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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature

and studies on the different variables of the research topic. The

synthesis is also included in this chapter.

A. LEARNING STRATEGIES

Learning strategies are defined as a set of approaches

that learners use to acquire information and knowledge, such as

taking notes, organizing information, summarizing, and coding,

according to Muelas and Navarro (2015). Learning strategies are

organized practices and methods that aim to help students process

new information in context or complete other tasks more efficiently

and effectively. Moreover, it can be used to achieve students’

goals as well as improve their learning performance.

According to Bainbridge (2015), he states, “High

achievers are those who achieve a goal.” “In school, a high achiever

would be a student who gets high marks”. This aims to find out how

the students apply learning strategies to their academic

performance. There are learning strategies used by the students,

such as note-taking, highlighting, reviewing and etc. These

strategies are the most used by the students. Applying these

learning strategies will help the students improve their academic

performance, understand and retain new information, and achieve

their goals.

Cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies,

motivational strategies, and management strategies are the four

main types of learning strategies. The first one is the cognitive

strategy, which aims to acquire and deepen the understanding of

the content within the domain studied as well as improve retrieval

and transfer of knowledge. Summarizing, using imagery for

memorization, creating mind maps, visualization, mnemonics, note-

taking, underlining key words, scanning, self-testing, and

monitoring are some examples of this. According to Alexander

(2012), students can build on previous knowledge and ideas by

developing their cognitive skills. They can approach schoolwork

with enthusiasm and confidence when they have a deeper

understanding of the material and improved learning skills.

Another type of learning strategy is the metacognitive

strategy. Metacognitive skills can be taught to students to enhance

their learning. Planning how to approach learning tasks, choosing

effective methods for completing them, monitoring comprehension,

self-questioning, meditation, reflection, awareness of strengths

and weaknesses, mnemonic aids, thinking aloud, graphic organizers,

active listening, and planning ahead are some examples of

metacognitive activities. According to Nietfeld & Shraw (2002);

Therriault, Anderson, and Thiede (2003), students are given the

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ability to reflect on their own thinking, by using metacognitive

strategies.

Motivational strategies are another type of learning

strategy. This contains the student’s perceptions and conscious

efforts to perform and feel better. Ilker and Demirhan (2013) state

that motivational strategies, comprising self-regulation

strategies and motivational beliefs, are considered to play an

important role in measuring students’ achievement. Students who

are more motivated to learn persist longer, make higher quality

efforts, learn more deeply, and perform better in classes.

Additionally, attention focusing, directing anxiety, effective

time management, reducing stress, developing interest, encouraging

internal motivation, and setting meaningful ideals are several

examples of this strategy.

The other type of learning strategy is the management

strategy, which includes goal setting, prioritization, planning,

hesitation, and ways to deal with it. It affects individuals'

capacity for better use and grants them control over their

circumstances. Strategies for learning management are a crucial

part of academic learning success. Management of learning time,

management of the study environment, effort management, peer

learning, and seeking assistance from qualified and significant

others are some of the most common strategies for managing learning

resources. According to Chen (2002), it improves the learner's

ability to deal with setbacks and failures during the learning

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process by allocating resources and effort correctly, resulting in

more successful learning in the future.

Students are the main users of learning strategies. Most

students use learning strategies because, according to Muelas and

Navarro (2015), learning strategies are deliberate actions and

methods whose goal is to help students assimilate new knowledge

contextually for more effective learning. Learning strategies aim

to develop the students' skills and abilities, which helps them

succeed and enables them to get higher achievements.

Strategies for learning can help the students to enhance

their learning. They can use their strategies to deviate from their

areas of weakness and perform at their potential. Also, students

can easily accomplish their learning tasks by applying their

learning strategies. Strategies promote flexible thinking and help

the students to know the importance of shifting their approaches

to different tasks. Similarly, Montero and Arizmendiarrieta (2017)

discovered that remedial interventions in enhancing the use of

learning strategies increased student motivation and learning

beliefs.

According to certain studies, effective learning

practices may be a reliable indicator of academic success (e.g.,

Pennequin, Sorel, Nanty, & Fontaine, 2010; Muelas & Navarro, 2015;

Pinto, Bigozzi, Vettori, & Vezzani, 2018; Tan, 2019). In addition,

learning strategies can help the students learn to maximize their

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brain's potential and improve their skills and abilities, which

may lead to academic success.

B. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Learning environment relates to the circumstances in

which students can learn, such as indoor settings and classroom

settings. The learning environment may be passive and is also

physically present in a traditional lecture setting. It is possible

for both the teacher and the student to notice, pick up on, and

decipher nonverbal cues and body language. On the other hand, it's

also possible that the learning environment will take place online

and not just in traditional classroom settings.

Kurt Lewin developed the idea of a learning environment

in 1936, which led to the creation of contemporary classroom

learning environment research in the 1960s. The idea of a learning

environment first appeared in the 1920s. It has a considerable

impact on student achievement and plays a key role in the field of

education. Hess & Smythe (2004) assert that a student's

cognitive, social, emotional, and mental health can be positively

impacted by the learning environment's ability to foster

circumstances and manage interactions. Each student is able to work

at a pace that is appropriate for their developmental stage,

allowing for more individualized training. It is advantageous to

approach education in a way that appeals to students' emotions and

enhances their sense of relevance.

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According to (Study.com, 2018), the learning environment

consists of teaching methods, learning styles, connections to

social and global issues, and the context of learning materials

and technology. Diverse study and working techniques must be

supported in the learning environment. Students' learning curves

are shaped and influenced by their learning environment. Online,

face-to-face, and hybrid learning are the three different types of

learning environments.

Online learning is a type of distant learning that mostly

entails internet-based instruction with synchronous course

delivery. With the advancement of technology, students might take

classes in a comfortable environment at home. Students who study

online can develop abilities including self-control, self-

discipline, and access to a variety of resources. If they have the

required tools, such as a computer and access to a dependable

internet connection, students can choose their own learning pace

and focus on studying in online classes (Subramaniam, 2022).

On the other hand, traditional face-to-face learning is

real-time or synchronous learning. Students and teachers can get

to know each other better through classroom learning. This enables

professors to get to know the students better, assess their skills

and shortcomings, serve as mentors, and direct pupils toward

possible careers. Moreover, in a typical classroom, students can

ask questions and directly share their opinions with the teacher,

receiving prompt responses. According to Arias et al. (2018),

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traditional face-to-face classes are still more beneficial for

learners that are not as self-sufficient and lack discipline.

Meanwhile, blended learning is any formal education

program in which a student learns at least partially online and

has some degree of control over the time, place, path, and/or pace,

according to Horn and Staker (2015). Hybrid courses or classes are

another prevalent name for blended learning settings. Blended

learning can be defined as any combination of online learning and

in-person (or traditional) settings. In the digital age, learning

may take place from any location at any time. As a result, blended

learning environments are becoming more common in educational

settings. In higher education, these learning environments are

often thought of as developing.

Synthesis

There are four different learning strategies, each of

which can facilitate learning and improve student’s critical

thinking. Cognitive strategies, enhance a learner’s ability to more

thoroughly comprehend information, transfer and apply knowledge to

new contexts, and improve retention. On the other hand,

metacognitive strategies are those that motivate students to

examine their own thinking. This understanding of how learning

occurs helps them have more influence over their own education. An

individual’s goal-related behavior is simply promoted by

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motivational strategies. Utilizing management strategies will

enable students to make better use of their resources and give them

authority over their situations. Additionally, by using these

learning strategies, students can execute and complete academic

activities to the best of their abilities. In light of this study

being undertaken, it is possible that these learning strategies

will lead students to succeed academically.

The term "learning environment" describes the conditions

under which students can learn, including indoor and classroom

settings. Online, face-to-face, and hybrid learning are the three

main types of learning environments. The learning environment of

students shapes their capacity for learning, which affects their

accomplishment and advancement. Every student’s developmental

stage is profoundly impacted, as is the field of education. During

face-to-face learning, students and teachers can become better

acquainted through classroom instruction, and the teachers can

evaluate learner’s progress. However, hybrid learning is any

situation that combines both online and face-to-face learning.

In conclusion, learning strategies are associated with

the learning environment, so it is crucial to understand in which

learning environment most students use their learning strategies

in order to determine whether doing so will help them perform

better in school.

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