International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2023, pp. 359~366

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v12.i4.pp359-366  359

Improving fault identification in smart transmission line using

machine learning technique

Radhika Venkutuswamy1, Baskaran Kaliyaperumal2

1
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Alagappa Chettair Government College of Engineering and Technology,
Karaikudi, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In this work inevitable for power transmission boards such as Tamil Nadu
Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO) to look for
Received Feb 15, 2023 a low-cost communication system with low power usage and to improve
Revised May 20, 2023 supply reliability, to transmit reliable fault information back to the control
Accepted May 20, 2023 centre in real time. This work aims to design an automated and effective
fault identification and position system for all overhead power transmission
network networks using all current fault indicator technologies, machine
Keywords: learning methods, and commercially tested communication technology to
easily and reliably pin a transmission system's flawed point parts. This will
Arduino help to people avoid touching the electrical wire and prevent electrical
GPS location shocks and current wastage as well. Smart transmission lines have played a
Internet of things decisive role in developing human protection and preventing current
Machine learning methods wastage. The transmission line is opened and the state of the line is
SMS evaluated, and the information goes to electrical board (EB) office. The
Transmission line system monitors the data by sending the alert message to the person
responsible for the GPS location, either via SMS or BUZZER, or by
displaying the alert message lives. Transmission line distribution is broad
and most of them are spread around the geographical environment.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Radhika Venkutuswamy
Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641022, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
A flaw in electrical hardware is represented by a flaw in its electrical circuit, which causes the flow
to diverge from its intended path. Mechanical dissatisfaction, wounds, unnecessary internal and external
anxieties, and so forth are common causes of faults. The defect impedance is modest, but the deficiency
fluxes are rather significant. During the defects, the force stream is diverted to the issue, and the gracefully to
the adjoining zone is hampered. The voltages are unbalanced [1]. The deficiency must be identified as soon
as possible, which is why an internet of things (IoT) based device was created to speed up the process. It will
identify the following four major faults and issue a trip signal for hand-off. Over current shortcoming,
propensity issue, and sparking line broken, phase failure defects are the four flaws identified by the model.
The electric power system is divided into several sections. One of these is the transmission framework, in
which power is transmitted from producing stations and substations to customers via transmission lines. The
two methodologies may encounter various types of faults, which is sometimes referred to as a "shortcoming".
Flaw is essentially defined as a variety of irritating but unavoidable occurrences that can inadvertently upset
the steady state of the force framework, which occurs when the framework's protection fizzles at any point. If

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360  ISSN: 2252-8792

not properly monitored, there are a variety of power transmission flaws that might result in power blackouts.
Among the most significant are i) faults at the force age station, ii) damage to control transmission lines (tree
falling on lines), iii) faults at the substations or parts of dissemination subsystem, and iv) lightening.
i) Types of transmission line faults
Defects in the force framework might be classified as shunt difficulties or arrangement flaws. Single
line-to-ground (SLG) defects are the most well-known type of shunt flaw. When one conduit falls to the
ground or comes into contact with the unbiased wire, this type of defect occurs. It could also be the result of
trees collapsing in a strong wind. As shown in Figure 1, this type could be approached.
The line-to-line (LL) deficiency is the second most common type of shunt flaw. When two
transmission lines are short-circuited, this is said to happen. If a large flying creature remains on one
transmission line and contacts the other, or if a tree branch falls on the heads of two force transmission lines,
As seen in Figure 2, this type could be conversed with.
The double line-to-ground (DLG) deficit in Figure 3 is the third type of shunt inadequacy. This
could be the result of a tree falling on two electrical cables, or it could be the result of other factors. The
fourth and most serious type of insufficiency is the reasonable three-stage as in Figure 4, which can occur
when three electrical lines in diverse buildings come into contact.

Figure 1. Single line-to-ground (SLG) deficiencies Figure 2. Line-to-line (LL) deficiency

Figure 3. Double line-to-ground (DLG) deficiency Figure 4. Balanced three phase faults

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The electric force foundation is deeply weak in the current framework against a wide range of
typical and noxious physical events that can have a negative impact on the matrix's overall display and
security. Despite the fact that flaw marker innovation has provided a reliable approach to locate perpetual
issues, the specialized group and watch groups still need to observe and examine the devices for extended
periods of time to identify broken transmission lines. When a deficit in a transmission line occurs, it is
usually hidden, unless it is a major problem.
However, over time, these slight flaws might cause harm to the transformer and even endanger
human life. It could also cause a fire. In today's India, we don't have a system in place that will alert us when
a flaw occurs on a regular basis. The issue is that because we don't have a genuine memory framework, we
end up harming the concealed gear and wind up being a hazard to the people around us. Support or checking
of the transmission lines is frequently done on a subsequent premise in order to maintain a strategic distance
from such incidents to the maximum extent possible. As a result, there is a greater demand for workers. The
reality is that the genuine expectation of this isn't met the same number of times numerous times line
disappointment could be due to downpour or tree overturning that can't be predicted. For example, in the
Western Ghats, transmission lines are generally routed through the backwoods, and in places like
Chirapunjee, massive precipitation virtually brings everything to a halt. It's critical to appreciate the gravity
and potential consequences of a line failure.
A global system for mobile (GSM) based transmission line defect detecting system to combat them
was proposed [2]. When the preset edge is crossed, the microcontroller promptly sends a message to the
region lineman and the control station, indicating the precise shaft to post area. This helps us to comprehend
a framework that is in use. The true goal of identifying deficit gradually and safeguarding the transformer as

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soon as possible has been found out. It's worth noting that transformers aren't cheap. On a regular basis,
an 11 KV transformer costs $3000 USD. As a result, we're developing a realistic and quick-response
framework to aid in the improvement of wellness. A transformer is an important piece of equipment for
power transmission. Constant observation is an important step in extending the life of a transformer.
Similarly, a transformer is a pricey asset, and its failure cannot be repaired as rapidly as other sections of the
transmission medium.
An approach utilizing the global system for mobile (GSM) communication and a microcontroller is
presented to monitor the transformer's failure and communicate it to the intended work force as shown in
Figure 5. The information and yield voltages (periods) of the transformer are examined using a comparator.
In the case that a critical decrease is identified, the authorities are notified via IoT. An approach for detecting
spillage and intensity robbery in transmission is proposed. The proposed method is implemented using an
ESP8266 and a microcontroller. It is implemented as two subsystems, one for detecting power outages and
the other for detecting burglaries. Estimating the voltage difference between power transmission and
gathering detects force spilling or line disappointment. In the suggested framework, the burglary is
discovered by calculating the total force consumed and comparing it to the total force sent. The electrical
officials are advised to distinguish between the limits using IoT [3].
The failure in the electrical cable is identified and located using a remote sensor network. The force
transmission line is partitioned in this paper by remote sensor organizations. It occasionally measures the
energy distinction and any deviations, which are then communicated to the appropriate authorities. This
proposed paradigm is especially useful for identifying imbalanced problems. For power disappointment
detection, a counterfeit neural network is used [4]. In any event, neuronal organization necessitates
preparation, which may or may not be complete. The support vector machine (SVM) is used to prepare data.
All studies concerned with force transmission disappointment have been exaggerated. Furthermore, the
sensor does not handle the interference caused by nature in detecting the required data. Furthermore, the
computerized reasoning technique used necessitates preparing data, which is difficult to obtain in real time,
and the framework's yield is solely dependent on the preparation set. We propose a productive arrangement
based on the internet of things (IoT) in this research, as well as several techniques of correspondence.
Currently, the electric force framework is extremely vulnerable to a wide range of natural and
malicious physical events, which can have a negative impact on the network's overall appearance and
dependability. Furthermore, there is an impending need to prepare the deep-seated transmission line
foundation with a superior information correspondence organization, which underpins future operational
requirements such as continuous checking and control, which are critical for brilliant lattice coordination.
Many electric power transmission companies have traditionally relied on circuit markers to identify faulty
transmission line portions. Regardless, pinpointing the precise location of these defects continues to be a
challenge. Despite the fact that shortfall pointer innovation has provided a reliable approach to detect long-
term flaws, specialized groups and watch groups need actually watch and study the gadgets for extended
periods of time to identify defective portions of their transmission lines.
Remote sensor-based transmission line inspection addresses some of these concerns, such as
continuous auxiliary awareness, faster deficiency confinement, precise flaw conclusion by recognizable proof
and separation of electrical issues from mechanical flaws, cost reduction due to condition-based maintenance
rather than intermittent support, and so on [5]. These applications establish stringent requirements, such as
the delivery of a massive amount of extremely reliable data in a short period of time. The success of these
applications is dependent on the creation of a practical and dependable organization with a quick response
time. The organization must be able to send sensitive data to and from the transmission matrix, such as the
current state of the transmission line and control data. This investigation provides a cost-effective approach
for planning a continuous data transmission organization. Sensors are positioned in various places of the
force organization to monitor the status of the force framework. These sensors can produce a large amount of
data by making fine-grained estimates of a variety of physical or electrical boundaries. A basic test to be
attended to in order to construct an intelligent dazzling framework is delivering this info to the control
community in a cost efficient and convenient manner [6]. Because of the vast scope, vast landscape,
unprecedented geography, and basic planning requirements, organization layout is an essential aspect of
sensor-based transmission line inspection. Mechanical difficulties, cost savings due to condition-based
assistance rather than routine maintenance, and so on. Sensor networks have been proposed for a number of
applications, including mechanical state handling and dynamic transmission line rating. Sensors are deployed
in various parts of the force network to continuously monitor the status of the force framework.
A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) gracefully produces a similar final output at a reduced cost
and with more efficiency [7]. The yield power is lighter and smaller for a given yield. This is due to the fact
that if the frequency of activity is increased, transformer works can be relocated. The setup or field device
consists of four major components: a transformer (CT and VT), a GPS modem, and an Arduino, ESP8266 is
shown in Figure 5. The CT and VT primaries, which are associated with the line, sense the framework's
Improving fault identification in smart transmission line using … (Radhika Venkutuswamy)
362  ISSN: 2252-8792

current and voltage estimations and send the yield to the Arduino's ADC, which converts the sign to a
computerized structure that can be produced by the Arduino's CPU [8].
The circuit serves as the setup's most important concern. It has a large number of programming
codes stored in the electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) that enable it to
classify issue types based on voltage and current characteristics. The microcontroller considers these
attributes in light of the program to see if they fall within the necessary range. When the voltage and current
quality are out of range when compared to the reference, it indicates that there is a problem. The GPS also
determines the issue separation in comparison to the device using an impedance-based computation, and then
sends this information to the modem for transmission.
In short, the Arduino characterizes, computes the shortcoming separation, and transmits the data to the
IoT via the sequential correspondence interface (SCI), which serves as an interface between the Arduino and the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi. The ESP8266 serves as a bridge between the Arduino sequential correspondence port and the
internet of things [9]. In the transmission framework, the gadget is placed at the edge of the sectionalized
districts, and the area of the shortfall is established in relation to the gadget's location. The IoT's one-of-a-kind
nature is used as a location for the device, which might be saved as a Cloud website page in the control room.

Figure 5. Working of proposed system

3. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

To realize the concept, an Arduino Mega, a transfer potentiometer, an ESP 8266 transformer, a
signal, a temperature sensor, and an LCD is needed as shown in Figure 6. The venture is equipped with a fault
detecting equipment that uses a large number of switches at each known location to double-check the precision
of the equivalent. The voltage drop throughout the transfer is fed into an ADC, which generates precise
advanced data that the modified microcontroller displays on a website page. A 16X2 LCD interfaced with the
Arduino Mega microcontroller displays the shortfall at what stage and sends an SMS to the EB office.

Figure 6. Hardware interfacing of proposed system

This work is limited to the development of a competent framework for detecting and locating line-
to-line and line-to-ground faults in overhead transmission lines, which will naturally show the control room
the particular location of the transmission line where a shortfall occurred via IoT. In order to plan an effective

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  363

impedance-based and vigorously programmed issue recognition and area framework for overhead force
transmission lines. To reduce the amount of time it takes to rectify a problem and protect expensive
transformers from harm or robbery, which is common during extended power outages. To improve the
efficiency of specialist teams because the time available to uncover flaws would be restricted.

3.1. Machine learning algorithm

Support vector machines (SVMs) are a class of supervised learning methods for classification,
regression, and detection of outliers is explained below:
i) Step 1: Sensors will initially detect variations in transmission line boundaries such as voltage, scope,
longitude, and so on.
ii) Step 2: The data is sent from the Arduino microcontroller.
iii) Step 3: The microcontroller will send individual indications to the Wi-Fi module for transmission based
on the detected data.
iv) Step 4: Using the Wi-Fi module, the detected boundaries are sent to the administrator.

3.2. Hardware implementation

The hardware implementation of the proposed system is shown in Figure 7. Various approaches for
dealing with transmission line disappointments and defects may be received. In this section, a few of them
are depicted in depth. The control room will be able to see the precise location of the transmission line as a
result of this. The proposed framework, the Arduino Mega is introduced with an inbuilt worker that is
connected to the transformers whenever there is a problem, such as a short out, which has a yield in the high
voltage and low current range, and an open circuit, which has a yield in the low voltage and high current
range. The online page can surely be used to examine and control this. The issue of recognizing the deficit in
the dispersion lines and the intended implication to the electricity board (EB) is dealt with by identifying
transmission line flaws and reporting them to the EB. The task is in charge of the design and production of
the power gracefully, Arduino Mega, circuit board, and ESP 8266, GPS modem. The Arduino's electric
appropriation network connects to the electrical wires and delivers a message to the IoT about the type of
defect in the line. This reduces the amount of time spent locating the problem. The ultimate goal is to
continuously monitor the circulation line state and hence the flaws of the dispersion line due to limits such as
overvoltage, undervoltage, SLG, and DLG deficits [10]. In the case that one of these events occurs, a
message will be sent from the planned controlling unit or substation. The goal is to locate the transmission
line fault and to inform the worker about the problem [11]. Sensors, such as a fire identifier, a spark
indicator, and a multi-issue locator circuit, are used to detect the specific problem in the transmission lines.
Sensors detect the transmission line's force properties [12]. Sending data to the cloud is a good option.

Figure 7. Hardware implementation of the proposed system

This work is limited to the development of a framework that will identify and locate line-to-line and
line-to-ground defects in overhead transmission lines where a problem has occurred [13], [14]. The internet
of things (IoT) is a networked collection of physical objects that may alter the climate or their own borders,
collect data, and transfer it to various devices [15]. It is the third wave in the evolution of the internet. This
innovation will provide instant access to information about the physical environment and the items that make
it up, allowing for creative administrations as well as an increase in proficiency and profitability. Recent
occurrences, brilliant sensors, communication advancements, and internet conventions have all aided
the IoT [16]. A web of things (IoT) organization is envisioned in this venture. The future fate of IoT and its
outcomes are given a lot of thought. The identified location at Unnamed Road, Eachanari, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu, India, is shown in Figure 8.

Improving fault identification in smart transmission line using … (Radhika Venkutuswamy)

364  ISSN: 2252-8792

Figure 8. Location identification

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To evaluate the performance of the suggested system using the accuracy, delay, location
identification, and fault probability graphs [17]. Performance analysis was done based on the occurrence of
fault by applying machine learning and without machine learning is shown [18], [19] in Figure 9. Occurrence
of faults was reduced on applying machine learning algorithms [20]–[22]. Figure 10 potraits the
identification of location of fault that helps the electric workers was improved by applying machine learning
algorithms. The proposed system incorporates a machine learning technique that improves accuracy by over
90% while lowering delay time is shown in Figure 11 [23]–[25].

Figure 9. Performance analysis based on probability fault

Figure 10. Performance analysis based on location identification accuracy

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Figure 11. Performance analysis based on minimum delay

5. CONCLUSION
Using all existing fault indicator technologies and machine learning techniques, create an automatic
and effective fault identification and position system for all overhead power transmission network networks.
The transmission line between the EB office and the information, as well as the location latitude
and longitude, has been opened. The machine learning method aids in improving accuracy and speed.
The new method employs a machine learning approach to boost accuracy by more than 90% while reducing
delay time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors thank the Management, Principal of Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore for
providing the support to carry out this research work.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Radhika Venkutuswamy completed her Doctoral degree in the Faculty of

Information and Communication Engineering in Anna University Chennai during June 2017.
Presently, she is working as Associate Professor in the Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering at Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore. Her area
of interests includes VLSI design and embedded systems. She has published more than 18
research papers in international journals, 2 national conferences, and 10 international
conferences and published three book chapters. She was a life member of ISTE, member of
ISOI and IEEE. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Baskaran Kaliyaperumal is a Professor and Head Department of Electrical

and Electronics Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and
Technology, Karaikudi. He is a member of IEEE, ISTE and his research areas include mobile
computing and wireless communication and VLSI. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Int J Appl Power Eng, Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2023: 359-366