(© 2014 Scholastic Education Intemational (Singapore) Private Limited A division of Scholastic nc. ‘Scholastic PRIME™ Mathematics is adapted from the Primary Mathematics Project series {8rd Ecition), originally developed by the Ministry of Education, Singapore. This edition contains new content developed by Scholastic Education Intemational (Singapore) Private Limited, which is not attributable fo the Ministry of Education, Singapore. Al ights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in arretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, of otherwise without the written permission of the publisher. First edition 2014 Reprinted 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020 ISBN 978-981-07-3301-8nae About PRIME mathematics Welcome to Scholastic PRIME" Mathematics. The program covers the five sirands of mathematics across six grades: Numbers and Operations, Measurement, Geometty, Data Analysis, and Algebra (Grades § and 6). Algebra ——" sm Geometry Numbers —— === and Operations Data Analysis Each chapter of the Coursebook comprises three parts, Lei’s Remember, Lessons, and Practice. @ Let's Remember offers an opportunity for systematic recall and assessment of prior knowledge in preparation for new learning, Each item is corefuly crafted to help check for readiness to receive new knowledge. @ Each chapter contains lessons, each focusing on a concept or on aspect of it. Conceps and skils are introduced in Let's Leam, and Let's Do provides opportunities for immediate formative assessment. In Let's Lear. concepts and skils are introduced and developed to mastery Using the cancrete-pictorial- ‘abstract approach. This proven, research-based ‘approach develops deep: conceptual understanding, Let's Do provides opportunities for formative assessment. Systematic variation of ‘sks reinforces stucients' understanding and enables teachers to check leaming and identity remediation needs, pee Practice Book links lead fo exercises in the Practice Book to further reinforce understanding of the concepts and skills learnt. Think About It develops metacognitive skis by providing opportunities for mathematical communication, reasoning and justification.ees po 8 ee Practice and Review provide opportunities for summative assessment and independent practice. 3 = The questions ore graded i. Ae cand allow for consolidation ALA of concepts and sls ; leamt within the lesson and (By omvarasonis Chapters end with a Problem Solving lesson. Word problems provide a meaningful context for students to apply mathematical knowledge. he focus is on both the strategies and the process of problem solving. Create Your Own and Mind Stretcher meartiter °———_ develop higher-order thinking skils -= and metacognitive abilly. gr ream SERA A astep process guides = students fo systematically Se sz Sekt solve problems and Attia to apply appropiate problem-solving strategies. Mathematical Modeling provides opportunities for students to model solutions to real-world problem situations. These tasks ore open-ended a, ‘nd may be inter-cisciplinary.. ———~ reneChapter 1 Rigebra Let's Remember: serena Lesson 1: Algebraic Equations: Practice 1 5 Lesson 2: ‘Froblemn Solving # Pracllce 2evrevseeeesessssssen Chapter 2 Fractions Let's Remember ; Lesson 1: Pion of Fractions by Fractions Practice 1- Lesson 2: Problem Solving Review A -- Chapter 3 Decimals Let's Remember ----01: ss sssssssssssesseeeeeeees Lesson 1: Division by2 2 igh W Whole Numbers: Practice 1° ae Lesson 2: Division of whois Numbers by Decimnets Bs Bretctices 2eaecesnmnese) reeerorsenscces Lesson 3: Ritson it Decimals by Beem Practice 3» Lesson 4: Mixed Calculations wath achans and Decimets ¥ cee 63 Practice 4 iF 68 Lesson 5: Mixed Operations on peeknats 69 Practice 5 ------ ssc 7” Lesson 6: Problem Solving «~~ fee Practice 6-~ : seseeeeceessssssssenaneerntsccenesees 7Chapter 4 Solid Shapes Let's Remember ~~ Lesson 1: Prisms and Pyramids . Practice 1 Lesson 2: Cylinders and Cones Practice 2° nm Lesson 3: Nets Praciice 3 Sete a Lesson 4: Problem Solving ~~ Chapter 5 Ratio Let's Remember" Lesson 1: Ratio and Fraction Practice 1 i Lesson 2: Ratio and Fouaien Practice 2 sess Lesson 3: Problem Solving Practice 3 a Review B Mathematical Modeling « Glossary - Problem Solving Process 7 78 86 87 90 7 95 97 ~ oP 101 Ww 112 15 116 122 126 139 141 144ember: 1. Gina has x oranges. She bought 6 more oranges. In algebra, any letter can wo @ be used to represent an | eo unknown number. x stands e for any whole number. Gina has x + 6 oranges altogether. [Bilis an algebraic expression in terms of x. 2. Agroup of 8 children bought 3 presents that cost $w each and a card that cost $2. The children shared the total cost equally. How much did each child pay? Express your answer in terms of w. Total cost of the presents and card = $(3w +2) | 3x gw = $aw Amount each child paid = $i 3. Find the value of 4y - 9 when y = 7. xm Substitute 7 for y in 9 the expression ‘4y ~ 9°. 4y-9= 4, Simplify 12m + 5-3m +7. 12m + 5-3m +7=12m-3m+5+7Lesson1 Algebraic Equations Understanding equations The scale is balanced because the number of cubes on the left is equal to the number of cubes on the right. We can show this relationship between the number of cubes on both sides of the scale in an equation, 6 + 4= 10. An equation is a mathematical sentence that shows the same value on the right side and the left side of the equal ‘=" sign. Iné+4=10, ‘6 + 4’ is on the left side of the ‘=' sign. “10' is on the right side of the ‘=" sign. The two sides of the equation have the same value. 6+n=10 and 2m -1 =5 are also equations. They have an unknown number in the equation. They are called algebraic equations. Le} 1. Which of the following are algebraic equations? Fill in the blanks with Yes or No. o) 7*#12=19 ____ b) x-5 ce) n-5=8 —____ d) éat4=16 e) 14+2y-3 ——__ f) w=24 @B) chapter: Exercise, page?Using the guess and check method to solve algebraic equations Ca=D a) Whats the value of x in the equation x + 8 = 13? | I make a guess about the value of x. I guess x= 1. When x = 1, x+8=14+8 =9 9 is not equal fo 13, so the value of x cannot be 1. 9 is smaller than 13. The value of x must be greater than 1. I guess x = 4. Whenx=4, x+8=4+8 =12 12 is not equal to 13, so the value of x cannot be 4. 121s close to 13. The value of x must be close to 4. I guess x = 5. When x = 5, X+8=54+8 =13 So, x = 5is.a solution of x +8 = 13. | When we find the value of the unknown number in an algebraic equation, we solve the equation. |yr_ b) Solve 3m-2=7. I make a guess about the value of m. I guess m = 2. Whenm=2, 3m-2=3xfl [lis not equal to 7, so the value of m cannot be 2. Ais smaller than 7. The value of m must be greater than 2. I guess m = 3. Whenm=3, 3m-2 =3x{l-2 -H-2 “A So, m = 3is a solution of 3m-2=7. c) Solve I guess p = 4. When p = 4, [lis not equal to 5, so p = 4is not a solution of tp +355, 4s smaller than 5, The value of p must be greater than 4. I guess p = 8. When p =8, yp+3= x/3 $0, p = 8is a solution of tp +3=5. 101. Solve the equation 7d ~ 4 = 24 using the guess and check method. When d = 3, 7d-4=7xK___-4 ee —— is not equal to 24, so the value of d cannot be 3. | Whend=___, 7d-4=7x -4 The value of d must _ ; be greater than 3. So, d = ___ is a solution of 7d — 4 = 24, 2. Isb=12asolution of tb +11 = 12 ao a aa Whenb=12, gb+ll=¢x__+11 Sob = 12is__ofdb+11=12 QB) Chopter |: Exercise 2, pages 8-11 | cnUsing the balance method to solve algebraic equations a) Solvex+3=10. Remove cubes so that only the unknown x is on one side of the scale. Remove 3 cubes each from both sides. The scale will still be balanced. x+3-3 = 10-3 Check: When x = 7, x a 7 x+3=743 The solution is x = 7. One My answer is correct. When the same number of cubes are removed from both sides, the scale stays balanced. x 3 — 10 x=10-3 27 12b) Solve 2g +5=11. Remove cubes so that ‘only the unknown g is on one side of the scale. Remove 5 cubes each from both sides. The scale will still be balanced. 2g +5-5 7 n-5 Divide by 2 on both sides. The scale will still be balanced. g = 3 ; My answer is correct. The solution is g = 3. 13c} Solve gn Carry out the same operations on both sides of the equation so that only the 5S In-2=3 unknown n is on one side of the equation. tn -2+2=34+2 First, add 2 to both sides of the equation. 4n x3=5x3 Then, multiply by 3 on both sides. The solution isn = 15. y Check: When n= 15, n-2=3x15-2 5-2 2 My answer is corect. 1. Solve each equation using the balance method. Fill in each Qywitn +,—,x Or a) 4-3 =21 4x-3+ =a )— _e. 4AX= Stet (ip) sae 14b) hm-7=6 im-7 yee =6C )— Ge: 1 ot nO 7m hen m 28) Chapter: Exercise 3, pages 12-15 aa Solve 2x - 10 = 10. Add 10 to the left side of the equation. 2x -10+10 Yen Who is correct? Explain why. 15 Add 10 to both sides of the equation. 2-10+1 10+10 2x = 20 Divide by 2 on both sides, &+2=20+2 x=10Practice 1 1. Which of the following is an algebraic equation? a) tp-11 b) x+2=6 c) 9k-7=20 d) St=15 e) 8m-5 ff txt 4=10 2. a) Isp =1asolution ofp + 4=8? b) Isp =2asolution of p + 4=8? ¢) Solve p + 4=8using the guess and check method. 3. a) Isy=8asolution of éy-5=31? b)_ Isy=7 asolution of 6y—5 = 31? c) Solve 6y-5=31 using the guess and check method. 4. a) Isk=21 asolution of $k -3 = 2? b) Isk=28 asolution of Lk-3=2? c) Solve tk ~3 = 2using the guess and check method. 5. Solve each equation using the balance method. a) x+7=14 b) y+22=22 c) k-4=0 d) m-3=10 e) 6n=30 f) 2q+3=9 g) 12t-11=25 h) 7n-6=36 flee eel = i) 7233 i) ypat18=20 1 = 156 kK) gx-1=0 ) yp-557Lesson 2 Problem Sol Word problems Jean bought x stickers. After her friend gave her 3 more stickers, she had 26 stickers altogether. How many stickers did Jean buy? Understand the problem. 2 Plan what to do. Work out the Answer. Check Did you answer the question? Is your answer correct? How many stickers did Jean have altogether? How many stickers did her friend give her? What do | have to find? I can form an equation in terms of x to solve the problem. x+3=26 X+3-3=26-3 x= 23 Jean bought 23 stickers. X= 26-3 =23 23+3=26 Jean had 26 stickers altogether. My answer is correct. 17P= 1. Mr. Lee had a box containing n plates. He dropped the box accidentally and broke 6 plates. There were 14 unbroken plates left in the box. How many plates were there in the box at first? First, form on equation in terms of n. Then, solve the equation to find the number of plates. Ella bought 3 sketchpads and 1 paintbrush at a shop. The paintbrush cost $2 and each sketchpad cost §m. If she paid $11, how much did each sketchpad cost? $m. ) od 63 1.5 7.3 4 375 e) 1 q9*8 Solve the word problems. Show your work clearly. 2. Shelly colors $ of a paper plate blue. She cuts the blue part into a number of pieces such that each piece is + of the whole plate. Find the number of blue pieces Shelly has, 3. Arectangular piece of wrapping paper has an area of 3 square meter. If the width of the paper is 3 meter, what is the length of the paper? 4. meter of a riobon is needed to make a decorative bow. What is the greatest number of bows that can be made trom Z meter of ribbon? 5. What is the Sa number of iter containers that are needed to hold + iter of panae juice?Lesson 2 Problem Solving Mind stretcher Let's Learn Cees. D° B14 A,B, C and D represent different whole numbers. Each number is greater than 1 but smaller than 10. The only factors of each number are 1 and the number itself. A < B and C u Nilo io % Nia ain a zg So,A=2,B=5,C=3andD=7. A=2,B=5,C=3andD=7, Each number is greater than 1 but smaller than 10. ql ASB eS C 32 =6+30 .2 My answer should be about 0.2. 0.181 32)5.800 0 58 32 260 256 a0 0.181 is J when rounded to 2 decimal places. 8 So, 0.58 + 3.2 ~ fi. 57 a1>Te) 1. Divide. Express your answer correct to 2 decimal places. a) 1.56+0.5=15.6+5 b) 087+ 4.2=8.7 +42 QB) Chapter 3: Exercise 6, pages 59-60 Divide 15.58 by 7.6. 15.58 + 7.6= 155.8 +76 Is Sam correct? Explain why. 58Dividing decimals with two decimal places by decimals with two decimal places Sa 1 3 ) b) Divide 1.75 by 0.25. 1.75 +0.25 = 175+25 Multiply 1.75 and 0.25 by 100. 0.25 x 100 = 25 Estimate: 1.75 x 100 = 175 175 +25 = 180+30 My answer should be about 6. Z 25/175 174 0 So, 1.75 +0.25=7. Divide 0.88 by 0.64. Express your answer correct to 2 decimal places. 0.88 + 0.64 = 88 + 64 Multiply 0.88 and 0.64 by 100. 0.64 x 100 = 64 Estimate: 0.88 x 100 = 88 88+ 64 ~90+60 =15 My answer should be about 1.5. 1.375 is [J when rounded to 2 decimal places. So, 0.88 + 0.64 = [i 59: 1. Divide. a) 2.25+0.75=__+75 0.75 x 100 =75 are 2.25 x 100 = 225 b) 0.69 +0.46= 2. Divide 10.35 by 0.78. 2 decimal places. 10.35 + 0.78 = —____ + QA) chapter: bret 7, page 61 60a= Solving word problems | 41.53 liters of cooking oil are poured into bottles of 2.2 liters each. How many bottles are filled with oil completely? FEY 41.53 + 2.2= 415.3 + 22 = 189 My ans\ has to be 18 bottles are filled with oil completely. pe ce a whole number. 415.3 + 22 = 400 +20 =20 My answer is close to the estimate. Its reasonable. 1. Mr. Das paid $36.48 fo fill up his car tank with gasoline. If each liter of gasoline cost $0.95, how many liters of gasoline did he buy? 36.48 + 0.95 = __+95 He bought __ liters of gasoline. 95 So My answer is close to the estimate. | itis reasonable. | AB) chapter 3: Eerie 8, page 62 61Practice 3 1, Divide. a) 08+04 b) 0740.2 c) 09405 d) 3.1213 e) 274704 f) 832432 Divide. Express your answer correct to 2 decimal places. a) 0.76 +0.34 b) 0.29 + 0.83 c) 3.21 40.56 d) 8.07 +0.49 Estimate and then divide. Express your answer correct to 2 decimal places. a) 83+09 b) 4.65708 c) 6.05+0.07 d) 5.12+0.58 e) 236+ 2.7 f) 74.28+9.3 Solve the word problems. Show your work clearly. 4, A wooden plank 3.35 meters long is cut into smaller pieces. If each piece is 0.67 meter long, how many such pieces are there? Roger paid $26.56 for some paint. If each liter of paint cost $3.20, how many liters of paint did he buy? Mrs. Murray bought 13.05 kilograms of blueberries. If she used 0.12 kilogram of blueberries to make one pie, how many pies could she make? 62Lesson 4 Mixed Calculations with Fra and Decimals Adding fractions and decimals a) Add + and 0.34. a i = Te 25 ES 4103450254034 b= 73 0.25 = 0.59 Estimate: 0.25 + 0.34 =0.3+0.3 =06 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. b) Add 1.96. and 24. First, express 24 as 2.2. Then, add 1.96 and 2.2. Estimate: 1.96422=2+2 =4 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. 63pry 1. Add. Express your answer as a decimal. a) $4042 __+__ b) 3.044 13=___+___ Subtracting fractions and decimals a) Subtract 0.47 from 3 3 ~0.47 = 0.75 -0.47 First, express 2 as 0.75. = 0.28 Then, subtract 0.47 from 0.75. Estimate: 0.75-0.47 =0.8-0.5 =03 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. b) Subtract i from 5.18. ieee 1 Ne =l+ 7 First, express gas 1,28. =1+0.25 Then, subtract 1.25 from 5.18. =1,25 5.18- 14 = 5.18- 1.25 =3.93 Estimate: §.18-1.25=5-1 =4 My answer is close to the estimate. Itis reasonable. 641. Subtract. Express your answer as a decimal. 7 BE ~—— _ b} 4q5-2.86=__-____ 2B) chop 3: Eerie 9, page 63 Multiplying fractions and decimals 2) Multiply i by 0.6. 1, £8 i eee i 6 qx0b= x45 Fist, express 0.6 as eee i * Then, multiply 3 by +5. $x06=05%06 Fist, express + a8 0.5. | ce Then, multiply 0.5 by 0.6. | ° & Ml ale 65Se b) Multiply 3.7 by 24. 1 Pe a 1 sg 27-247 First, express 27 as 2.25. =2+0.25 Then, multiply 3.7 by 2.25. = 2.25 3.7 x24=37 «225 = 8,325 Estimate: 3.7.x 2.25 ~4x2 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable 1. Multiply. 4 a) 4x04 Itis easier to multiply by changing 0.9 into a fraction. F Yen Is Yen correct? Explain why. 66Dividing fractions and decimals aed 9) Divide = by 0.9. B gras a2 ES 09= 75475 Express 0.9 as +5. V 1 4, ye % ol —3 fa 3 b) Divide 4.65 by 5. 3 lige +3. des ge Express 7 as 0.75. 0.75 x 100 = 75 = 46575 4.65 x 100 = 465 Estimate: 465 + 75 = 480 + 80 =6 My answer should be about 6, 6.2 75)46 5.0 450 150 150 0 4.65 3 =62 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. 671. Divide. a) 4+042___+___ b) 3.654¢{=__+__ c) (9B) Chapter 9 Eerie 10, page 64 Practice 4 1. Add. a) 06+ b) $42.25 c) 4.06 +22 d) 2243.15 2. Subtract. 1 1 a) 14-4 b) 3f-04 2 1 c) 52-367 a) 48-14 3. Multiply. 1 5 a) $x06 b) x08 3 4 c) 28x55 d) 14x39 4. Divide. 2 23 a) 2+02 b) 06+3 23 pace c) 483 a) 4+05 68= Lesson 5 Mixed Operations on Decimals Mixed operations Roy a) Find the value of 1.38 + 0.94 x 62.5. 1.38 + 0.94 x 62.5 First, 1.38 + 0.94 x 62.5 1.38 + 58.75 60.13 Then, 1.38+ 58.7! eT 60.13 Estimate: 1.38 + 0.94 x 62.5=1+1%60 +60 =61 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. b) Find the value of 91.2 — 50.88 + 0.64. 91.2 —50.88 + 0.64 First, 91.2 — 50.88 + 0.64 1,.2-79.5 V7 Then, 91.2- 79.5 17 Estimate: 91.2— 50.88 + 0.64 ~ 90- 48+ 0.6 = 90-80 =10 My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. 69c) Find the value of 6.5 x 1.01 - 9.216 + 3.2. 6.5x 1.01 -9.216 + 3.2 First, 6.5 x 1.01- 9.216 + 3.2 565 - 9.216 + 3.2 Then, 6.565 -9.216 + 3.2 565- Ei - Lastly, 6.565- 2.88 Estimate: 65x 1.01 -9.216+3.2=7x1-9=3 -94+3 -3 My answer is close to the estimate. Itis reasonable. 1. Find the value of each of the following. a) 214+43x5.6= _+#_ b) 198-34202=___(_ ) ___ c) 9.48 + 10.27 - 2.86 x 0.3 ge AB) copier 3: Erercise page 65 70Mixed operations with parentheses Let's Learn Find the value of 5.6 x 2.3 + (5.06 — 4.1). Express your answer correct to 2 decimal places. 5.6 x 2.3 + (5.06 — 4.1) First, 5.6 x 2.3 + (5.06 - 4.1) .6 X 2.3 + 0.96 2.88 + 0.96 Then, 5.6x2.3+ 0.96 Lastly, 1288+ 0.96 Estimate: 5.6x2.3 + (5.06 - 4,1) = 6x 2+ (5-4) | x24] My answer is close to the estimate. It is reasonable. 1. Find the value of 7.5 x (3.98 + 1.64) + 0.15. 7.5 x (3.98 + 1.64) + 0.15 eee Oo Practice 5 1. Find the value of each of the following. Express your answer correct to 2 decimal places. BY chapter: Exerse 12, page 66 a) 9.48 + 10.27-2.86 b) 2.32+5.6-43 c) 11.04-2.61 43.56 d) 9.89-3.45 + 1.28 e) 21x43+56 f) 4.225.643 g) 9.8+0.25x0.6 h) 7.18x 2344.5 i) (2.1443) x06 i) 6.784 (7.15 x 2.1)-8.75 k) (18.09 -2.3 I) (8.85 x 3.3) - (5.45 = 0.25) |Lesson6 Problem Solving Word problems Se lo) Roger mixed 2.95 liters of blue paint with 3.05 liters of yellow paint to make green paint. Then he filled 0.85-liter cans with the green paint. a) How many cans could he fill completely with green paint? b) How many liters of green paint were left? Understand the problem. How many liters of blue paint and yellow paint were there? What was the capacity of each can? Plan what to do. 7 First, find the amount of green paint Roger had. Then, divide the amount by the capacity of each can. Work out the a) 2.95+3.05=6 Answer. There were 6 liters of green paint. 6+0.85=7.1 Roger could fill 7 cans with green paint completely. b) 7x 0.85=5.95 7 cans contained 5.95 liters of green paint. 6-5.95 = 0.05 0.05 liter of green paint was left. 72ey] Check Did you answer 2297309 n ae 8 the question? ae \s your answer 60.85 = 600 +85 reasonable? = 630+ 90 : BY My answers are close to the estimates. _ They are reasonable. Do 1. Sanjay saved $10.40 in February and $6.85 in March. He used the savings to buy some pencils. a} If each pencil cost $0.19, how many pencils could he buy? b) How much money had he left after buying the pencils? a) $C) gee ge Sanjay saved $___altogether. He could buy ____ pencils. ieee (ge ected gue The pencils cost $______ altogether. cS UTILS) HEUTE ULE He had $_______left after buying the pencils. 2B) chapter 3: Exercise 18, pages 67-48 73Practice 6 Solve the word problems. Show your work clearly. 1. Mrs. Lee bought 4.8 kilograms of flour to make bread. she used $ of the flour to make 15 loaves of bread. a) How many kilograms of flour did she use to make one loaf of bread? b) How many kilograms of flour did she have left? 2. Every day, Jordan spends $2.50 on lunch and pays $0.75 for the bus fare to school. Q) If he walks to school instead, how much will he save in 35 days? b) How much does he spend on lunch and bus fare in 28 days? 3. The length of a rectangle is 0.85 meter. a) Ifthe area of the rectangle is 1.53 square meters, find its breadth. b) Each side of a square is as long as the breadth of the rectangle. Find the difference in area between the square and the rectangle. 4, Eva bought a board game at $27.95 and a video game at $48.90 before sales tax. If the sales tax was 5%, find the total amount she paid. Express your answer to the nearest 10 cents. 5. The total mass of 25 apples is 3.75 kilograms. The mass of a watermelon is 15.8 times the average mass of an apple. If all the apples have the same mass, find the total mass of one apple and the watermelon. 74Mind stretcher ey What digit is in the 21st decimal place of the quotient of 0.1 + 0.7? Learn Understand » the problem. What is the value of 0.1 + 0.7? How many decimal places does the quotient have? Plan what to do. | 2 | divide 0.1 by 0.7 and look for a | pattern in the digits of the quotient. | Work out the 0.1407=127 oer 0.1428 571.. 7J1.0000000 | 0 10 7 30 28 20 14 60 56 40 35 50 49 10 7 3 | have a remainder of 3 again. If | continue to divide, | will get repeating digits in the quotient. 75r= Check Did you answer the question? Is your answer correct? The digits in the quotient repeat after every 6 decimal places. 0.142857 Hceraai py ey, a i t 1 First 7thto 12th 13thto 18th 19th 20th — 21st 6 places places places place place place 7 | 4 2 The digit in the 21st decimal place of the quotient of 0.1 + 0.7 is 2. The digits repeat after every 6 decimal places. 21+ In 21 decimal places, there are 3 sets of repeating digits and 3 remaining digits. The remainder 3 shows that the 21st decimal place is the third digit in the set of repeating digits. The digit is 2. My answer is correct. 76Solid Shapes % a Baxter A cube and a cuboid have 6 faces, [lJ edges and [i vertices each. a : vertex edge i] cube cuboid 2. Accylinder has 2 faces and 1 curved surface. cylinder 3. Acone has 1 face and 1 curved surface. coneLesson1 Prisms and Pyramids Identifying different types of prisms A prismis a solid shape with two parallel identical faces Joined by rectangular faces. A rectangular prism 7 is also a. cuboid. parallel rectangular faces rectangular base rectangular prism A rectangular prism has 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices. The two rectangular faces that are parallel to each other are of the same size. The solids below are also prisms. parallel triangular parallel faces pentagonal parallel hexagonal faces faces base base triangular prism pentagonal prism hexagonal prism ‘A pentagon is a shape with 5 sides. A hexagon is a shape with 6 sides. 78ceca ioasaacaeseee Number of Prism T- = - = z sides of base edges The number of faces of a prism is 2 more than the number of sides of its base. The number of vertices of a prism is {lj times the number of sides of its base. The number of edges of a prism is fill times the number of sides of its base. 1. Identify the solid that is not a prism. A B c D 2. Look at the solid below. a) The shape of the two parallel faces of the solid is a The solid isa____prism. b) The solid has ____ faces, vertices and _______ edges. 79Understanding cross sections of prisms sy a) b) Cut a triangular prism parallel to the triangular faces to get a cross section of the prism. ~vw cross section The cross section is a triangle with the same shape and size as the two parallel triangular faces of the prism. Cut the triangular prism parallel to the KA triangular faces at a different position. Sl We get another triangle that is identical ad in shape and size to the first cross section. We say that the triangular prism has a uniform cross section. Cut a pentagonal prism parallel to the pentagonal faces at two different positions. cross sections The cross sections are identical in shape and size to the parallel pentagonal faces of the prism. The pentagonal prism has a uniform cross section. the two parallel faces, the cross sections are faces of the prism. 80 -@@- When we cut a prism in the same direction as Q ? e always the same shape and size as the parallel1. Match the cross section with the correct prism. Identifying different types of pyramids A pyramid has a base and three or more triangular faces that meet at a common vertex. The base of a pyramid can be any shape. Qe vertex. Pn) triangular face square base square pyramid A square pyramid has 1 square face, 4 triangular faces, 8 edges and 5 vertices. The base of this pyramid is a square and the 4 triangular faces have a common vertex. 81The solids below are also pyramids. triangular base pentagonal base triangular pentagonal pyramid pyramid rectangular base hexagonal base rectangular hexagonal pyramid pyramid Number of Pyramid sides of triangular faces with base a common vertex ae edges Triangular 3 3 4 ‘6 Square 4 4 5 8 Rectangular 4 & a p Pentagonal |_| a a ae Hexagonal a a a a] The number of sides of the base of a pyramid is the same as the number of triangular faces with a common vertex. The number of vertices of a pyramid is lJ more than the number of sides of its base. The number of edges of a pyramid is fill times the number of sides of its base. 821. Circle the pyramids. = « e« i? 2. A pentagonal pyramid is shown below. a) The base of the pyramid has ____ sides. b) The pyramid has ____ triangular faces. 83Understanding cross sections of pyramids a) Cut arectangular pyramid parallel to the base at two different positions. sS = - cross sections The two cross sections are of the same shape but of different sizes. So, the rectangular pyramid does not have a uniform cross section. b) Cuta hexagonal pyramid parallel to the base at two different positions. A - @ S Cia cross sections The two cross sections are of the same shape but of different sizes. So, the hexagonal pyramid does not have a uniform cross section. The cross sections parallel to the base of any pyramid will have the same shape as the base but they will not have the same size.—" 1. A triangular pyramid is cut parallel to the base at two different positions. et's Do a) Circle the shapes that show the cross sections. » . Mt 4 b)_ The sizes of the two cross sections are : B) chopor 4: Exorses-2, pages 69-73 The solid has triangular faces. It is a pyramid. y = 's Yen correct? Explain why.—_ Practice 1 1. Name each solid. a) ¢) 2. Look at the solids below. a) b) c) d) a ¢ « @ mw 4 rectangular prism hexagonal pyramid How many faces does each solid have? How many edges does each solid have? How many vertices does each solid have? Which solid has a uniform cross section when it is cut parallel to the base? The shape of the cross section of one of the solids above is a hexagon. Name the solid. 86Lesson 2 Cylinders and Cones Understanding cylinders and cones a) Accylinder has two identical circular flat faces that are parallel and a curved surface. A cylinder has no edges or vertices. eG curved surface When a cylinder is cut parallel to the circular faces at two different positions, the two cross sections are of the same shape and size. | (mee => oe cross sections The cylinder has a uniform cross section. A cone has one circular flat face (or base) and a curved surface. It has one vertex and no edges. ‘vertex curved surface base 87When a cone is cut parallel to the base at two different positions, the two cross sections are of the same shape but of different sizes. a fa -0@ cross sections The cone does not have a uniform cross section. 1. Circle the cones. ae 5 < 2. The cross sections made by cutting a cylinder and a cone at two different positions are shown below. Identify each solid. a) * The solid is aq —_________.. b) ee - The solid is q —______.Understanding solids of revolution a) Arectangle is attached to a stick and spun around quickly as shown below. 8 & Ea —_> ~ axis of revolution The stick is the axis of revolution. A cylindrical shape is formed when the rectangle revolves around this axis. ry We say that a cylinder is a solid of revolution. ae b) Aright triangle is attached to a stick and spun around quickly as shown below. 4- A-4 revolution The triangle revolves around the axis of revolution. A conical shape is formed when the triangle revolves around this axis. A cone is another solid of revolution. 89ites 1. Circle the correct solid of revolution that is formed when the figure is revolved around the axis. \ axis BB) Chopler 4: Ererise 3, pages 74-75 Practice 2 1. Name each solid. a) | b) 2. Name each solid. Number of Solid vertices faces curved surfaces A 0 2 1 B 5 5 0 e 4 4 0 3. Which solid of revolution is formed when the figure is revolved around the axis? a) b) axis axisForming solid figures re) Unfold a cubic box and lay it flat. We will get a net of the cube. “s-6 net of the cube A cube has 6 square faces. Anet of the cube will also have 6 squares. Anetis a figure that can be folded to make a sol These are two more nets of a cube. meh See1. Trace and cut out each net of a cube on a piece of paper. Fold each net into a cube. auP Age Net 1 Net2 Identifying nets of a cuboid, a prism and a pyramid @° a >< net of the cuboid A cuboid has 6 rectangular faces. Anet of the cuboid will also have 6 rectangles. 92b) net of the prism A triangular prism has 3 rectangular faces and 2 triangular faces. Anet of the triangular prism will also have 3 rectangles and 2 triangles. c) net of the pyramid A square pyramid has 4 triangular faces and 1 square face. Anet of the square pyramid will also have 4 triangles and 1 square. 93Trace and cut out each figure on a piece of paper. Fold each figure to find out which of them are nets of solids. =) eee Poe Be 4 Circle the correct net of each solid. * yy -y) BB) chopter 4: brrcise 4, pages 76-78 a) b)LEE TE This is a net of a pentagonal prism because there are two pentagons in the figure. “ paises ahs Yen Who is correct? Explain why. Practice 3 “No, thisis not anet of a pentagonal prism. The figure should have S rectangles it | 4rectangles. 1. Identify the figure(s) that is a net of the cuboid. jenn 95 instead of es— Look at the nets below. aq) b) c) dq) e) Which figure is a net of a triangular pyramid? Which figure is a net of a cube? Which figure is a net of a hexagonal prism? Which figure is a net of a cuboid? Which figure is a net of a square pyramid? %| Lesson 4 Problem Solving Mind stretcher A cube has different pictures on its faces. The figure below shows a net of the cube. Sylvia folds the net to form the cube. The front view of the cube is shown below. a Then she turns the cube to the right once. What picture will she see from the top of the cube? Understand = fhe crcbem. What are the pictures on each face of the cube? How does Sylvia turn the cube? Which picture is seen on the front? 2 Plan what fo do. Con aet if eut to solve the problem. First, | fold the net to form the cube. Then, | turn the cube to the right once. 97Work out the Answer. Check Did you answer the question? Is your answer correct? Fold the net to form the cube. Then turn the cube to the right once. turn o™ -§-2 Sylvia will see Bg rom the top of the cube. hs] The picture on the left is lf When the cube is turned to the right once, a will be seen from the top. My answer is correct. 98Eee eee The ratio of the number of bananas to the number of apples is 3: 4. The ratio of the number of oranges to the number of bananas is i: il. The ratio of the number of bananas to the number of apples to the number of oranges is 3: 4: 5. The ratio of the number of apples to the number of bananas to the number of oranges is [ill : Mi : Il. O00. 0.0.0.0. ©.0.0.0. eeee eeee eee @eee The ratio of the number of pears to the number of mangoes is 3: 4. The ratio of the number of apples to the number of pears to the number of mangoes is [ill : I : I. 99. There are 35 red caps and 45 white caps. a) Whats the ratio of the number of red caps to the number of white caps? 35:45= El fic Write 35 : 45 in its simplest form. The ratio of the number of red caps to the number of white caps is fill : Ml. b) Whats the ratio of the number of red caps to the number of white caps to the total number of caps? Total number of caps = 35 + 45 0 35:45:80= fl: i: The ratio of the number of red caps to the number of white caps to the total number of caps is i: Ml: H. The ratio of the length to the breadth of a rectangle is 3:2. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 200 centimeters. find its length. ? es 200 em Perimeter = 200 cm Perimeter = 2x Length + 2 Breadth — 10 units + 200 cm 1 unit > 200+ 10 = ficm Wionits > ix -Bicm Its length is lj centimeters. 100Lesson1 Ratio and Fraction Relating ratios and fractions of two quantities a) Susan and Mary bought a present which cost $50. Susan paid $30 for the present and Mary paid $20, We can show how Susan and Mary shared the cost using the bar model below. $50 =e susan’s share is 3 units. Sy a Mary's share is 2 units. —sSusanSshare ManyYshare WECICh units $10; Susan's share Mary's share Another way to show how Susan and Mary shared the cost is shown below. J unit —— Mary The ratio of Susan's share to the total cost is 3: 5. , _3 Total cost=3 +2 Susan's share is 5 of the total cost. = 5 units The ratio of Mary's share to the total cost is 2: 5. Mary's share is 2 of the total cost. 101eo b) 1 unit — The ratio of Susan's share to Mary's share is 3: 2. 3, Susann’s share is $ of Mary's share. $is the same as 3:2. The ratio of Mary’s share to Susan's share is 2 : 3. Mary's share is 2 of Susan’s share. Malcolm saved $420 and Sidat saved $350. First, write the ratio 420 : 350 as a fraction. Then, express the fraction in its simplest form. 420 _ 6 350° 5 Sidat Malcolm's savings is = Sof Sidat's savings. The ratio of Mallon 's savings to Sidat's savings is 6:5. Sidat's savings is | of Malcolm's savings. The ratio of Sidat's savings to Malcoim’s savings is [ill : I. 102lL py The length of Rope A is 2 meters and the length of Rope B is 5 meters. 1 unit — a) b) c) dq) e) {) Ina a) c) dq) The ratio of the length of Rope A to the length of Repe B,__.2___., The ratio of the length of Rope A to the total length of Rope A and Rope B is__: ____. The length of Rope A is ______ ff the total length. The length of Rope B is _____ of the total length. The length of Rope A is _____ of the length of Rope B. The length of Rope B is _____ of the length of Rope A. school, there are 600 girls and 480 boys. Express the number of girls as a fraction of the number of boys. o_O 480, O The number of girls is ______ of the number of boys. The ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys {| pusnaaag aaaaner Express the number of boys as a fraction of the number of girls. The number of boys is ____ of the number of girls. The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls 2B) chapter 5: Exercise I, page 79 iseFinding the number of times one quantity is as large as another given their ratio The heights of Peter, John and Henry are in the ratio 2:3: 6. oa John Ba Peter's height is 2 units and Henry's height is 6 units. The ratio of Peter's height to Henry's height is 2: 6= 1:3. Peter's height is + of Henry's height. 2 Henry's height is 3 of Peter's height. So, Henry is 3 times as tall as Peter. John's height is 3 units and Henry's height is 6 units. The ratio of John's height to Henry's height is 3: 6 = 1: 2. John’s height is i of Henry's height. Henry's height i So, Henry is Ml imes as tall as John. of John's height. Total number of units =2+3+6 =11 The ratio of Peter's height to their total height is 2:11 Peter's height is +, 2 of their total height. The ratio of John’s height to their total height is 3:11 John’s height is [ilj of their total height. The ratio of Henry's height to their total height is fill: ll. Henry's height is fll of their total height. 1041. The ratio of the number of roses to the number of orchids to the number of tulips in a garden is 2:1: 5. orchids [I a) The ratio of the number of orchids to the number of yOses Is eee b) The number of orchids is ____ of the number of roses. c) The number of roses is _____ times the number ‘of orchids. d) The ratio of the number of tulips to the number of orchids is ___: __. e) The number of orchids is _____ of the number of tulips. f] The number of tulips is ___ times the number of orchids. Q) The ratio of the number of roses to the total number of flowers is —__: ___=___:__. | h) The number of roses is ______ of the total number of flowers. i) The total number of flowers is ______ times the number of roses. BR) chapter 5: teres 2-3, pages 60-82 105Solving word problems eri The number of boys is 3 of the number of girls in a school band. a) b} What is the ratio of the number of boys to the total number of children? sa Total number of units = 3+ 5 =8 The ratio of the number of boys to the total number of children is 3 : [ill If there are 120 children altogether, how many boys are there? 8 units > 120 lunit > 120+ = 3units > 3x f= — There are ij boys. The number of boys is iz of the total number of children. x 120= a a There are [fj boys. 106