International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2023, pp. 391~398

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v12.i4.pp391-398  391

Dual axis solar tracking system

Mugachintala Dilip Kumar, Tenugu Manish Kumar, Kongari Akshay,

Sowdapuram Yashwanth Kumar, Udutha Vikas
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Now a days, many people use solar photovoltaic systems since they generate
efficient and clean energy. Polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon
Received Feb 23, 2023 modules are currently the most widely used products in the solar industry.
Revised Aug 6, 2023 Aside from possessing a flawless lattice structure, a high level of material
Accepted Aug 16, 2023 purity, a low grain boundary energy, a weak internal resistance, and a high
level of efficiency, monocrystalline silicon cells also have a uniform color
and a lack of spots, which contribute to its good aesthetic appeal. By placing
Keywords: the solar panels at the precise angle and direction specified by the motion of
the sun, the system's efficiency can be increased. The solar tracking system
DHT11 sensor for this research project uses light-dependent resistors (LDR) sensors that
Microcontroller are connected to a microcontroller to track the sun's horizontal and vertical
Monocrystalline silicon module axes, while DHT11 and rain sensors are used to track the weather. This
Polycrystalline silicon module study offers a method for repositioning a solar array so that it faces the sun
Rain sensor at all times. Since solar modules effectively convert sunlight into electricity,
they are helpful solutions to the problem of power generation in remote
areas. A microprocessor is used in the construction of such a system to
operate a motor and sensor.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mugachintala Dilip Kumar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology
Dundigal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500043, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The development of solar tracking technology over time has been supported by a number of people
and organisations, which is how the dual-axis solar tracking system was created. John Perlin created one of
the first solar tracking devices in the 1970s that used a single-axis tracking mechanism to track the sun as it
moved across the sky [1]. However, this design had limitations as it only tracked the sun's movement in one
direction and was not optimized for capturing maximum solar energy.
In the 1980s, researchers at Sandia National Laboratories in the United States developed a more
advanced solar tracking system that utilized a dual-axis mechanism. This device could track the sun's
movement both horizontally and vertically, making it possible to position solar panels in the best possible
way to gather the most solar energy possible throughout the day [2]–[4]. Since then, there have been
numerous advancementsand innovations indual-axis solar tracking technology, with various designs and
implementations being utilized in solar energy systems around the world. Dual-axis solar tracking systems
are widely recognised as one of the most efficient and effective techniques to boost solar energy capture and
raise the overall efficiency of solar power systems today [5]–[7].
A particular style of solar panel installation called a single-axis solar tracking system enables the
solar panels to rotate around a single axis, usually one that runs north-south. The rotating axis can be level or
inclined at an angle to correspond to the latitude of the installation location [8]–[10]. Single-axis tracking

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392  ISSN: 2252-8792

systems can only boost the overall energy production of a solar energy system by up to 25%, depending on
the location, the weather, and other factors. However, single-axis systems have limits and might not be the
best for capturing solar energy in times of diffuse sunlight or overcast weather because they can only track
the sun's movement in one direction [11]–[13]. Dual-axis solar tracking systems are designed to circumvent
these limitations by enabling more precise alignment with the sun's movement in both the horizontal and
vertical axes [14]–[17].
The monocrystalline dual-axis solar tracking system with a weather sensor is the main focus of this
research. Temperature, rain, and humidity are monitored by sensors; the results of these sensors can be
displayed on an liquid crystal display (LCD) [18]–[20]. It uses an Arduino to control the spinning of DC
motors by detecting the strongest light using light-detecting resistors (LDRs) to detect it. The solar panel is
turned by DC motors. To assess the state of the weather, sensors are utilised. Energy has been needed and
utilised by man for his existence and well-being at an increasing rate during the last million years [21], [22].
Solar energy has the potential to be an environmentally friendly energy source that is dependable. This makes
this tactic more favourable and efficient for obtaining the maximum energy [23]–[25].

2. THE SUGGESTED METHOD

The block diagram of a dual-axis solar tracking system that uses weather monitoring is shown in
Figure 1. The arrangement is made up of three parts: a light-detection device, a monitoring unit, and a
movement-controlling unit. By allowing PV panels to rotate along two separate axes, the suggested tracking
system follows sunlight more efficiently. Four light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors, two stepper motors,
and a PIC microcontroller make up the tracker. The tracker is tilted in the sun's east-west direction by a pair
of sensors and one motor, and in the sun's north-south direction by a second pair of sensors and a motor
linked to the tracker's bottom.

Figure 1. Dual-axis solar tracking system block diagram

2.1. Detecting light unit

A light-dependent resistor (LDR), often known as a photoresistor, is a passive electrical component
that reacts to light by altering its resistance (see Figure 2). It is constructed of a semiconductor material with
a high resistance in darkness and a low resistance in light, such as cadmium sulphide or cadmium
selenide [4]. When light is detected, LDR sensors provide a signal to the microcontroller. The values of LDR
resistance range from many megaohms in total darkness to only a few hundred ohms in bright light. Because
of this variance in resistance, these resistors are frequently employed in a wide range of applications. The
LDR sensitivity is also impacted by the incident light's wavelength. This resistor works according to the
photo conductivity hypothesis.

2.2. Monitoring unit

According to Figure 3, the Arduino board serves as the apparatus primary monitoring device. LDR
is attached to Arduino's first four pins, A0-A4. Arduino receives data from the LDR and, using that data,
instructs servomotors to rotate either horizontally or vertically [4].

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  393

2.3. Movement controlling unit

Two DC motors make up the movement control unit. The DC motor may be powered by an input of
roughly 4.5 volts and receives a 5-volt output from the Arduino. The vertical rotation is controlled by one
motor, while the horizontal rotation is controlled by the other. To save power usage, just one motor is active
at once [2], [3].

Figure 2. Sunlight is detected by a light dependent resistor (LDR)

Figure 3. Pin description of Arduino Nano

3. METHOD
The fixed solar panel of the dual axis solar tracking system rotates in response to the sensor's
determination of the sun's position. Figure 1 shows how the Arduino's four analogue pins, A1, A2, A3, and
A4, are connected to four resistors and four LDRs, respectively. Internal connections between these parts
form a voltage divider arrangement. The Arduino's digital pins 9 and 10 provide pulse width modulation
(PWM) inputs to the DC motor, as seen in Figure 3. The primary light sensors are LDRs [5], [8]. Two solar
panels that are mounted to the building support the servo motor. The microcontroller receives an upload from
an Arduino programmer. As to how it operates: each LDR detects light coming from the top, bottom, left,
and right directions in turn, counting the amount of light that enters the device as sunlight hits it. The
analogue readings from the two top LDRs and the two bottom LDRs are compared to perform north-south
tracking. The bottom set of LDRs' bottom light will then cause the vertical DC motor to rotate in that
direction. The DC motor advances in that direction if the top LDRs detect lighter more light there. The
analogue values from two left LDRs and two right LDRs are contrasted for angular deflection. If the right set
of LDRs detects lighter than the right set, the horizontal DC motor will move in that direction [6], [11].
Researchers could therefore test the device's performance by mounting it on a rooftop (see Figure 4). When
DC is vertical, the motor will drive in that direction if the appropriate set of LDRs detects lighter than the
appropriate set.
− Bring the two solar panel wires for testing, then mark the locations of four LDRs on each of the panel's
four corners.
− Trim one of the LDR's two leads so that one lead is shorter and the other longer to demonstrate polarity
and facilitate soldering.

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− Before the perforated metal strips (aluminum) are bent into the correct shapes as shown in Figure 5, the
four LDRs should be put into the four designated positions on the printed circuit board (PCB). One of the
bent metal strips should be glued to the back of the PCB [15].
− As shown in the circuit, solder the LDRs' two leads together. Solder 10k resistors to the LDR's leads
opposite ends. Wires are used to connect the four leads on the four LDRs.
− Now, attach them to the LDRs using bus wires so that you may receive their output. Give each pin on the
Arduino board its corresponding output. As depicted in Figure 5, insert it into the perforated metal strip.
− Now attach connecting wires to resistors and to the circuit as specified.
− To supply VCC and GND, run two additional wires through the perforated metal sheet. The resistors and
the second wire should be connected to the LDR's opposite side, with one wire connecting to the other.
− With wires connected to the resistors, short the LDR's leads. Now use glue and screws to attach a DC
motor to the metal strip. Connect them to the corresponding pins on the Arduino board.
− Take a second aluminum perforated metal strip that has been bent into the corresponding shape as
illustrated in Figure 5. Now attach a second DC motor to this metal strip using glue and screws [14].
− Initially, an i2c module is linked to the 16*2 LCD display. As indicated in Figure 5, the VCC pin is then
linked to the Arduino's 5-volt power supply, and the I2C module's ground is connected to the Arduino's
ground. The ground, VCC, and signal pins of the DHT11 sensor are connected to the Arduino.

Figure 4. Prototype testing Figure 5. Hardware model of dual axis solar tracking

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Tables 1 and 2 provides the output values at various time internals from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM.
Given that dual axis solar trackers are more effective than single axis solar trackers and that the output
voltages of the two tracking systems are compared [12]. The effectiveness of single- and dual-axis solar
tracking devices is shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The graphic representation of single- and dual-axis
solar tracking systems is shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Table 1. Performance of single-axis solar Table 2. Performance of dual axis solar

tracking systems tracking system
Time (hours) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W) Time (hours) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W)
9 AM 5.7 0.12 0.607 9 AM 12.4 0.24 2.9
10 AM 10 0.16 1.71 10 AM 13.4 0.26 3.5
11 AM 11 0.21 2.1 11 AM 13.9 0.29 3.93
12 PM 13 0.29 3.5 12 PM 13.9 0.31 4.3
13 PM 14 0.33 4.49 13 PM 14.9 0.31 4.6
14 PM 13 0.31 4.05 14 PM 13.9 0.31 4.3
15 PM 12 0.25 2.86 15 PM 12.9 0.27 3.9
16 PM 9 0.15 1.28 16 PM 9.9 0.26 2.6
17 PM 7 0.11 0.72 17 PM 6.9 0.21 1.46
18 PM 2.5 0.05 0.12 18 PM 5 0.1 0.5

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  395

Figure 6. Graphical representation of single axis solar tracking system

Figure 7. Graphical representation of dual axis solar tracking system

The single axis solar tracking and dual axis solar tracking systems comparative table is shown in
Table 3. The Table 3 displays the output values at various time periods. The output voltages of the two
tracking methods are compared because dual axis solar trackers are more effective than single axis solar
trackers. It is common knowledge that a single axis solar tracker system is unable to collect the whole range
of solar energy. The solar energy that was expected to be captured by the single axis solar tracker could
not be. One of the two axes of motion of the sun is only followed by single-axis solar tracker technology. As
a result, we recommended setting up a dual axis solar tracking system atop each structure [17]. Observation
of weather sensor is shown in Table 4.
The average power produced by the solar panels is 2.144 W for single axis solar trackers and
3.085 W for dual axis solar trackers. For dual axis trackers, efficiency is 98.083%, whereas for single axis
trackers, it is 77.045%. Dual axis sun tracking systems have been shown to gather solar energy more
efficiently and with a stronger output than single axis systems. Dual axis trackers have higher power outputs
than single axis trackers. Both trackers attain their maximum power outputs at one o'clock. When the
temperature and humidity data are presented in the LCD, power is increasing from 9.00 AM TO 1.00 PM;
while it is decreasing from 1.00 PM to 6.00 PM, the temperature will decrease from 43 to 27 °C. With single
axis trackers and dual axis trackers at 4.49 W and 4.5 W, respectively, the power peaks at noon. A dual axis
tracker produces more electricity than a single axis tracker [16].

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Table 3. Performance evaluation of dual and Table 4. Observation of

single axis tracking systems weather sensor
Time Single axis tracking Dual axis tracking Time Temperature Humidity
(hours) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W) Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W) (hours) (℃) (%)
9 AM 5.7 0.12 0.607 12.4 0.24 2.9 9 AM 28 81
10 AM 10 0.16 1.71 13.4 0.26 3.5 10 AM 32 75
11 AM 11 0.21 2.1 13.9 0.29 3.93 11 AM 35 60
12 PM 13 0.29 3.5 13.9 0.31 4.3 12 PM 41 52
13 PM 14 0.33 4.49 14.9 0.31 4.6 13 PM 43 47
14 PM 13 0.31 4.05 13.9 0.31 4.3 14 PM 45 42
15 PM 12 0.25 2.86 12.9 0.27 3.9 15 PM 39 40
16 PM 9 0.15 1.28 9.9 0.26 2.6 16 PM 35 50
17 PM 7 0.11 0.72 6.9 0.21 1.46 17 PM 29 64
18 PM 2.5 0.05 0.12 5 0.1 0.5 18 PM 27 79

Figure 8 depicts a visual comparison of single and dual axis solar tracking systems. The dual axis
sun tracker device has the ability to capture high voltage. When compared to other ways, graphic depiction
unquestionably demonstrates the better solar energy conversion. There are other, more efficient ways to
detect solar radiation, but they are all quite expensive. Examples include central receiver concentrators,
parabolic trough concentrators, parabolic dish concentrators, and power towers. Due to their lower cost and
higher efficiency, dual axis solar systems are now being used more frequently [12].

Figure 8. A visual comparison of single and two axis solar tracking devices is presented

5. CONCLUSION
In order to produce electricity, dual axis solar trackers constructed of monocrystalline are mounted
to follow the sun's rays in all directions with the highest intensity. It is the cheapest method of energy
conversion compared to other systems. Dual axis solar tracking systems are more efficient and produce more
energy than fixed and single axis sun tracking systems, as shown by the comparison of the two types of solar
tracking systems in this article.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Dr. Mugachintala Dilip Kumar currently working as Associate Professor at

Department of EEE, MLR Institute of Tehnology, Dundigal, TS, India and obtained his
B. Tech. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from AITS, Rajampet, M. Tech. and Ph.D.
from JNTUA College Engineering, JNTU University Anatapuram. He published 10
international journals and 10 national and international conferences. Area of interest are power
system stability, application of FACTS devices in transmission and distribution systems,
power system stability studies, real time application of power system studies with soft
computing techniques. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

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398  ISSN: 2252-8792

Tenugu Manish Kumar currently pursuing B. Tech. in Department of Electrical

and Electronics Engineering at MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad, India. He
has actively engaged in the national initiative of Smart India Hackathon and has efficaciously
presented a groundbreaking concept- “Monocrystalline solar panel based single axis solar
tracking system”. Additionally, he has undertaken diverse projects, such as transformer
protection with the aid of microcontroller and has also collaborated with various departments
in his college, where he spearheaded projects pertaining to Android applications via Android
Studio. His areas of expertise and passion revolve around electric machines, electric vehicles,
among other related domains. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Kongari Akshay currently pursuing B. Tech. in Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering in MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad, India. He has
actively engaged in the national initiative of Smart India Hackathon and has efficaciously
presented a groundbreaking concept- “Bluetooth based home automation system”.
Additionally, he did his research projects on embedded systems and internet based smart
systems. His current research focuses on internet of things, solar power usages. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Sowdapuram Yashwanth Kumar currently pursuing B. Tech. in Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering at MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad,
India. He has actively engaged in the national initiative of Smart India Hackathon and has
efficaciously presented a groundbreaking concept- “Monocrystalline solar panel based single
axis solar tracking system”. Additionally, he has undertaken diverse projects, such as
transformer protection with the aid of microcontroller. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Udutha Vikas currently pursuing B. Tech. in Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering at MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad, India. He has
demonstrated his active participation in various events hosted by his college and has even
organized several enriching workshops on subjects like the construction of transformer, among
others, at MLRIT. Moreover, he has undertaken diverse projects, including the development of
an automatic street light system. His areas of expertise and keen interests revolve around the
domains of power electronics and semiconductor devices. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2023: 391-398