity span triangles
600000 to 42200 the Wa wall span two can sides side
1
to -¿
1.8
bending axial |br loading
bearing =wall t (assuming is: kN/m18 at
halves portion
be by of
10= 1000 (1000)(200) 200 2 200,000 per W, 20 x = the of
load seen walls,
is:
pressure metre = = middle of adjacent
0.098moment 0.211 =
mm² 42.2 15.2 the that each
= 6,00,000
Nmm/m uoit
Nmm kN/mn kN/m points wall onNormally,
N/mm 6.66 to wall
the weight thicknese either is
bending ofHence, assumed
10° x the side as
mmm of shown when
brickwol wa1 there of
moment the to a
slabis
inresis
is
anwall he

nortar
strengthM
type Choose
brick eccentricity
loading. of Table For EquivalentSlenderness ter Tabl For it supports,
bottoanmd
Hence A SR =from e SC Tbicknesspieof
r belgivoenw: can
the
per
3.3 200 thicEfkness:
= ecbetive wal EectivecomMiparimeusmivestres
k{L.25) as
14.25 200eccentricity mm. above Wp
comMapxirauems ivsetres
kA1.25) fea basic cent k, 1 ratio WidthSpacing
piofaer assumed.
units compressive 3.5 two
= 14.2
effectbeiivg0.eht75 heigh:
increase
0.638. and = and 100 3700 0.211-0.=0.098113
of SR= ratios, betweenequivalent Since
crushing elt it =
= cross-walls,
Since
the
= 0.07 e 2850 is 0.211
stress is 0.07, the 2-3and37 t,
0.638(1.25)
0.638(1.25) allowable
= 14.2025
= piers to beigbt)
= - full
WM stiffening 0. 75 restraint +0.098
0.211
required: the = 31y Wp a
422006x105 1.0. s, wall (3.8) (actual
stress = = = is N/mm?
equal for coefficient
Hence, with
300 100 3700 supported = is =
+ 14.2mm
= provided 0,309
kN/mm²
=0.36 stresses factor mm mm 2.8 5
to mmpierS
0.098 effective m Nmm
5.0 is (S.C.) of
solelyobtained dimensions by at
N/mm' both
thickness is
due to
obtained the
and from top
as 93
 i) maximum on anThe thickness Solution 94
ü)
i) eccentric
cither
intensity
i ) i) ontrEXAMPLE ic 3.9
Load wall Fig.
Loading: Let Basic
kN/m') 20Sel=f Load from from
either loadDesign
sidesupports 3.19 us
from
weight W,= W,=(14) from load loading. be ofside dke tocompressive
250 desiga roof
floor loadiog an
shorter acting theof Cavity Total Load Load interior
of
of
(14)X(1)(3/2) longer = Cavity
the wall unequal mm = unequalthe
at The wall load from from cavity a 4 6 as
with stress
wall span (4/2) 1span the loads as under kN/mkN/m'
follows: wall. wall wall
intensity floor roof each
(assuming shown spans 183:3-4 walfolr of
Theshort under
= = middle eccentric 250
21 that ===6leaf
height a 0.5
28 2x4 spans
two-storeyed
kN/m kN/m of in on eccentric N/mm'.
come =kN/m² being thiS
wall.)the Fig, either(Example loading
3.9). 14
unit = of of
from kN/m² 8purpose. roof/ioor
each
3.16a 100
weight side. kN/m load
the mm storey buildinge
are
triangular This overall
thick. the Let
of (considering is of
carryingeccen
results 3 4
m
brickwork and
area into
3

actualTestraint,Minimum
EfectiveEfective
Therefore, Compressive Sectional BM
equal
sharedly.
eccentricity
Equivalente= thickness
Compres ive on Each
leaf
inducCedomdpuedretshveWe
0evlSotpresd
Slenderness efective assume
compressive
thickness height: maximum modulus each
Z= has M=
fea streSs stress leaf =to
moment ai Area Total W,
of =t=fea W M triangular
due
(1/6)1000
due
(28-21)\(2/5)(100
of
equal unequal
of. =
I, the heightSince 6.410
x I(0.2)(32)(20)
leaf/m
each load
ratio=(2/3)(100 two for compressive
M 20000073000 1670000
320000
2(100 stress to to each stiffaess, W-
=
SR lcaves. the 0.75 the axial BM leaf loadingbearing
+ cavity 100 x = W1+
= top = +fs on
100)/3 + (actual0.36-0,2 0.36 load N/mm?0.2 = is 3.2 therefore
on
133 2250 Hence and stress N/mm? each = pressure,
+ = =
M 100) wall (10) 100
= on 1670000 Nmmm
640000
S0/2) W, 24
= bottom leaf bearing ×
=17 is
133 effective beigbt) 0.36 on each Nmn/m ,then 1000 +kN/m
73000640000 = the W=3
two-thirds each
mm supports + leaf mm/m beading mm?
= 0.16 0.2 leaf area the
=8,8mm thickpess 0.75(3) N/mm bending
=0.56 of kNm
the provide moment 200
= mm
sum 2.25 N/mm
is is: 95
of m.full
 Soution
3.20)
(Fig. concreteof city leaf EXAMPLE Hence Overall 96
the Design Overall Compressive Permissible typeM1, Table For
of of
3.Fi2g0. wall 25
Choose 3.3 SR
wbich the
roof mm. an 3.10 design maximum facb
permissible =
is brick by17
= compressive Basic
(Example
3.10).Cavity
wall
equal supports atThe external load
Cavity
stress fa linear and
the of 1.25k,fek =
totop wall compressive
the fea compressive
kfek
units e/t,
4.0
developed interpolation
an
N/mm²<facb compressive ==
wall wall fe=0.56
wall of
=0.066, 1,
inner
with and is = stress crushing
m.eccentric of
is1.25(0.52)
=0.52(0.96) 8.8
rests an a with 0.36 due
425mm unstiffened single inner safe. stress stress due stress 0.
13
0 66
mm
7KN/m. over to as we
eccentric
under
leaf lòad N/mm²<se to strength
developed(0.96) in axial =axial k,=0.52.obtain
a storeyed leaf
foundation ofcarrying axial 0.50 =0.96 ck
force force
one 10= the
kN/m =0.62 forced
and N/ m m
whichbuilding is onlN/mm? y MortatN/andmm stress
loadin8 at an N/mm?
block. factor
supports an eccentric
the bending
Height eccenti inner Îrom
a

Compressive is purp0sesfor the 250be

inner
Inner
Compressive The Outer shared
Outer Maximum
BMSin175000
ce Tota! Area The
forces on
Loadin(ags umingbrSecticSeklfionalcalculating
leaf: leaf both founda
leaf: equally
cach bending on weight of m . critical
stress carries
on bendiag ofLet tion
Compressivestress Nmm/m
87500leaf
unit properties.
momedt the Superimposed inner cross-section of
modul
Compressivecompresive the by
leaves
mmmeach us e
thblock. level
W 1.67×109 Z Mdue moment leaf weight
thickness for
outer Its the
developed M=175000/2 Total Self leaf = Z
to self two have Letdesign
1000100 x 87500 x leaf of - of
(1/6)1000
8000
bending 100010015000
stressM=87500 Nmm/m kN/m
W= 8 weight =7000(25) each
stress stress are:
leaves,equal Ioad weigbt load 1(4)(0.1)20=8 weightself ofthe is
leaf
in: overall taken
due and = = = work
moment stiffness, W=15 W=8 W,=7kN
=+==0.]5+
N/=0.m0m²8 due N/0.m2m0 = =0.N/m0m?5 N/mm²
=0.15 to the = = 100 % andA= and at
to W,
M =20 kN = hickness the
axial bending 100%=sectioouter
axial 1670000 base
the kNm kN,m
load load Nmm m /m 1000 leaves
nal of of
moment the the
mm?|m be
m cavity
100 wall

0.05 mmwall over 97

 below. of isPermissible typeM2 factor Hence Compressive 98
3.(Fig.
21)
select Solution beamsEXAMPLE allowed Since eccentricity
Equivalent
thickness ends,
CriticalLength wall Design developed Select thickness
Efective Efective fully
there k, for Maximum
the compressive stress
a at3.6
is
equal an3.11 in brick is effective
solid level of f, is 0.43. SR of
a mc/c
external =0.2 the compressive Slenderness the height: =71.67x 10
-fae
an units = fcb stress
wall ofbay to Solid stresses
eW leaves.
design = whose
3.6 eccentricity 22.5 M
of 3.6 N/mn'<fso: =k, height developed
m wall wall crushiog
ofand=
250I, e M of Since
the
thickaess and stress ratio Effectivecavity a
1s m reaction of
with
solely (0.59)
0.75 = 87500
taken it a 11.7 15000
175000
due of = = due
rests single piers =foc strength 0.05, SR
200 at is Hence loading,
0.43(0.59) wall wall
thickness (actual to
to = 0.0mm =3000/133 =133
mm. N/mm²
=0.13 =
the 00 loaded
onlstorey S =11.7mm is is N/mm?0.05 BM
mm eccentricity. k, from two-thirds
bottom a kN the an x = =0.75(4.0)
height)= ATZ
which solid at with desigo increase Basic 7.5 Table =l,=BY(100 restrained M
warehouse,
cach
of 0.25 N/mm' =
isthe foundation ecceatric Maximum compressive 22.5 the +0.050.08
support, is N/mm'. 3.3,
safe. of sum
stiffened wall. supporting 25 and the at
loadiog per of both
Ler blockHeignt stress mortr strese 10) actual+
stres ceat the
with
uewith Wall ax1S Ihe n, Total 360020 X20400 x
= Section the from tbe
Moment
inertia ofneutral that a moment1s 224(109)/8(105) The
3,200 280
computed is
Table the purpose piers of
Fig.3.2piI ers
axis 120 eccent
gisect
mm of
venionalricitythickaessof
mm
200:w
and inertiaen,
lowalng lmm - below: calculation 400(Examplelo3.ad11)Solid 3500= Sp
the thickusing 280 800000
mm? 72000080000 mm²(A) Area of
= pier of mm ms.
propertifreoloading mm wall Length
10
tp/2
5.55 36001203 × ofandthree the ofand with
of of
self
bay
80 is wall 280 =
x 3 280 segments, The bas width
10 on Distance from
with weight under :
by mm
(x) face
pier
mm ope 200 300 100 neutral to 400 3600mm 3600=Sp
400
thickness a be
3200 and concentrated
mm
mm.
side
namely pier =80 determined
3 axissectionalas.the
x onof
about
80, mm is
+ the the 3,600 a 224(109)mm momentIstof computed initial eccentric
the (A)()
mm3 in
400x neutral
other 216(109) properties.
centroidal 8(10) area this
3 mm size
280 side case
aAb long for 99
of
 100
to compres sion and 101
Sectional modulus with respect
are
5.55x 109
2x10 mm
tension ibre l
Wp
3600
400
9,
t
400
200 2.
Forthe above values of the two ratios, from Table 3.4, stiffening
Ze = 280
coeficientis obtained by linear interpolation as SC = 1.25.
5.55x 109
Z,= 120
= 4.6x 107 mm3 Therefore, effective thickness =1 =1.25(200) =250 mm
3060
Loading: Concentrated reaction = W, = 100 kN Slenderaess ratio= SR 12.2
250
Self weightof the wall= W= 1(3.6)
= 57 kN
(8X10)
105
M 8000000
Equivalent eccentricity = e= W 157600
51
51 mm

Total W= Wt W,= 157.6 kN t 200 =0.255

Bending moment M= 100000(80) =8x 10 Nmm From Table 3.3 for SR of 12.2 and e<t =0,255; the stress factor is
Compressivestress due to axial load is obtained by linear interpolation as k, =0.67.
Select brick units of crusbing strength = 10 N/om² and mortar
157600 type M2 then, basic compressive stress =fo=0.81 Nmn
VeaA800000 =0.2 N/mm?
Maximum compressive stress developed = 0.6 N/mm.
Compressive stress due to bending moment Permissible compressive stress=fe= k,fek =0.67x0.81
M 8000000
0.4 N/mm² =0.54 N/mm²
Z, 20000C00
An increase of 25 per cent is permitted if the excess is solely due
Tensile stress due to bending is to eccentricity of loading. Hence the permissible compressive stress
M 8x 108 facs =1.25fac =0.67 N/mm.
Jib=16y0 0.17 N/mm This value is more than the actual stress.
Maximum compressive stress = 0.2 -+0.4 = 0.6 N/mm"
Minimum compressive stress = 0,2-0,17 =0.03 N/m EXAMPLE 3.12 Cavity wall with piers with a concentrated eccentric
load
Effective height: Since full restraint is Design an external wall of a single storey building supporting
and partial restraint at the top of the wall:provided at the boto beams at 4 mc/c. The beams
equal to 0.85 (actual height) is 3.06 m, the effective heignt support a concrete roof transferring
a reaction of 100 kN,
Efective thicknesses and The wall is 4.5 m high and is tied with metal
slenderness factors are : anchors at the top and
Spacing of piers = Sp =3600 mm bottom.
Width of pier = W, = 400 mpm SoluLettionus(Fig. 3.22)
a cavity wall for the above purpose with an overall
ThicknesS of pier =t, = 400 mm thickness choose
200 mm 350of mm. Let the thickness of ioner and outer leaves be
Thickness of wall =ty= 200 mm taking theandConcentrated
100 mm respectively. mm andby piers
load) of Letwiditth be400stifened (for
thickness
102 103
/properties of outer leaf are:
00 Setonal
cross-section Ag = 4000 x;100 =4x 10
Area of
mm²
Inner leat 4000 x 1003
inertia =l,= =3.33 x10 mm
200 Moment of 12

Outer leaf Sectional modulus=Z, =4000 x 1002 =6.67x 10 mm?

6
Fig. 3.22 Cavity wall with piers under
eccentric load (Example3.12) concentrated Loading: 880000
inner leaf = Wg
400 mm. This assumption of dimensions is made for Self weight of 000000 (4.5X20) =79.2 KN
calculating self weight and sectional properties. PropertiespurpSes
of
of
outer leaf =4(0.1)(4.5) 20=36 kN
leaf are listed in the Table given below: intet Self weight of
100 kN
Concentrated beam reaction =
-79.2 kN
Distance of centre
Selfweight
Area Ist moment of area W= 179.2 KN
Section (A) mm² from top fibre
(Ax) mm? Total load on ioner leaf=
(x) mm 1000=82(105 Nmm
Total bending moment = M =100(82)
to their
200 (400) 80000 100 8x108 The stiffinesses of the leaves can be taken proportionalmoment is
bending
moment of inertia for a given height, hence
200(4000) 800000 300 240x 108 shared in the ratio of inertia.

BM carried by inner leaf

(M)I (3.10)
Total 880000 mm² 248 (109) mm I+
82× 105x 5.84 x 109
M= (5.84 + 0.33) 109 =7.76 (109) Nmm
Distance of centroid from top fibre is BM carried by outer leaf
248 (109) 282 mm Mo= (8.2 -7.76) X10® = 0.44x 108 Nmm
880000
Axial load in outer leaf W,= 36 kN
Therefore, eccentricity of loading is e= 282 - 200 = 82 mm. Compressive stresses developed are given below
Stress on the inner leaf:
Moment of inertia of inner leaf
Compressive stress due to axial load
4000 x1188 (4000 400) 823 400x 282 -=5.84(10) mn
3 3
+ 3 179200 =0.2 N/mm²
and inner faces
are: 880000
Sectional modulus with respect to outer
5.84x 109
2.07x 10 mm
Oompressive stress due to bending moment
282 Mi 7.76x 10 =0.37Nmm²
Zio 2.07x10?
5.84 x 1(9
Zy = 118 = 4.95 X 107 mm
104 105
Table 3.4for sp/W, = 10 and t,]1, =2, we get
Mi
=0.16 N/mm?
From SC=1.2, stiffening
Tension at the cavity face Efective=thhickness of inner leaf = 200 x1.2 =240 mm
coefficient
of the outer leaf =100 mm
The total compressive stress at the inner face of the pilaster is Eflectivethickness
overall effective thËjckness
W M =0.2+ 0.37 =0.57 N/mm² Hence
A Z Lye =(2/3)(240 + 100) =227 Mm
4500
Compressive stress at cavity face of inner leaf is SR e
Slenderness ratio = twe 227 = 20
W M, =0.2-0.16 =0.04 N/mm
M 82x 108
Equivalent eccentricity =e= W 179.2 +36)10: 33 ma
Stress onthe outer leaf :
e 38
Compressive stress due to axial load is =0.17
t 227
Wo 36000 =0.09 N/mm
400000
From Table
3.3 for SR of 20 and e<t equal to 0.17, We get k, the
interpolation as 0.39.
lioear
Stress due to bending moment stress factor by
Let the brick units
of crushing strength equal 17.5 N/mn² and
Mo_ 0.44x108 mortar type M1.
6,67x 106 0.07 N/mm? Then the basic compressivc stress =fk= 1.2NIom?
Hence the compressive stress at the outer fac¿ of the outer leaf is Permissible compressive stress is
M% =0.09 - 0.07 =0.02 N/mm? fee =1.25 kfek = 1.25(0.39)(1.2) = 0.59 NJmm²
Maximum compressive stress developed
Compressive stress at cavity face of the outer leaf is fe=0.57 N/mm² <fe= 0.59 N/mm²
Mo =0.09 +0.07= 0.16 N/mm² Hence the desiga is safe.
A
equal to the 3.12 Laterally and transversely loaded walls
Permissible compressive stress: Efective height is
actual height, since only partial restraint is
provided at both the The lateral loading acts in the plane of the wall and the transverse
load acts perpendicular to the wall as shown in Fig. 3.23. The first
top and bottom of the wall.
Case occurs in shear wallswhich transfer load to base while the second
Hence effective height = h,=4500 mm
followiog dimensions: Case occurs normally in exterior walls of a building, parapet walls
Efective thickness is computed using the
and compound walls, which are subjected to wind load. The seismic
Spacing of pilasters = s, = 4C00 mm load can be either lateral or transverse.
Width = W, = 400 mm
Thickness = t, =400mm Design of walls Subjected to transSverse load
Atransverse load on a wall generates a bending moment. This
Thickness of wall=ty=200 mm acting on the
4000
bending
wall to get
Can be Coupled withthe vertical load
momenta resultant load acting at an equivalent ecoentricity.
10 and
Hence
Wp 4 0 Thus the design of a wall subjected to transverse load is similar to
that subjected to a oncethe bending
ty
400
200
2 vertical eccentric load. Here,