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What came up in 2023

Paper 1
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Section A – Concepts & Skills

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Q1 Algebra (modulus)

Algebra (manipulating formulae)

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Algebra (factorisation of polynomials)

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Q2 Algebra (minimum and maximum points of quadratic graphs)

Sequences and series (limits)

Functions and graphs (transformations)

Q3 Proofs (that is irrational)

Logs and indices

Q4 Complex numbers (De Moivre’s theorem)

Algebra (forming equation from given roots)

Complex numbers (Argand diagram)

:
 Complex numbers (complex conjugates)

Functions and graphs (transformations)

Q5 Differentiation

Functions (composite functions)

Functions (injective/surjective/bijective)

Q6 Algebra

Functions and graphs

Integration

Section B – Contexts and Applications

Q7 Functions

Differentiation

Integration

Speed calculations ()

Q8 Financial maths

Probability (expected value)

Price calculations (cost price, selling price, profit)

Q9 Permutations and combinations

Functions and graphs

Differentiation (tangents)

Geometry (area of a triangle)

Q10 Area and volume

:
 Sequences and series

Integration

Differentiation (related rates of change)

Paper 2

Section A – Concepts & Skills

Q1 Probability (special cases of Bernoulli trials)

Probability (expected values)

Q2 Trigonometric proofs ()

Trigonometric equations

Q3 Coordinate geometry (area of a triangle)

Coordinate geometry (midpoint)

Coordinate geometry (perpendicular bisectors)

Q4 Circles

Perpendicular distance

Q5 Statistics

Basic area and volume concepts

Q6 Geometry

Section B – Contexts and Applications

Q7 Trigonometry

Trigonometric graphs
:
 Differentiation

Q8 Statistics

Statistics (hypothesis testing)

Probability

Probability (tree diagrams)

Q9 Area and volume

Geometry

Trigonometry

Circles

Q10 Geometry (similar triangles)

Area and volume

Area and volume (constructing a net)

Permutations and combinations

What came up in 2022

Paper 1

Section A – Concepts & Skills

Q1 Roots of quadratic equations

Q2 Integration

Simultaneous equations

Q3 Imaginary numbers

Circles
:
 De Moivre’s theorem

Q4 Sequences and series

Rules of indices

Logs

Q5 Differentiation

Factorising cubic functions

Q6 Differentiation from first principles

Differentiation – rates of change

Section B – Contexts & Applications

Q7 Differentiation

Q8 Trigonometric functions

Integration

Q9 Logs

Sequences and series

Q10 Logs

Differentiation

Paper 2

Section A – Concepts & Skills

Q1 Probability – independent/not independent

Q2 Co-ordinate geometry – dividing a line in a given ratio

Finding where a line cuts the y-axis

Finding the slope of a line given the angle it forms with

another line

Q3 Equation of a circle

Tangent to a circle

Q4 Trigonometric proofs
:
 Triangles – sine/cosine rule

Q5 Statistics – sample proportion, margin of error,

confidence intervals
Testing a hypothesis

Q6 Constructing the circumcentre of a triangle

Triangles

Section B – Contexts & Applications

Q7 Volume

Arc/radius
Similar triangles

Trigonometry

Q8 Scatterplot

Line of best fit

Correlation coefficient

Mean/median
Expected value

Q9 Triangles

Q10 Normal distribution

Z-scores
Probability

What came up in 2021

Paper 1

Section A – Concepts & Skills

Q1 Division of complex numbers

Square roots of complex numbers

De Moivre’s theorem

Q2 Modulus
:
 Roots of cubic functions

Q3 Volume

Multiplication of surds

Roots of quadratic functions

Logs and indices

Q4 Proof by induction

Arithmetic sequences

Q5 Differentiation

Co-ordinate geometry of the line

Q6 Quadratic functions

Differentiation

Section B – Contexts & Applications

Q7 Sequences and series

Trigonometry

Q8 Cubic functions

Differentiation

Integration

Q9 Indices and logs

Differentiation

Q10 Functions
:
 Differentiation

Trigonometry

Volume

Paper 2

Section A – Concepts & Skills

Q1 Probability

Q2 Co-ordinate geometry of the line – point on the line given

the equation of the line

Perpendicular distance of a point from a line

Distance between two points

Similar triangles

Q3 Finding the radius of a circle

Circles that touch externally

Q4 Trigonometric proofs

Trigonometric equations

Q5 Volume of a cone

Volume of a sphere

Distance, velocity, time

Q6 Proof – if two triangles are similar, the lengths of their

sides are proportional in order

Co-ordinate geometry of the line – axioms and

corollaries
:
 Section B – Contexts & Applications

Q7 Trigonometry

Distance, velocity, time

Area of a triangle

Perpendicular distance from a point to a line

Q8 Normal distribution

Z-scores

P-tests

Probability – Bernoulli trials

Q9 Trigonometry

Distance, velocity, time

Trigonometric functions

Q10 Probability

Bernoulli trials

Z-scores

Expected value

What came up in 2020

Paper 1

2020

Section A – Concepts
:
 & Skills

Q1 Functions – long division

Roots of a function/finding missing terms of a function

Functions with imaginary roots

Modulus

Q2 Complex numbers – simultaneous equations

Complex numbers/sequences and series – finding common ratio of a geometric sequence

(dividing complex numbers)

De Moivre’s Theorem

Q3 Composite functions

Logs

Q4 Differentiation – first derivative

Functions – where a line intersects a curve

Differentiation – finding the point of inflection

Q5 Financial maths – amortisation formula to find monthly payment

Financial maths – present value and total mortgage owed

Q6 Differentiation from first principles

Differentiation of an equation containing the natural log

Integration

Section B – Contexts &

Applications
:
 Q7 Sequences and series – completing the sequence

Substituting into the formula for a sequence

Algebraic fractions

Simplifying algebraic expressions

Algebra – solving for n

Substitution into a formula

Proof by induction

Q8 Trigonometry – trigonometric identities

Area

Differentiation to find maximum area

Differentiation – rates of change

Q9 Substitution into a formula involving indices

Logs

Integration – average value

Differentiation

Differentiation/inequality

Algebra/ logs

Paper 2

2020

Section A – Concepts
& Skills

Q1 Equation of a line given two points on the line

:
 Perpendicular distance from a point to a line

Finding the slope of a line given the angle it makes with the x-axis

Angle between two lines

Q2 Finding the centre and radius of a circle

Distance between two points

Trigonometry

Circles with centres on the axes

Finding the equation of a circle given the radius and a point on the circle

Q3 Trigonometry

Sine rule

Area of a circle

Ratios

Q4 Trigonometry – solving trigonometric equations

Area of a sector

Area of a triangle

Q5 Conditional probability

Independent events

Probability of an outcome in a game

Q6 Probability

Bernoulli trials

Section B – Contexts &

:
 Applications

Q7 Pythagoras’ Theorem

Surface area of a cone

Sectors

Volume of a cone

Flow rate – cross sectional area multiplied by rate

Q8 Statistics

Z-scores

95% confidence interval

Sample proportion

Hypothesis testing

Measures of spread and central tendency

Q9 Trigonometry

Functions

Pythagoras’ Theorem

Differentiation – minimum value

What came up in 2019

Paper 1

2019

Section A – Concepts &

Skills
:
 Q1 1. Algebra – undetermined coefficients

2. Algebraic fractions

Q2
1. Algebra – Plotting a linear graph given the equation/ substitution

2. Proof by induction

Q3
1. Factorising by grouping

2. Substitution

3. Differentiation

Q4
1. Integration

2. Finding the equation of a function from a graph/ integration/

solving a cubic function

Q5
1. Complex numbers – cubic equations

2. Writing complex numbers in polar forms/ De Moivre’s Theorem

Q6
1. Algebra – irrational equations/ surds/ Statistics – mean, median

2. Proof by contradiction

Section B – Contexts &

Applications

Q7
1. Sequences and series – geometric progressions/ finite series

2. Geometric progressions/ limits of a series

Q8
1. Trigonometric functions

2. Trigonometric functions

3. Differentiation of trigonometric functions

4. Differentiation – show a function is increasing

5. Differentiation – minimum point, point of inflection

:
 Q9
1. Perimeter/ The Circle/ Algebra

2. Algebra/ Graphing a linear function/ Finding the slope of the graph/

Interpreting the slope

3. Algebra/ Functions/ Area/ Differentiation of a function/ Maximum

point of a function

Paper 2

2019

Section A – Concepts &

Skills

Q1
1. Probability – combinations/selections

2. Probability – combinations/selections

Q2
1. The Line – equation of a line

2. The Line – Finding the equation of a line given the slope and a co-

ordinate/ intersection of two lines

Q3
1. The Circle – finding a point on the circle given the equation of the

circle
2. The Circle – circle with the axes as tangents/ finding the equation of a

circle

Q4
1. Trigonometric proof: cos2Θ = 1 – 2sin2Θ

2. Trigonometry/ angle between two lines

Q5
1. Construction – orthocentre of a triangle
:
 2. Trigonometry/ The Circle/ The Line/ Properties of triangles/ circles/

tangents

Q6
1. Probability – independent events

2. Probability

Section B – Contexts &

Applications

Q7
1. Pythagoras’ Theorem/ Trigonometry/ Area/ Volume

2. Area/ Volume/ 3D shapes

Q8
1. Statistics – hypothesis testing/ interpreting normal distributions/ z-

scores
2. Statistics – Interpreting p-values/ sample mean

Q9
1. Trigonometry – cosine rule

2. Sine rule

3. Area of a triangle

4. Area/ radius of a circle

5. Trigonometry – angle of elevation

General patterns of LC Maths questions

Paper 1

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Section A –
Concepts &

Skills

Q1
1. Simultaneous 1. Expressing a 1. Complex roots of a 1. Geometric 1. Roots of a
:
 equations function as a function progression function

2. Inequalities perfect 2. De Moivre’s 2. Sum to finite 2. Finding points

square Theorem geometric of intersection
2. Finding the 3. Complex roots of a series of two

minimum function 3. Sum to functions

point of a infinity using algebra

function 3. Graphing a
3. Roots of a function
function

Q2
1. Sequences 1. De Moivre’s 1. Modulus 1. Solving cubic 1. Complex
and series – Theorem inequalities functions roots of a

geometric 2. Complex 2. Simultaneous function

progression numbers equations 2. Plotting

and common complex

ratio numbers on
2. Roots of a the Argand

function diagram
3. Sum to infinity 3. Trigonometry
– finding an

angle in a
triangle

Q3
1. Differentiation 1. Differentiation 1. Plotting 1. Functions/ 1. Proof by
to find the from first natural/exponential trapezoidal induction

slope of a principles functions rule 2. Sum of a finite

tangent and 2. Compound 2. Finding points of 2. Integration – arithmetic
the angle it functions/ intersection of two definite series

makes with differentiation functions using integral / 3. Sequences

the x-axis algebra percentage and series/
2. Integration – error algebra –

average value constructing

an equation

Q4
1. Proving De 1. Geometric 1. Proof by induction 1. Simplifying 1. Differentiation
Moivre’s progression/ 2. Logs complex from first

Theorem by inequalities numbers by principles

:
 induction 2. Sum to multiplying by 2. Differentiation/

2. Using De infinity the conjugate slope of a

Moivre’s 2. Sum of a tangent to the

theorem finite curve

geometric
series

Q5
1. Arithmetic 1. Finding the 1. Pythagoras’ 1. Solving 1. Integration of
sequence roots of a Theorem and equations a

2. Arithmetic function Pythagorean with surds trigonometric

sequence 2. Finding local triples 2. Differentiation function

maximum 2. Prove a function is 3. Differentiation 2. Integrating a

and minimum injective/ find the – finding the derivative to
points of a inverse function turning points find the

function of an original
3. Finding equation function/
missing integration –

terms of a average value

function

Q6
1. Points of 1. Graphing an 1. Differentiation from 1. Compound 1. Proving that a
intersection of exponential first principles interest sequence is

two functions function 2. Differentiation of 2. Financial arithmetic/

2. Integration – 2. Integration – trigonometric maths – finding
area between finding the functions amortisation common

two functions area bound 3. Using difference

3. Inverse by two differentiation to 2. Sum of an
functions – functions and find the slope of arithmetic

plot on graph a line the tangent to the sequence

using curve at a given 3. Sequences
symmetry point and series/

algebra

Section B –
Contexts &
Applications

Q7
:
 1. Functions – 1. Substitution/ 1. Differentiation – 1. Functions – 1. Pythagoras’
finding algebra rates of change finding Theorem/
missing terms 2. Substitution/ 2. Functions/ missing Pythagorean

2. Functions – algebra Integration terms triples/

filling into a 3. Substitution/ (average value) 2. Differentiation algebra
function algebra and 2. Functions/

3. Graphing a 4. Using logs to evaluating trigonometry/

function find missing the derivative Differentiation
4. Graphing a terms at a certain to find

function 5. Logs/ algebra value of x minimum

5. Estimations 6. Integration – 3. Differentiation value/ Algebra

using the average – finding the

graphs of value acute angle
functions 7. Differentiation to the

6. Differentiation – rates of horizontal

– finding change 4. Differentiation
maximum – point of

value inflection
5. Verifying
points are on

a curve/
finding

images under
symmetry in
the point of

inflection

Q8
1. Co-ordinate 1. Financial 1. Differentiation to 1. Functions – 1. Differentiation

geometry – maths/ find maximum plotting a – maximum

where graph Sequences & points of a function function/ value on a

intersects the Series - and acute angle to constructing curve

y-axis derivation of horizontal/ an equation 2. Functions/
2. Area amortisation Translations/ from a graph algebra –

3. Differentiation- formula Simultaneous 2. Volume of a finding x at a

show a graph 2. Financial equations/ cylinder/ given value of
is decreasing maths – Functions differentiation y

at a certain monthly 2. Algebra/ Logs – rates of 3. Integration –

point repayments, change finding area
4. Differentiation APR, 3. Differentiation 4. Expressing a
:
 – point of compound – rates of function as a
inflection interest change perfect square
4. Area/ 5. Identifying a

velocity/ time pattern/

constructing
an equation

Q9
1. Sequences 1. Graphing 1. Sequences and 1. Trigonometric 1. Exponential
and series trigonometric series – sum of a functions equations –
2. Constructing functions finite geometric (filling in) finding

an expression 2. Trigonometric series/ sum to 2. Trigonometric missing terms

for a functions – infinity functions 2. Exponential
geometric missing 2. Substituting into a (solving for equations –

sequence/ terms given formula/ an unknown finding

inequalities 3. Interpreting algebra term) missing terms
3. Inequalities/ graph of a 3. Differentiation 3. Exponential

sequences trigonometric of equations –

and series/ function trigonometric finding

limits functions missing terms

4. Geometric 4. Finding the 4. Sketching an
sequence/ maximum exponential

limits value of a function

trigonometric 5. Sketching
function another

5. Integration – exponential
average function/
value comparing the

two sketches
6. Differentiation

– rates of
change

Paper 2

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014

Section A –
:
 Concepts &
Skills

Q1
1. Probability – 1. Probability – 1. Co-ordinate 1. Probability – 1. Trigonometry
expected fundamental principle geometry – completing – cosine rule/

value of counting finding line sample space area of a

2. Probability – 2. Bernoulli trials perpendicular diagram triangle
expected 3. Probability to a given 2. Probability of 2. Trigonometry

value/ 4. Exponential terms/ line winning/ –

Algebra inequalities/ algebra 2. Finding co- interpreting circumcentre
ordinates of sample space

the 3. Bernoulli
orthocentre trials

Q2
1. Probability/ 1. Correlation coefficient 1. Co-ordinate 1. Statistics – 1. Trigonometry
Statistics – 2. Drawing line of best fit geometry – confidence proof: cos2A

Normal 3. Interpreting/explaining equation of a intervals = cos2A –

distribution + slope of line of best fit line 2. Hypothesis sin2A
z-scores 4. Distance, speed, 2. Line/ circle – testing 2. Trigonometry

2. Probability/ time/ money tangents, 3. P-values – sectors/

Statistics - equation of a angle/ radius

Standardising circle
formula/
Algebra/

Empirical rule

Q3
1. Permutations 1. Co-ordinate geometry 1. Trigonometry 1. Co-ordinate 1. Probability

2. Factorials/ – translations/ – proving by geometry – 2. Probability –

Algebra dividing a line in a substitution perpendicular expected
given ratio 2. Solving a lines/ value

2. Co-ordinate geometry trigonometric equation of a 3. Bernoulli

– midpoint of a line equation line trials

3. Finding the 2. Perpendicular

orthocentre of a distance
triangle 3. Perpendicular

distance/
Algebra
4. Perpendicular
:
 distance/
Algebra

Q4
1. Trigonometry 1. Finding the equation 1. Similar 1. The Circle – 1. Trigonometry

– solving of a circle given 3 triangles circles –

trigonometric points on the circle 2. Construction touching trigonometric

equations 2. Trigonometry – of a line internally/ functions/

2. Trigonometry/ finding an angle in a segment centre/ radius period/ range
Algebra/ triangle equal in 2. Ratios/ 2. Trigonometry

Substitution length to the Translations/ – filling into

square root Finding the trigonometric
of a given equation of a function/

line segment circle Calculating

3. Common standard
tangent/ deviation

Equation of a 3. Standard
line deviation/

Algebra/
Trigonometric
functions

Q5
1. Co-ordinate 1. Proving that triangle 1. Probability – 1. Trigonometry 1. Co-ordinate
geometry – are similar filling in table/ proof: geometry/

verify a point 2. Trigonometry – fundamental tan(A+B) = Area of a

is on a line finding the length of a principle of 2. Solving triangle

2. Co-ordinate side counting trigonometric 2. Co-ordinate

geometry – 3. Trigonometry – 2. Probability/ equations geometry –
perpendicular finding the length of a Sets – equation of a

distance/ side independent line/ showing

Algebra 4. Trigonometry – events a point is on
3. The Circle – finding the area of a a line

equation of a quadrilateral 3. Co-ordinate

circle/ circles geometry/
touching Algebra/ Area

externally/ of a triangle
dividing a line

in a given
ratio
:
 Q6
1. Proof – 1. Pythagoras’ Theorem 1. Probability – 1. Construction 1. Proof –
Theorem 12 2. Trigonometry/ fundamental – centroid of Theorem 13
2. Trigonometry circumference of a principle of a triangle 2. Construction

– ratios/ circle/ radius counting 2. Proof – of an angle of

Pythagoras’ 2. Probability – Theorem 11 60ᵒ without

Theorem expected using a

value protractor/
3. Profit/ set square

Algebra 3. Similar
triangles
4. Similar

triangles
5. Similar
triangles/

Algebra

Section B –
Contexts &
Applications

Q7
1. Volume/ 1. Volume/ Algebra 1. Trigonometry 1. The Circle/ 1. Interpreting
geometric 2. Pythagoras’ Theorem/ – Pythagoras’ Trigonometry data

progression similar triangles/ Theorem/ 2. Area presented in

2. Surface area/ surface area/ Algebra finding an 3. Trigonometry a table

algebra/ 3. Volume/ Algebra angle or – trig ratios to 2. Statistics –

arithmetic length of a find an angle/ median/

sequence side using Area interquartile

3. Length/ trig ratios/ range

radius Area 3. Interpreting

4. Volume/ 2. Trigonometry data in a

trigonometry/ – angle of table/

algebra elevation/ trig completing a

ratios/ table
Pythagoras’ 4. Comparing

Theorem different

types of
charts/
:
 interpreting

charts

Q8
1. Probability/ z- 1. Statistics – normal 1. Trigonometric 1. Probability – 1. Probability –

scores/ one- distribution/ z-scores/ function – fundamental completing

sample t-test/ hypothesis testing period/ range principle of tree diagram/

confidence 2. Probability – filling in 2. Maximum counting interpreting

interval tree diagram/ value of a 2. Probability tree diagram/

2. Statistics – interpreting tree trigonometric 3. Probability conditional

sample size/ diagram/ conditional function 4. Probability/ probability

sample probability 3. Differentiation Algebra 2. Hypothesis

proportion/ – 5. Sequences testing

Differentiation trigonometric and series –

– maximum functions/ geometric

value rates of progression/

3. Financial change Inequalities

maths/ 4. Graphing a 6. Probability –

geometric trigonometric independent

progression function events

5. Interpreting

graph of
trigonometric

function

6. Interpreting
graph of

trigonometric

function

Q9
1. Trigonometry 1. Trigonometry – 1. Probability/ 1. Trigonometry 1. The Circle –
– sine rule angles in a triangle/ Statistics – z- 2. Trigonometry centre/

2. Trigonometry Algebra scores/ – cosine rule/ radius/ Co-

– 2. Trigonometry – standardising Pythagoras’ ordinate

trigonometric angles in a triangle/ formula/ tax/ Theorem geometry –

functions/ Algebra hypothesis 3. Trigonometry/ distance

range/ 3. Trigonometry/ testing Functions/ formula/

period/ graph Algebra 2. Statistics – Distance, perpendicular

3. Trigonometry 4. Trigonometry/ confidence velocity and distance/

– sine rule/ Algebra intervals time mid-point of a

:
 cosine rule 5. Trigonometry – using 3. Statistics – 4. Trigonometry line/

trig ratios/ Algebra Central Limit Translations

6. Probability Theorem 2. Construction

4. Margin of of a circle

error/ sample given

error diameter/

Trigonometry/

The Circle/
Area

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