International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 384~394

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp384-394  384

A robust fuzzy logic PI controller for solar system battery

charging
Mohammed Zerouali1, Abdelghani El Ougli2, Belkassem Tidhaf1
1
Team of Embedded Systems, Renewable Energy and Artificial Intelligence, National School of Applied Sciences,
Mohammed First University Oujda, Oujda, Morocco
2
Computer Science, Signal, Automation and Cognitivism Laboratory (LISAC), Faculty of Science,
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This article discusses a design of a photovoltaic (PV) system that allow
charging a battery under variable climatic circumstances. The system under
Received Aug 16, 2022 study is composed of two DC-DC converters a boost and Buck converter. The
Revised Oct 27, 2022 first one is used to extract the maximum power from the PV array through a
Accepted Nov 10, 2022 novel variable step size P&O based MPPT offering a high tracking accuracy
compared to classical approaches such PO and INC. The second converters
aim at regulating the output voltage and current that feeds the battery using a
Keywords: robust optimal PI (O-PI) which has a faster time response and high accuracy
compared to classical PI and PID controllers. The overall system and the
Battery control strategies are tested and validated in MATLAB/Simulink
Optimal PI environment. The simulations results show the effectiveness and the
Photovoltaic system robustness of the system.
PID controller
Variable step size P&O This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohammed Zerouali
Team of Embedded Systems, Renewable Energy and Artificial Intelligence
National School of Applied Sciences, Mohammed First University Oujda
Higher School of Technology, BP 473 Al Qods University Complex, Oujda 60,000, Morocco
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The global need for electricity has increased dramatically, especially in remote rural areas and
mountains. Coal, oil, gas and other fossil fuels are still needed to provide electricity and heat. However, they
are the main emitters of CO2 and their stocks, unlike renewable sources, are finite. Photovoltaic (PV) systems
have attracted the interest of many people due to their low cost. These systems have several advantages, such
as being environmentally friendly and offering a higher degree of immunity. If not consumed directly the
generated energy will be stored in batteries for later use. However, these panels have low efficiency range [1]
as well as a current and voltage that are influenced by varying environmental circumstances such as temperature
degree and the amount of radiation coming from the sun [2]. Due to the PV’s nature of nonlinearity concerning
the electrical energy production, there is merely one point on its curve where the PV cell generates the greatest
amount of electrical power. A special control algorithm is needed to keep tracking of the maximum power
point MPP and here where the technique of maximum power point tracking interferes to enhance the
performance of solar generators. Traditional procedures such as fractional open circuit (FOCV), perturb and
observe (P&O), fractional short circuit (FSCC), conductance increment (INC) [2] and innovative strategies such
as perturb and observe (P&O) [3] are divided into two main groups in the literature. However, techniques such as
fuzzy logic (FLC), sliding mode controller (SMC), neural network (ANN) and others can be discovered [4].
For charging the batteries, several control techniques are proposed, Latif and Hussain [5] investigated
a system to charge a battery using an MPPT incremental conductance strategy that employs a SEPIC converter

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  385

and PI control deployed to a Buck converter to compare the explored system with similar work. In order to
charge a battery, a DC-DC Boost converter uses fuzzy logic as an MPPT approach, and a Buck converter uses
a PI controller. This system was explored by Yilmaz et al. [6], however, using PI controllers are not suitable
for this process since the gains are tuned manually or by optimization techniques and fixed, so it is more suitable
to develop other techniques where the gains are variable during nonlinear variations. Sliding mode and model
predictive controllers are proposed as solution of lacks and drawbacks of PI controllers, but the implementation
of these is difficult; since the sliding mode need to define the sliding surface which is a part of the control
law [7], [8]. Moreover, the model predictive, require programming of system parameters, which increases the
number of sensors used and leads to high implementation costs.
Fuzzy control, which is a part of fuzzy logic, appeared very effective given the advantages such the
non-necessity of a mathematical model and the input variables are considered as fuzzy linguistic inputs [9].
So, this concept allows to improve the behavior of PI controller whit the conservation the same easiness of
implementation, with generation of variable gains with better set point control (constant current and voltage).
The studied system consists of a solar generator, connected to a DC-DC boost converter controlled by a novel
MPPT known as a variable step size P&O (VSS P&O). The concept is to adjust the step size of the MPPT P&O
algorithm using fuzzy logic controller. A DC-DC Buck converter is controlled by a PID controller to target the
necessary voltage in order to charge a battery by adjusting the Kp, Ki and Kd coefficient. The main contribution
of this paper is proposing a robust PI-FL controller to adapt the PI parameters called “optimal PI”. Figure 1
illustrates the configuration of the system.

Figure 1. Functional representation of the suggested system

2. MODELING AND FEATURES OF THE PV PANEL

Solar radiation is converted to an exploitable energy thought photovoltaic panels. Several equivalent
circuits are distinguished in the literature, differentiated in the number of the used components. The most used
is based on a single diode. This circuit is used due to its simplicity and ability the describe the non-linear
behavior of PV panels [10]. Figure 2 displays the electrical model.

Figure 2. A PV cell's equivalent circuit

The output current Iph is described through as (1) [11]:

𝐺
𝐼𝑝ℎ = [𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐾𝐼 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )] (1)
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓

The current at the junction is expressed by (2) [11]:

A robust fuzzy logic PI controller for solar system battery charging (Mohammed Zerouali)
386  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑞.(𝑉+𝑅𝑠 𝐼)
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑠 (𝑒𝑥𝑝( − 1) (2)
𝑁.𝐾.𝑇

Using the following equation, Ipv is defined by (3) [11]:

𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑑 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ (3)

where, 𝐼𝑝ℎ , 𝐼𝑑 and 𝐼𝑝𝑣 are

𝐼𝑝ℎ : The short circuit currents
𝐼𝑑 : The reverse saturation current
𝐼𝑝𝑣 : The photovoltaic current
The sizing of the PV panels is done by referring to the equations presented in [12]. Table 1 summaries the
specifications of the adopted PV panel.

Table 1. 1Soltech 1STH-350-WH PV generator table of parameters

Parameters Value
The maximum power (Pmpp) 350 W
The maximum voltage (Vmpp) 43 V
The maximum current (Impp) 8.13 A
Short-circuit current (Isc) 9.4 A
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 51.1 V
Temperature coefficient of open circuit voltage -0.36
Temperature coefficient of short-circuit current 0.09

2.1. Effect of solar radiation

Photovoltaic (PV) systems appear to have nonlinear characteristics that are affected by many variables
such temperature and solar radiation. Panel efficiency increases with the amount of solar radiation at a given
temperature, also the current emitted by the panel essentially depends on the sun radiation intensity as depicted
in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Curve of P-V and I-V with solar radiation changing

2.2. Effect of temperature

The PV panel's output power is negatively impacted by the temperature for a fixed amount of solar
radiation. As the temperature of the cells increases. Figure 4 illustrates that the panel has output power decrease.

Figure 4. Curve of P-V and I-V with temperature changing

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023: 384-394
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  387

3. DC-DC CONVERTER
3.1. DC-DC boost converter
The figure above shows the boost converter's fundamental circuit. This particular converter is
generally used as adaptation circuit, to provide a high output voltage [13]. It’s composed of an inductor, a
controlled switch, a diode and a capacitor. Figure 5 illustrates the equivalent circuit.
The performance of the DC-DC converter is influenced by the size of the inductor and capacitor. You
can determine their values by (4) [14].
𝐷.𝑉 𝐼0 .𝐷
𝐿= 𝐶= (4)
𝛥𝐼𝐿 .𝑓 𝛥𝑉0 .𝑓

3.2. DC-DC Buck converter

A switching power supply called a buck converter or series chopper changes one DC voltage into a
lower DC voltage. A well-designed buck converter can control the output voltage and operate at high efficiency
(up to 95%). The input voltage can be decreased. The electrical circuit equivalent is depicted in Figure 6 [15].
Still for the Buck converter, the inductance and capacitance values can again be given as (5) [16], [17].

𝑉0 .(1−𝐷) (1−𝐷) 𝑉0
𝐿= 𝐶= (5)
𝛥𝐼𝐿 .𝑓 8𝛥𝑉0 .𝑓

With: ∆IL, ∆V0 which stand for the ripple rates of the output voltage and the current flowing through the
inductor, respectively.

Figure 5. Boost DC-DC converter Figure 6. Buck converter topology

4. CONTROL OF STUDIED SYSTEM

MPPT is an algorithm that allow tracking the maximum power point and extracts the available power
in the solar generator under all environmental conditions. As previously stated, the major goal of this research
is to compare the classic P&O with the proposed variable step size P&O constructed using a fuzzy logic
controller to boost the power output from a solar panel. The output voltage of the Buck converter, which
charges the battery, is controlled by the PID regulator. The implementation of a novel fuzzy logic-based
Optimal PI is one benefit of our research.

4.1. Command MPPT

4.1.1. Perturb and observe algorithm (P&O)
The P&O is the most popular technique due to its simplicity and easiness of implementation. The idea
is to perturbed the system and observe the system responds. In this case, changing the duty cycle will change
the solar panel voltage. As a result, the power provided by the solar panel at time k is measured and placed in
a comparison with the previous time (k-1). As the power increases, the duty cycle variation remains constant
and the system approaches MPP. As the power drops, the maximum power point shifts, requiring a duty cycle
inversion. The P&O algorithm's flowchart is displayed in Figure 7 [18], [19].

4.1.2. Variable step size P&O (VSS P&O)

As with this traditional P&O method normally employs a univariate step size, employing a fixed
MPPT step size efficiently confines the PV module output power variance to the MPP and its rise time. There
is a cost associated with convergence to a point. A big step reduces response time to abrupt changes in solar
radiation, but generates huge oscillations in steady-state PV array output power in the MPP, leading in power
loss. A moderate step, on the other hand, minimizes the fluctuation in PV system output power around the MPP
while slowing the increase time.
Therefore, to eliminate steady-state oscillations and accelerate dynamic responsiveness, a dynamic
MPPT step is required. In this paper, we developed a fuzzy logic technique can modify the size of the step of

A robust fuzzy logic PI controller for solar system battery charging (Mohammed Zerouali)
388  ISSN: 2088-8694

the MPPT P&O algorithm (VSS P&O), overcoming the constraints of the standard fixed step size of MPPT
P&O [20]. Figure 8 shows a schematic of the variable-step fuzzy logic MPPT P&O algorithm (VSS P&O).

Figure 7. The P&O algorithm flowchart

Figure 8. The flowchart for variable step size P&O (VSS P&O)

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023: 384-394
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  389

The rules that guide the VSS P&O algorithms are:

− If dP/dV is negative big (NB) then the duty cycle D is NB
− If dP/dV is negative small (NS) then the duty cycle D is (NS)
− If dP/dV is zero (ZE) then the duty cycle D is (ZE)
− If dP/dV is positive small (PS) then the duty cycle D is PS
− If dP/dV is positive big (PB) then the duty cycle D is PB
Figure 9 show the membership faction of the output and input of the fuzzy logic controller

Figure 9. D and the dP/dV and membership functions

4.2. Voltage loop control

4.2.1. PID controller
A common closed loop control method used in a variety of industrial applications is the PID controller.
This is mostly due to its straightforward design, which is easy to comprehend and put into practice. As shown
in Figure 10, the PID regulator controls the output voltage and current of the Buck converter to charge the
battery. The three gains, Kp, Ki, and Kd, are estimated using the Ziegler-Nicols method [21].

Figure 10. The PID controller's block

4.2.2. Optimal PI controller

There are many methods for fine-tuning the PI controller parameters [22] and in this study, the optimal
PI controller calculates the best Kp and Ki while taking into account PI parameter tuning to produce a better
responsiveness and reference voltage following. The suggested controller structure is shown in Figure 11, and
an algorithm to change the parameters Kp and Ki is built using fuzzy logic.

Figure 11. Block diagram for the optimal PI controller

The inputs e(t) and e of the ideal PI controller are represented by (6) and (7) [23].

𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘 − 𝑉𝑅𝑒𝑓 (6)

A robust fuzzy logic PI controller for solar system battery charging (Mohammed Zerouali)
390  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝛥𝑒 = 𝑒(𝑡) − 𝑒(𝑡 − 1) (7)

This section will provide the ideal PI controller's e(t) and e input variables will be used as fuzzy block inputs.
Ki and Kp will be the results. The Figure 12 presented membership function of e(t), e, KI, and Kp.

Figure 12. Membership of e(t), e, KI, and Kp functions

5. STORAGE MODELLING
The goal of employing batteries is to store extra energy and satisfy the need for charging during the
night or inclement weather. Figure 13 provides an illustration of the proposed model of the battery model is
defined [24], [25]. The following equation, which represents a battery's terminal voltage, is written as (8).

𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 ± 𝐼𝑏 ⋅ 𝑅 (8)

R: internal resistance, 𝐼𝑏 : battery current, and𝐸𝑏 : voltage source the following criteria define battery capacity
C as (9).
𝐸𝑑 ⋅𝑁𝑑
𝐶= (9)
𝑉⋅𝐷𝑂𝐷⋅𝜂𝑏

𝐸𝑑 : The load's daily electrical energy requirement, 𝑁𝑑 :the number of days spent on your own. 𝑉 : The battery
electrical tension, and 𝐷𝑂𝐷 is the discharge depth and 𝜂𝑏 is the performance of the battery.
The battery current affects the battery's state of charge (SOC) (Ib). The following equation yields the
SOC: [26].
𝑘 𝐼𝑏
𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑘) = 𝑆𝑂𝐶(𝑘 − 1) − ∫𝑘−1 . 𝑑𝑘 (10)
𝐶𝑏

Figure 13. Batteries electrical model

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023: 384-394
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  391

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The overall system has been put to the test and assessed under the temperature and sun irradiation
profiles depicted in Figures 14 and 15. The solar radiation varies every two seconds from 1000 W/m²,
500 W/m², 800 W/m², and 600 W/m², while the temperature varies from 27°C to 25°C to 26°C to 23°C.
Figures 16 and 17 show the extracted power profile and a comparison of P&O for time-varying radiation with
a fixed temperature at 25°C and P&O for variable step size radiation. According to the simulation findings
under MATLAB/Simulink comparing MPPT methodologies used to attain the maximum power point, the
Variable Step Size P&O (VSS P&O) controller offers better performances in terms of response time and the
produced power, as shown in Figures 16 and 17. However, the conventional P&O algorithm also has a problem
with oscillation. As opposed to the PID controller, the proposed optimal PI based on fuzzy logic technique
guarantees a better pursuit of the voltage set point without any overshoot for the second block of voltage
regulation as shown in Figure 18, Figure 19 and Figure 20.

Figure 14. Evolution of radiation level

Figure 15. Evolution of temperature level

Figure 16. The evolution of the power generated by the P&O and VSS P&O algorithms

A robust fuzzy logic PI controller for solar system battery charging (Mohammed Zerouali)
392  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 17. The evolution of the power produced for one day

Figure 18. Compares the output voltage of a buck converter for a voltage of 12 volts with optimal PI and PID
control for one day

Figure 19. Compares the output voltage of a buck converter for a voltage of 24 volts with optimal PI and PID
control for one day

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023: 384-394
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  393

Figure 20. Compares the output voltage of a buck converter for a voltage of 48 volts with optimal PI and PID
control for one day

7. CONCLUSION
The proposed photovoltaic system, which displayed a nonlinear feature, aims to harvest the most
power possible utilizing P&O tracking techniques, in contrast to a Variable Step Size P&O (VSS P&O). The
utilization of the second DC-DC converter for battery charging is controlled by the standard PID and the
proposed Optimal PI. According to simulation studies, the latter guarantees a faster response time and greater
voltage stability while controlling the voltage in the terminal’s battery.

REFERENCES
[1] K. Ishaque, Z. Salam, and Syafaruddin, “A comprehensive MATLAB Simulink PV system simulator with partial shading capability
based on two-diode model,” Solar Energy, vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 2217-2227, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2011.06.008.
[2] D. Singh, R. Yadav and Jyotsana, “Perturb and Observe Method MATLAB Simulink and Design of PV System Using Buck Boost
Converter,” International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1692-1996, 2014.
[3] M. Boutouba, S. Assahout, A. E. Ougli and B. Tidhaf, “Improved maximum power point tracking using fuzzy logic control with
SEPIC converter for photovoltaic systems,” 6th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), 2018, pp.
1-8, doi: 10.1109/IRSEC.2018.8702903.
[4] S. Chtita, A. Derouich, A. El Ghzizal, and S. Motahhir, “An improved control strategy for charging solar batteries in off-grid
photovoltaic systems,” Solar Energy, vol. 220, no. April, pp. 927-941, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.003.
[5] T. Latif and S. R. Hussain, “Design of a charge controller based on SEPIC and buck topology using modified Incremental
Conductance MPPT,” 8th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2014, pp. 824-827, doi:
10.1109/ICECE.2014.7026999.
[6] U. Yilmaz, A. Kircay, and S. Borekci, “PV system fuzzy logic MPPT method and PI control as a charge controller,” Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 81, pp. 994-1001, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.048.
[7] S. Miqoi, A. E. Ougli, and B. Tidhaf, “Design of an adaptive sliding mode controller for efficiency improvement of the MPPT for
PV water pumping,” International Journal of Intelligent Engineering Informatics, vol. 7, no 1, pp. 19-36, 2019.
[8] D. Rekioua, A. Y. Achour and T. Rekioua, “Tracking power photovoltaic system with sliding mode control strategy,” Energy
Procedia, vol. 36, pp. 219-230, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.025.
[9] S. Nemsi, L. Barazane, S. Diaf, and A. Malek, “Comparative study between two maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques
for photovoltaic system,” Revue des Energies Renouvelables, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 773-782, 2013.
[10] S. Motahhir, A. El. Hammoumi, and A. E. Ghzizal, “Photovoltaic system with quantitative comparative between an improved MPPT
and existing INC and P&O methods under fast varying of solar irradiation,” Energy Reports, vol. 4, pp. 341-350, 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.egyr.2018.04.003.
[11] B. Boukezata, A. Chaoui1, J-P. Gaubert, and M. Hachemi, “An improved fuzzy logic control MPPT based P&O method to solve
fast irradiation change problem,” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 4, 2016, doi: 10.1063/1.4960409.
[12] L. Bouselham, B. Hajji, A. Mellit, A. Rabhi and K. Kassmi, “Hardware implementation of new irradiance equalization algorithm
for reconfigurable PV architecture on a FPGA platform,” International Conference on Wireless Technologies, Embedded and
Intelligent Systems (WITS), 2019, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/WITS.2019.8723746.
[13] T. Arunkumari, V. Indragandhi, and S. Sreejith, “Topologies of a dc–dc converter for micro-grid application and implementation
of parallel quadratic boost converter,” Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering book series, vol. 435, pp. 633–644, 2018, doi:
10.1007/978-981-10-4286-7_63.
[14] D. G and S. N. Singh, “Selection of non-isolated DC-DC converters for solar photovoltaic system,” Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 76, pp. 1230-1247, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.130.
[15] R. Patil and H. Anantwar, “Comparitive analysis of fuzzy based MPPT for buck and boost converter topologies for PV application,”
International Conference on Smart Technologies for Smart Nation (SmartTechCon), 2017, pp. 1479-1484, doi:
10.1109/SmartTechCon.2017.8358610.
[16] A. A. Abdulrazzaq and A. H. Ali, “Efficiency performances of two MPPT algorithms for PV system with different solar panels
irradiances,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1755-1764, 2018, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i4.pp1755-1764.
A robust fuzzy logic PI controller for solar system battery charging (Mohammed Zerouali)
394  ISSN: 2088-8694

[17] R. Vinod, R. Kumar, and S. K. Singh, “Solar photovoltaic modeling and simulation: As a renewable energy solution,” Energy
Reports, vol. 4, pp. 701-712, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2018.09.008.
[18] M. Regad, M. Helaimi, R. Taleb, A. M. Othman, and H. A. Gabbar, “Control of hybrid power system based renewable energy
generations using pid controller,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1775-1784,
2020, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1775-1784.
[19] S. Miqoi, A. El Ougli, and B. Tidhaf, “Adaptive fuzzy sliding mode based MPPT controller for a photovoltaic water pumping
system,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 414-422, 2019, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i1.pp414-422.
[20] S. Fezai and J. Belhadj, “Sizing optimization of a stand-alone photovoltaic system using genetic algorithm,” 18th International
Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA), 2017, pp. 499-504, doi:
10.1109/STA.2017.8314914.
[21] Z. Mohammed, E. O. Abdelghani and T. Belkassem, “Single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter based on fuzzy Variable
Step Size P&O control,” Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Computing in Data Sciences (ICDS), 2021, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/ICDS53782.2021.9626769.
[22] M. Aidoud, C. E. Feraga, M. Bechouat, M. Sedraoui, and S. Kahla, “Development of photovoltaic cell models using fundamental
modeling approaches,” Energy Procedia, vol. 162, pp. 263-274, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.04.028.
[23] H. Bellia, R. Youcef, and M. Fatima, “A detailed modeling of photovoltaic module using MATLAB,” NRIAG Journal of Astronomy
and Geophysics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53-61, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.nrjag.2014.04.001.
[24] M. Benzaouia, B. Hajji, A. Rabhi, A. Mellit, A. Benslimane, A. M. Dubois, “Energy management strategy for an optimum control
of a standalone photovoltaic-batteries water pumping system for agriculture applications,” Springer, Singapore, vol. 681, doi:
10.1007/978-981-15-6259-4_89.
[25] L. H. Saw, K. Somasundaram, Y. Ye, and A. A. O. Tay, “Electro-thermal analysis of Lithium Iron Phosphate battery for electric
vehicles,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 249, pp. 231-238, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.10.052.
[26] N. Omar et al., “Lithium iron phosphate based battery - Assessment of the aging parameters and development of cycle life model,”
Applied Energy, vol. 113, pp. 1575-1585, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.003.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Mohammed Zerouali was born in Taourirt, Morocco on February 25, 1994. I

obtained my master's degree specializing in Renewable Energy at the OUJDA Faculty of
Science in 2017. He is currently a PhD student in Laboratory of Electronic and System –
LES, Team of Embedded Systems, Renewable Energy and Artificial Intelligence, High
School of Technology, Oujda, Morocco. His research interests include photovoltaic energy,
wind energy and the smart grid. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdelghani El Ougli received his Ph.D degree in Automation, Signals, and

Systems from the Faculty of Sciences at Dhar el Mehraz, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben
Abdellah in 2009 for his thesis titled Integration of Fuzzy Techniques in the Synthesis of
adaptive controllers. He is currently a professor at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University,
a researcher and a member of the team of the Computer Science, Signal, Automation, and
Cognitivism Laboratory (LISAC), Faculty of Science, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
University, Fez, Morocco. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Belkassem Tidhaf is currently a professor and a chef of the national school of

applied sciences' department of information technology and communication networks at
Mohammed First University Oujda, Morocco. He is a researcher and a member of the Team
of Embedded Systems, Renewable Energy and Artificial Intelligence – National School of
Applied Sciences, Mohammed First University Oujda, Morocco. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023: 384-394