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You
1. a) Define weapon system b) Briefly explain how Technology, Threat
perception, Enemy capabilities, Budgetary constraints and shifting political
priorities affect weapon for design and selection. c) Name the most commonly
used Assault Rifle by the Indian Army. Draw a neal diagram and name the
parts and explain intricacies involved in design and manufacture of a good
assault rifle. 2. a) Name the latest indigenous gun made in India, name the
company who made it and its technology partner and briefly mention its
specifications and uses. b) Find the recoil velocity of a gun having mass equal
to 5 kg, if a bullet of 25gm 6 acquires the velocity of 500 m/s after firing from
the gun. c) What do you understand by the term CBG? What is its purpose?
Draw a diagram and explain the function of each element of CBG. 3. a) What
are the three principal types of machinery (propulsion) installations found on
ships? b) What are the general characteristics of frigate? Define the terms
Survivability, Susceptibility, Vulnerability and Recoverability for ships.

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1. a) Define weapon system

A weapon system is an integrated set of components, including the weapon
itself (such as a missile, gun, or bomb), targeting systems, guidance and
control systems, and support equipment, designed to achieve a specific
military objective. These systems work together to detect, track, engage, and
destroy or neutralize targets.

b) Factors Affecting Weapon Design and Selection

1. Technology: Advancements in technology can lead to the development

of more sophisticated and effective weapon systems. Innovations in
 materials, electronics, and computing can enhance accuracy, range, and
lethality, while reducing weight and maintenance requirements.

2. Threat Perception: The perceived threats, including the capabilities and

strategies of potential adversaries, influence the design and selection of
weapons. Nations design weapons to counter specific threats, such as
ballistic missiles, drones, or cyber-attacks.

3. Enemy Capabilities: Understanding the capabilities of adversaries, such

as their defense systems, mobility, and electronic warfare techniques,
shapes the design of weapons to ensure they can penetrate defenses
and achieve their intended effect.

4. Budgetary Constraints: The cost of developing, producing, and

maintaining weapon systems is a critical factor. Budget limitations may
require compromises in performance, quantity, or the adoption of off-
the-shelf solutions.

5. Shifting Political Priorities: Political considerations, including strategic

alliances, defense policies, and public opinion, influence weapon
procurement and development. Shifts in political leadership or policy
can redirect funding and focus to different types of weapon systems.

c) Commonly Used Assault Rifle by the Indian Army

The most commonly used assault rifle by the Indian Army is the INSAS (Indian
Small Arms System). Below is a simplified diagram of an assault rifle,
illustrating the main parts.

Diagram of an Assault Rifle

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___________________ / \ / ---------------------- \ / / \ | | / / \ | | | | Barrel / | \ | | ___________________ | |_____ | | | \ \ | | |
\ Chamber \ | | | | \ | | | | \ Bolt \ | | | \ | | | | \ Receiver \ | | | \ | | | | \ Trigger \ | | |_________| | | Stock | | |
|_____________________________________________

Main Parts
 1. Barrel: The part through which the bullet travels when fired.
2. Chamber: Holds the bullet ready to be fired.
3. Bolt: Part of the firing mechanism that moves to load, fire, and eject
cartridges.
4. Receiver: The central part of the rifle that houses the operating parts.
5. Trigger: The mechanism that initiates the firing process.
6. Stock: The rear part of the rifle that provides support and stability when
aiming.

Intricacies in Design and Manufacture

• Accuracy: Precision engineering is required to ensure the alignment of
the barrel and sighting systems.
• Durability: Use of high-strength materials to withstand high pressure
and heat.
• Ergonomics: Design for ease of handling and minimal recoil.
• Maintenance: Simplified assembly for easy cleaning and repair.

2. a) Latest Indigenous Gun in India

The latest indigenous gun made in India is the ATAGS (Advanced Towed
Artillery Gun System). It is manufactured by Bharat Forge Ltd., with technology
partners including the Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO).

Specifications and Uses

• Caliber: 155 mm
• Range: Over 48 km
• Rate of Fire: Burst mode, sustained mode, and intense mode
• Mobility: Towed artillery system
• Uses: Long-range artillery support, capable of precision targeting and
strategic bombardment.

b) Recoil Velocity Calculation

To find the recoil velocity of a gun, we use the principle of conservation of
momentum.

Given:

• Mass of gun (M) = 5 kg

• Mass of bullet (m) = 25 g = 0.025 kg
• Velocity of bullet (v) = 500 m/s

Using the conservation of momentum:

𝑀⋅𝑉𝑔=𝑚⋅𝑣M⋅Vg=m⋅v 𝑉𝑔=𝑚⋅𝑣𝑀Vg=Mm⋅v 𝑉𝑔=0.025⋅5005Vg=50.025⋅500

𝑉𝑔=12.55Vg=512.5 𝑉𝑔=2.5 m/sVg=2.5 m/s

The recoil velocity of the gun is 2.5 m/s.

c) CBG (Closed Breathing Gas) System

Purpose

CBG systems are used in environments where external air is not available or is
contaminated. These systems provide breathable air by recycling the exhaled
air of the user.

Diagram and Function

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+ ----------------------+ | Mouthpiece | | | | + -------------+ | | | Scrubber | | | + -------------+ | | | | | + -----+ | | | Air | |
| | Bag | | | + -----+ | + ----------------------+
1. Mouthpiece: Interface through which the user breathes in and out.
2. Scrubber: Removes carbon dioxide from exhaled air.
3. Air Bag: Holds purified air to be inhaled again.

3. a) Principal Types of Propulsion Installations on Ships

 1. Diesel Engines: Provide reliable and efficient power, suitable for most
types of ships.
2. Gas Turbines: Offer high speed and power, typically used in modern
naval vessels.
3. Nuclear Reactors: Provide long-term, high-output power, mainly used
in submarines and aircraft carriers.

b) Characteristics of a Frigate
Frigates are medium-sized warships, typically used for escorting larger vessels,
anti-submarine warfare, and air defense.

Terms Defined

1. Survivability: The ability of a ship to remain functional and operational

after taking damage.
2. Susceptibility: The likelihood of being detected and targeted by the
enemy.
3. Vulnerability: The extent to which a ship can be harmed by enemy
action once detected.
4. Recoverability: The ability to restore full operational capability after
being damaged.

You
c) A ship of 10000t displacement has a GM of 0.4m. Calculate the moment of
statical stability when ship is heeled by 5 degree? 4. a) Indicate with a line
diagram the three axes around which a fixed wing aircraft moves and name
the movements. b) What is Thrust Augmentation? With line diagram, show
what particular arrangement is provided in a fighter aircraft for increasing the
thrust. c) An airplane has a drag coefficient of 0.06 and a wing area of 20 m². If
the velocity is 100 m/s and the air density is 1.2 kg/m³, calculate the drag force
acting on the airplane. 5. a) What are Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical
aerofoils? b) With a simple diagram show and explain what is Coning of the
helicopter blades? What is its significance for helicopters. c) What do you
understand by term Armour? Define different types of armours? What is the
purpose to incorporating armour on armoured personnel carriers and
Helicopters?

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3. c) Moment of Statical Stability

The moment of statical stability can be calculated using the formula:

Moment of Statical Stability=Displacement×𝐺𝑀×sin⁡(𝜃)Moment of

Statical Stability=Displacement×GM×sin(θ)

Given:

• Displacement (ΔΔ) = 10,000 tons = 10,000,000 kg (assuming 1 ton =

1000 kg)
• GM (Metacentric height) = 0.4 m
• Angle of heel (𝜃θ) = 5 degrees

Converting the angle to radians:

𝜃=5∘=5×𝜋180≈0.0873 radiansθ=5∘=5×180π≈0.0873 radians

Now, plug the values into the formula:

Moment of Statical Stability=10,000,000 kg×0.4 m×sin⁡(0.0873)Mo

ment of Statical Stability=10,000,000kg×0.4m×sin(0.0873)

Using the sine of the angle:

sin⁡(0.0873)≈0.0872sin(0.0873)≈0.0872

Moment of Statical Stability=10,000,000×0.4×0.0872Moment of Stati

cal Stability=10,000,000×0.4×0.0872
Moment of Statical Stability≈348,800 kg⋅mMoment of Statical Stabilit
y≈348,800kg⋅m

So, the moment of statical stability when the ship is heeled by 5 degrees is
approximately 348,800 kg·m.

4. a) Axes and Movements of a Fixed Wing Aircraft

A fixed wing aircraft moves around three principal axes:

1. Longitudinal Axis (Roll): This axis runs from the nose to the tail of the
aircraft. The movement around this axis is called "rolling" and is
controlled by the ailerons.

2. Lateral Axis (Pitch): This axis runs from wingtip to wingtip. The
movement around this axis is called "pitching" and is controlled by the
elevators.

3. Vertical Axis (Yaw): This axis runs vertically through the center of the
aircraft. The movement around this axis is called "yawing" and is
controlled by the rudder.

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Longitudinal Axis / / Nose -> Tail (Roll) Lateral Axis /------------------ \ Wingtip Pitch Wingtip / \
(Elevators) (Elevators) Vertical Axis | | | (Yaw)

4. b) Thrust Augmentation
Thrust augmentation refers to methods used to increase the thrust produced
by an aircraft engine. This is commonly achieved using afterburners, which
inject additional fuel into the jet pipe behind the turbine.

Diagram of Afterburner Arrangement

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Compressor -> Combustion Chamber -> Turbine -> Afterburner -> Nozzle | | | | Air Intake Combustion of
primary fuel Secondary combustion High velocity exhaust

4. c) Drag Force Calculation

The drag force (𝐹𝑑Fd) can be calculated using the drag equation:

𝐹𝑑=12⋅𝐶𝑑⋅𝜌⋅𝐴⋅𝑣2Fd=21⋅Cd⋅ρ⋅A⋅v2

Given:

• Drag coefficient (𝐶𝑑Cd) = 0.06

• Wing area (𝐴A) = 20 m²
• Velocity (𝑣v) = 100 m/s
• Air density (𝜌ρ) = 1.2 kg/m³

𝐹𝑑=12⋅0.06⋅1.2⋅20⋅(100)2Fd=21⋅0.06⋅1.2⋅20⋅(100)2
𝐹𝑑=0.03⋅1.2⋅20⋅10000Fd=0.03⋅1.2⋅20⋅10000 𝐹𝑑=0.03⋅1.2⋅200000Fd
=0.03⋅1.2⋅200000 𝐹𝑑=0.03⋅240000Fd=0.03⋅240000 𝐹𝑑=7200 NFd
=7200N

The drag force acting on the airplane is 7200 N.

5. a) Symmetrical and Non-Symmetrical Aerofoils

• Symmetrical Aerofoils: These have identical upper and lower surfaces.

They provide no lift at zero angle of attack but are stable and
predictable in inverted flight.

Diagram:

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__________ / \ / \ | | \ / \___________/
 • Non-Symmetrical Aerofoils (Cambered): These have a curved upper
surface and a flatter lower surface. They produce lift at zero angle of
attack and generally provide higher lift-to-drag ratios compared to
symmetrical aerofoils.

Diagram:

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___________ / \ / \ | | | | \ / \__________/

5. b) Coning of Helicopter Blades

Coning refers to the upward flexing of helicopter rotor blades due to the
combination of lift and centrifugal force.

Diagram of Coning

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/ \ <- Rotor Blades / \ / \ | | ^ | Coning Angle | Rotor Hub

Significance: Coning increases with load and rotor speed. It affects the rotor
disk area and therefore the lift produced. Proper design ensures optimal lift
without excessive stress on the blades.

5. c) Armour
Armour is a protective covering designed to prevent damage from weapons. It
is used in military vehicles, personnel carriers, and aircraft.

Types of Armour

1. Steel Armour: Traditional and highly durable but heavy.

2. Composite Armour: Made from layered materials like ceramics and
fibers, offering high protection with less weight.
 3. Reactive Armour: Contains explosives that detonate on impact to
neutralize the incoming projectile.
4. Ballistic Armour: Often used in personal body armour, made from
materials like Kevlar.

Purpose on Armoured Personnel Carriers and Helicopters:

• Protection: Against small arms fire, shrapnel, and certain types of

explosive threats.
• Survivability: Increases the chance of mission success and the safety of
personnel.
• Operational Efficiency: Allows vehicles and aircraft to operate in hostile
environments without severe damage.

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