International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023, pp. 2527~2536

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i4.pp2527-2536  2527

Fuzzy logic control based MPPT for standalone photovoltaic

system with battery storage

Nur Syafiqah Mohd Taib1, Siti Zaliha Mohammad Noor2, Suleiman Musa3,
Pusparini Dewi Abd Aziz4
1
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Solar Research Institute, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria
4
Universiti Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute, Gombak, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Considering its favorable characteristics, photovoltaic energy is widely
recognized as highly beneficial to the environment. To achieve continuous
Received Aug 4, 2022 maximum output power across the PV system, an efficient control strategy is
Revised Apr 15, 2023 developed after studying several maximum power point detection (MPPT)
Accepted May 12, 2023 techniques. Consequently, this paper presents a useful control technique for
maximizing power extraction from PV systems under varying conditions. The
paper focuses on the design of a fuzzy logic control (FLC)-based maximum
Keywords: power point tracking (MPPT) system for a standalone photovoltaic (SAPV)
system with battery storage. The FLC is employed to extract the maximum
Battery storage power from a PV module and integrate it with the battery to supply the load.
FLC The FLC offers advantages over conventional MPPT methods, such as
MPPT accurate and rapid response to changes in environmental conditions, including
MATLAB/Simulink solar irradiance and temperature. The PV system exhibits low total harmonic
SAPV system distortion (THD), making it ideal for household appliances, and can deliver
230 Vrms of single-phase output AC power. The system is designed and
implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, incorporating a solar module, DC-to-
DC converters, battery storage, and an inverter for supplying AC loads.
Simulation results for selected test conditions are presented and discussed.
The system performance is evaluated through steady state tests and dynamic
tests in simulations.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Siti Zaliha Mohammad Noor
Solar Research Institute, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Room 11/12, Level 9, Block 4, 40450 Shah Alam Selangor, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Energy generation is decreasing exponentially while energy demand is increasing worldwide due to
the depletion of conventional energy sources and their serious impact on the environment. Consequently, active
support for research on photovoltaic (PV) generation systems aims to minimize environmental challenges such
as the greenhouse effect and air pollution. PV generation systems face two major issues: relatively poor electric
power generation efficiency in low irradiation situations, and fluctuating electric power output based on
weather conditions, specifically solar radiation intensity (irradiation) [1]. As a result, the implementation of a
real-time maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control mechanism becomes essential in PV generation
systems [2]. One disadvantage of PV systems is their dependence on sunlight, which is not available 24 hours

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

2528  ISSN: 2088-8694

a day. Therefore, PV systems require batteries that need periodic maintenance and replacement every three to
five years [3].
A review of various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for PV systems, including
conventional, mathematical models, and artificial intelligence (AI) methods, was conducted in [4]. It showed
that AI methods are widely used for their accuracy and efficiency. Ishaque et al. [5] developed an approach
based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which demonstrated outstanding performance.
However, this approach requires the user to specify several settings, making it challenging for commercial
utilization. The perturbation and observation (P&O) approach is often employed in some PV
systems [6]–[11]. The P&O approach works by changing the sample rate while perturbing the reference
value [7]. Although this method exhibits steady-state inaccuracy and damped dynamic response.
Femia et al. [12] the issue with artificial neural networks (ANN) based algorithms is their reliance on accessible
training data under varying environmental conditions, necessitating data updating whenever the array
configuration changes. The authors in [13]–[15] reviewed several algorithms, including artificial bee, ant
colony, PSO, flashing firefly, and grey wolf algorithms. While the genetic algorithm is more stable, its
application is more complex as it requires intricate calculations, equations, and user input for some variables.
Additionally, the maximum power operating point varies with the insolation level and temperature [16],
making the tracking control of the maximum power point a complicated problem. To overcome these
challenges, a fuzzy logic control (FLC) based MPPT technique is proposed.
This paper presents the design of a single-phase inverter integrated with a DC-to-DC converter for a
standalone photovoltaic (SAPV) system. The converter incorporates fuzzy logic control (FLC) based maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) technique to generate a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. This technique
enables rapid tracking of the maximum power (MP) from the PV module. The proposed SAPV system consists
of a PV array, DC-to-DC converter, batteries, single-phase boost inverter, and load. The power from the PV
module is extracted and boosted by the DC-to-DC boost converter. To regulate the converter output voltage
and extract the MP from the PV module, the duty cycle of the converter is controlled using FLC-based MPPT.
The boost converter charges the batteries, and the energy from the batteries is transported to the AC load
through a single-phase boost inverter. The current and voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) are measured
and comply with IEEE 519.
The findings of this study contribute to the performance and efficiency of the project. By utilizing the
FLC-based MPPT method, the efficiency of the PV system can be improved, especially under rapidly changing
irradiance. Moreover, compared to other MPPT techniques, the proposed method provides a stable response as
the FLC adjusts the perturbation size based on the situation. The FLC approach also eliminates the need for
precise knowledge of PV characteristics [17]. Therefore, with the implementation of this technology, the PV
system can be enhanced and optimized.

2. METHODOLOGY
The proposed fuzzy logic control (FLC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for
standalone photovoltaic (SAPV) with battery storage is depicted in Figure 1. The solar module converts
incident solar radiation into DC electricity within the system [18]. The boost converter, controlled by FLC
based MPPT, maximizes power extraction from the solar module while accounting for variations in solar
radiation, temperature, and protects the battery from overcharging and under-discharging. The battery stores
excess energy when the solar module generates more power than the load demand or supplies power to the
load during periods of low solar generation, such as cloudy or rainy days or at night. The inverter converts the
DC power into AC power at the same voltage level and frequency as the power grid, enabling the use of
standard AC loads and electric appliances [19]. As the output power of the solar array is subject to weather
conditions, the successful operation of the SAPV system relies on determining the optimal size of the solar
module and battery to meet the load demand.

2.1. PV characteristics and modeling

Figure 2 illustrates the overall simulation model for this project, implemented using a
MATLAB/Simulink model. For this study, the Yingli Energy (China) YL265C-30b solar PV array is selected
as the power source. The specifications of the module are provided in Table 1. The PV array consists of 1
series-connected module per string and 1 parallel string. The simulation model is evaluated under various
environmental conditions, including different temperatures and solar radiation. The PV array typically
generates low-voltage energy, which can be challenging to handle depending on the required power output. To
address this issue, a boost converter can be employed in specific scenarios [20], [21]. Figure 3 illustrates a
boost converter powered by the PV array.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023: 2527-2536
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2529

Figure 1. SAPV system

Figure 2. Overall simulation model using MATLAB/Simulink

Table 1. Specification of PV array

Parameter Value
Max power 265.2174
W
Voltage at max power point, 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 30.38 V
Current at max Power Point, 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 8.73 A
Open circuit voltage, 𝑉𝑜𝑐 38.28 V
Short circuit current, 𝐼𝑠𝑐 9.35 A
Total number of cells per module, 𝑁𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 60
Figure 3. Boost converter powered by the PV array Number of parallel string, 𝑁𝑝 1
Number of PV module in series per string, 𝑁𝑠 1

2.2. FLC MPPT Technique

FLC is utilized to control the duty cycle of the DC-DC Boost converter, enabling the extraction of the
maximum power (MP) from the PV module. The FLC's primary function is to measure the voltage and current
of the PV module at specific radiation and temperature levels in order to calculate the power. This calculated
power value serves as the input for the FLC [22]. As depicted in Figure 3, the fuzzy inference process usually
includes four parts: fuzzification, fuzzy rules base, inference method, and defuzzification. The final output of
the defuzzification process is determined by the defuzzification factor, which sets the duty cycle for the
operation of the boost converter switches [23].

Fuzzy logic control based MPPT for standalone photovoltaic … (Nur Syafiqah Mohd Taib)
2530  ISSN: 2088-8694

− Fuzzification: this process involves converting specific input values into degree of membership of fuzzy
sets through the use of membership functions. The membership functions scale and normalize the voltage
and current measurements. In this fuzzy control system, the linguistic variables are assigned membership
function values using five fuzzy subsets: negative big (NB), negative small (NS),
zero (ZE), positive small (PS), and positive big (PB). Triangular membership functions are employed in
the fuzzy control design.
− Fuzzy rule base: this is the "brain" of fuzzy logic inference, storing all the "IF-THEN" rules required for
fuzzy inference. For example, a rule may state: "IF (𝐼𝑝𝑣 is NB) AND (𝑉𝑝𝑣 is PB), THEN (ΔD is ZE),"
which means that when the current PV is "negative big" and the voltage PV is "positive big," the resulting
duty ratio is set to "zero" in order to decrease the output voltage. These rules are typically described by
experts using natural language based on their experience. The rule base of the FLC is presented in
Table 2 [24].
− Inference method: this refers to the approach used to derive the final fuzzy conclusion based on the degree
of membership of input variables to fuzzy sets and the detailed fuzzy rules. There are various methods for
fuzzy inference, and the choice of method can lead to different conclusions. Among the methods, the
Mamdani inference method based on the max-min compositional rule is commonly employed.
− Defuzzification: this process involves converting the fuzzy conclusions into specific output values. The
most commonly used method is the center of gravity (CoG) method. The output of the FLC represents the
duty cycle that controls the DC-to-DC converter's switch through the generation of pulse width.
The output of the FLC represents the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter, as illustrated in Figure 4.
Membership functions are used to scale and normalize the voltage and current measurements. Five fuzzy
subsets, namely negative big (NB), negative small (NS), zero (ZE), positive small (PS), and positive big (PB)
are assigned membership function values for the linguistic variables. Triangular membership functions are
employed in the fuzzy control system developed in this study. The rule base of the FLC, shown in
Table 2 [24], utilizes voltage (𝑉𝑝𝑣 ), current (𝐼𝑝𝑣 ), and duty ratio (ΔD) as inputs to the converter.
The output from the PV module is fed into the boost converter. The voltage (𝑉𝑝𝑣 ) and current (𝐼𝑝𝑣 ) of
the PV module serve as inputs to the fuzzy MPPT controller. The fuzzy MPPT generates control pulses for the
boost converter, using the duty cycle output. Figures 4 to 6 illustrate the membership functions of the input
variables and the output [25].

Table 2. Rule base of fuzzy logic controller

𝑉𝑝𝑣 𝐼𝑝𝑣 NB NS ZE PS PB
NB NB NS NS ZE ZE
NS NS NS ZE ZE PS
ZE ZE ZE PS PS PS
PS ZE PS PS PS PB
PB PS PS PS PB PB

Figure 3. FLC MPPT flow chart

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023: 2527-2536
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2531

Figure 4. Membership function of input variable 1 (𝑉𝑝𝑣 )

Figure 5. Membership function of input variable 2 (𝐼𝑝𝑣 )

Figure 6. Membership function of output variable (ΔD)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents and discusses the results of the FLC-based MPPT for SAPV systems with battery
storage. The output was implemented using MATLAB based on the obtained results. The evaluation of the
system performance includes two types of tests: steady-state tests and dynamic tests.

3.1. Steady-state test

The steady-state or static state refers to the operation of the MPPT algorithm under constant solar
irradiance and temperature. In this study, simulation results were generated using a solar irradiance of G=1000
W/m² and a cell temperature of T = 65 0C. Figure 7 illustrates the simulation results of the DC voltage, which
is 194 V, and the DC current, which is 1.94 A, from a PV module using the FLC-based MPPT algorithm.
Figure 8 shows the simulation results of the AC voltage, which is 230 Vrms, and the AC current, which is 1.22

Fuzzy logic control based MPPT for standalone photovoltaic … (Nur Syafiqah Mohd Taib)
2532  ISSN: 2088-8694

Irms. The simulation involves a boost conversion from 180 V (nominal voltage) and 200 Ah (rated capacity)
batteries. Overall, the results in this section demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy algorithm performs well,
exhibiting a fast response time, low total harmonic distortion (THD), and no overshoot or undershoot during
steady-state operation.

Figure 7. DC voltage and DC current at solar irradiance, G = 1000 W/m² and cell temperature, T = 65 °C

Figure 8. AC voltage and AC current at solar irradiance, G = 1000 W/m² and cell temperature, T = 65 °C

3.2. Dynamic test

In the second part, the dynamic response of the MPPT is tested by varying the solar irradiance and
module temperature. The MPPT dynamic response test is conducted using a staircase irradiance and
temperature profile, which is a commonly used method for analyzing the performance of MPP trackers. In the
simulation, the solar irradiance and temperature are linearly increased from 600 W/m² at 45 °C to
1000 W/m² at 65 °C, as shown in Figure 9. Simulations were conducted to observe the overall response of the
system over a period of 1 second. In real conditions, solar radiation can change in as little as 300 ms,
necessitating rapid response from MPP trackers.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023: 2527-2536
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2533

Figure 9. The solar irradiance and temperature are increased linearly from 600 W/m²
with 45 °C to 1000 W/m² with 65 °C

Figure 10 shows the DC output voltage at 194 V and current at 1.94 A. Despite the linear increase in
solar radiation and temperature, there is no significant impact on the voltage and current values. Once a DC
voltage is present at the battery terminal, it is sent to the DC boost inverter to be converted to AC. The inverter
efficiently transforms the DC voltage of 180 V to an AC voltage of 230 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 and a readily available AC current
of 1.167 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 for residential loads, without the need for a transformer. The simulation results are depicted in
Figure 11. The AC output of the inverter dynamically adjusts with the variations in solar radiation, temperature,
and the maximum power point reached in each second. From the figure, it can be observed that the voltage
(𝑉𝑚𝑝 ), current (𝐼𝑚𝑝 ), and power (𝑃𝑚𝑝 ) reach their respective maximum points smoothly, without any overshoot
or undershoot.

Figure 10. DC voltage and DC current as solar irradiance and temperature increase linearly from
600 W/m² at 45 °C to 1000 W/m² at 65 °C

Fuzzy logic control based MPPT for standalone photovoltaic … (Nur Syafiqah Mohd Taib)
2534  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 11. AC voltage and AC current as solar irradiance and temperature increase linearly from
600 W/m² at 45 °C to 1000 W/m² at 65 °C

For the AC load shown in Figure 12, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the proposed system is
measured at 2.06%. This value is well within the compliance limits set by the IEEE 519 standard, which states
that the total harmonic current distortion (THDi) of rated inverters should be less than 5%. This achievement
brings both economic and technical advantages. The simulation results demonstrate that the system can
efficiently adjust the fuzzy parameters, ensuring fast response, good temporary performance, and insensitivity
to external interference variations. The system effectively supplies energy to the utility grid with low harmonics.
Furthermore, the results indicate that the harmonic distortion of the output inverter current waveform can be
maintained close to the regulatory limits set for the utility, even at different solar panel voltage levels.

Figure 12. The total harmonic distortion of the proposed system

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023: 2527-2536
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2535

4. CONCLUSION
The proposed FLC-based MPPT system for SAPV system with battery storage has been determined
to be a cost-effective and efficient conversion system. This system converts the output DC voltage from a PV
module to AC 230 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 , which can power a single-phase domestic load at 230 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 . To enhance energy
conversion efficiency, an intelligent control technique based on fuzzy logic control is integrated with the MPPT
controller in this study. Compared to traditional voltage source inverters, the boost inverter used in this system
offers both economic and technological advantages. Simulation results on various loads demonstrate that the
system operates within the permissible THD range. This proposed technique offers several benefits, including
lower overall system costs, smaller size, and higher efficiency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Solar Research Institute, Research Management
Centre and College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia for
knowledge, facilities, and financial support.

REFERENCES
[1] N. Mutoh, M. Ohno, and T. Inoue, “A Method for MPPT control while searching for parameters corresponding to weather conditions
for PV generation systems,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1055–1065, Jun. 2006, doi:
10.1109/TIE.2006.878328.
[2] M. C. Cavalcanti, K. C. Oliveira, G. M. Azevedo, D. Moreira, and F. A. Neves, “Maximum power point tracking techniques for
photovoltaic systems,” Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, no. 1, pp. 49–56, 2006.
[3] P. Manimekalai, R. Harikumar, and S. Raghavan, “An overview of batteries for photovoltaic (PV) systems,” International Journal
of Computer Applications, vol. 82, no. 12, pp. 28–32, 2013, doi: 10.5120/14170-2299.
[4] A. Mellit and S. A. Kalogirou, “MPPT-based artificial intelligence techniques for photovoltaic systems and its implementation into
field programmable gate array chips: review of current status and future perspectives,” Energy, vol. 70, pp. 1–21, Jun. 2014, doi:
10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.102.
[5] K. Ishaque, Z. Salam, and Syafaruddin, “A comprehensive MATLAB Simulink PV system simulator with partial shading capability
based on two-diode model,” Solar Energy, vol. 85, no. 9, pp. 2217–2227, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2011.06.008.
[6] N. Karami, N. Moubayed, and R. Outbib, “General review and classification of different MPPT Techniques,” Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 68, pp. 1–18, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.132.
[7] Chihchiang Hua, Jongrong Lin, and Chihming Shen, “Implementation of a DSP-controlled photovoltaic system with peak power
tracking,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 99–107, 1998, doi: 10.1109/41.661310.
[8] X. Liu and L. A. C. Lopes, “An improved perturbation and observation maximum power point tracking algorithm for PV arrays,”
in 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551), pp. 2005–2010, doi:
10.1109/PESC.2004.1355425.
[9] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, and N. C. Voulgaris, “Development of a microcontroller-based, photovoltaic maximum power point
tracking control system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 46–54, Jan. 2001, doi: 10.1109/63.903988.
[10] T. Senjyu and K. Uezato, “Maximum power point tracker using fuzzy control for photovoltaic arrays,” in Proceedings of 1994 IEEE
International Conference on Industrial Technology - ICIT ’94, pp. 143–147, doi: 10.1109/ICIT.1994.467196.
[11] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimizing sampling rate of P&O MPPT technique,” in 2004 IEEE 35th
Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551), pp. 1945–1949, doi: 10.1109/PESC.2004.1355415.
[12] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimizing duty-cycle perturbation of P&O MPPT technique,” in 2004 IEEE
35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551), pp. 1939–1944, doi:
10.1109/PESC.2004.1355414.
[13] N. Singh, “A modified variant of grey wolf optimizer,” Scientia Iranica, pp. 0–0, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.24200/sci.2018.50122.1523.
[14] S. R. Hoseini Vaez and Z. Minaei, “Pulse extraction of pulselike ground motions based on particle swarm optimization algorithm,”
Scientia Iranica, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 134–158, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.24200/sci.2018.5607.1374.
[15] K. Y. Yap, C. R. Sarimuthu, and J. M.-Y. Lim, “Artificial Intelligence Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Power System: A review,”
Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1043–1059, 2020, doi: 10.35833/MPCE.2020.000159.
[16] B. M. Ahmed and N. F. F. ALhialy, “Optimum efficiency of PV panel using genetic algorithms to touch proximate zero energy
house (NZEH),” Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1832–1840, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.28991/cej-2019-03091375.
[17] B. Bendib, F. Krim, H. Belmili, M. F. Almi, and S. Boulouma, “Advanced fuzzy MPPT controller for a stand-alone PV system,”
Energy Procedia, vol. 50, pp. 383–392, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.046.
[18] W. X. Shen, “Optimally sizing of solar array and battery in a standalone photovoltaic system in Malaysia,” Renewable Energy, vol.
34, no. 1, pp. 348–352, Jan. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2008.03.015.
[19] M. Rasheduzzaman, P. Fajri, J. Kimball, and B. Deken, “Modeling, analysis, and control design of a single-stage boost inverter,”
Energies, vol. 14, no. 14, p. 4098, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14144098.
[20] P. Shanker and J. M. S. Kim, “A new current programming technique using predictive control,” in Proceedings of Intelec 94, pp.
428–434, doi: 10.1109/INTLEC.1994.396633.
[21] C. Hua and C. Shen, “Control of DC/DC converters for solar energy system with maximum power tracking,” in Proceedings of the
IECON’97 23rd International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation (Cat. No.97CH36066), vol. 2,
pp. 827–832, doi: 10.1109/IECON.1997.672008.
[22] S. Aji, D. Ajiatmo, I. Robandi, and H. Suryoatmojo, “MPPT based on fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for photovoltaic (PV) system in
solar car,” Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 127–134, Dec. 2013, doi:
10.14203/j.mev.2013.v4.127-134.
[23] R. M. Asif et al., “Design and analysis of robust fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking based isolated photovoltaic energy
system,” Engineering Reports, vol. 2, no. 9, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1002/eng2.12234.
[24] A. Siddik and Shangeetha, “Implementation of fuzzy logic controller in photovoltaic power generation using boost converter and

Fuzzy logic control based MPPT for standalone photovoltaic … (Nur Syafiqah Mohd Taib)
2536  ISSN: 2088-8694

boost inverter,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), vol. 2, no. 3, Sep. 2012, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v2i3.334.
[25] S. M. Sulthan and D. Devaraj, “Fuzzy based maximum power point tracking controller for stand alone photovoltaic system using
MATLAB/Simulink,” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, no. 1, pp. 3101–3106, 2015.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Nur Syafiqah Mohd Taib is currently pursuing a Bachelor of Electrical

Engineering (Hons) at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She received her
Diploma in Electrical Engineering (Electronic) at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM),
Malaysia in 2020. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Siti Zaliha Mohammad Noor has obtained Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

(Hons) in 2005, MSc Power Electronics in 2008 and PhD in Electrical Engineering in 2018
from Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She is currently a Senior Lecturer at
the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UiTM. She has authored and co-authored over 40
technical papers in indexed international journal and conferences. Her research interests are
renewable energy, power electronics, modeling and simulation, signal processing and
embedded controller applications. She is a Certified Energy Manager, Certified Professional
in Measurement and Verification CPMV), and Qualified Person (QP) SEDA Malaysia Grid-
Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems Design. She is also attached to industry collaborations
as the Subject Matter Expert (SME) for the Photovoltaic (PV) system and energy audit. She
also received a gold award on the e-Content Development Competition (e-ConDev2018) and
silver award in Educational, Design, Games, Invention and Innovation Competition 2022
(EDGII2022) for Course Renewable Energy-Friends of The World as an educator and
developer of the course. Currently, more than 1200 students joined the course worldwide for
free. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Suleiman Musa obtained his National Diploma in Electrical and Electronic

Engineering Technology Kaduna Polytechnic in 1994 and graduated at Upper Credit. He then
joined the service of the Polytechnic in 1995 as an assistant technician. In 1998 He obtained
his Higher National Diploma (power and machine option) at Upper Credit from the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology Kaduna Polytechnic.
Furthermore, he obtained the Post Higher National Diploma in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering at Upper Credit from the same Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Technology in 2002. He proceeded to Bayero University Kano where
he obtained a Master Degree in Electrical Engineering in 2008. In 2017 He obtained a Ph.D.
degree in Electrical Power System from the Universiti Putra Malaysia. He can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Pusparini Dewi Abd Aziz has obtained Bachelor of Electrical Engineering

(Hons) in 2005 and MSc in High Voltage and Pulse Power in 2010 from Universiti Teknologi
MARA (UiTM) Malaysia. Currently, she serves Universiti Kuala Lumpur - British Malaysian
Institute as Senior Lecturer in Electrical Technology Section. She has published over 30
publications in indexed journals and conferences. Her research interests in the area of power
electronics, electrical machines and drives, signal processing and railway technology
including train electrification and signaling. She is also a certified trainer in Train
Electrification and System. She can be contacted via email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023: 2527-2536