Cheatsheets / Learn Python 3
Classes
Python repr method
The Python __repr__() method is used to tell class Employee:
Python what the string representation of the class
def __init__(self, name):
should be. It can only have one parameter, self , and
it should return a string. self.name = name
def __repr__(self):
return self.name
john = Employee('John')
print(john) # John
Python class methods
In Python, methods are functions that are defined as # Dog class
part of a class. It is common practice that the first
class Dog:
argument of any method that is part of a class is the
actual object calling the method. This argument is # Method of the class
usually called self. def bark(self):
print("Ham-Ham")
# Create a new instance
charlie = Dog()
# Call the method
charlie.bark()
# This will output "Ham-Ham"
Instantiate Python Class
In Python, a class needs to be instantiated before use. class Car:
As an analogy, a class can be thought of as a blueprint
"This is an empty class"
(Car), and an instance is an actual implementation of
the blueprint (Ferrari). pass
# Class Instantiation
ferrari = Car()
Python Class Variables
In Python, class variables are defined outside of all class my_class:
methods and have the same value for every instance of
class_variable = "I am a Class
the class.
Class variables are accessed with the Variable!"
instance.variable or
class_name.variable syntaxes.
x = my_class()
y = my_class()
print(x.class_variable) #I am a Class
Variable!
print(y.class_variable) #I am a Class
Variable!
Python init method
In Python, the .__init__() method is used to class Animal:
initialize a newly created object. It is called every time
def __init__(self, voice):
the class is instantiated.
self.voice = voice
# When a class instance is created, the
instance variable
# 'voice' is created and set to the input
value.
cat = Animal('Meow')
print(cat.voice) # Output: Meow
dog = Animal('Woof')
print(dog.voice) # Output: Woof
Python type() function
The Python type() function returns the data type a = 1
of the argument passed to it.
print(type(a)) # <class 'int'>
a = 1.1
print(type(a)) # <class 'float'>
a = 'b'
print(type(a)) # <class 'str'>
a = None
print(type(a)) # <class 'NoneType'>
Python class
In Python, a class is a template for a data type. A class # Defining a class
can be defined using the class keyword.
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name,
number_of_legs):
self.name = name
self.number_of_legs = number_of_legs
Python dir() function
In Python, the built-in dir() function, without any class Employee:
argument, returns a list of all the attributes in the
def __init__(self, name):
current scope.
With an object as argument, dir() tries to return all self.name = name
valid object attributes.
def print_name(self):
print("Hi, I'm " + self.name)
print(dir())
# ['Employee', '__builtins__', '__doc__',
'__file__', '__name__', '__package__',
'new_employee']
print(dir(Employee))
# ['__doc__', '__init__', '__module__',
'print_name']
__main__ in Python
In Python, __main__ is an identifier used to
reference the current file context. When a module is
read from standard input, a script, or from an
interactive prompt, its __name__ is set equal to
__main__ .
Suppose we create an instance of a class called
CoolClass . Printing the type() of the
instance will result in:
<class '__main__.CoolClass'>
This means that the class CoolClass was defined
in the current script file.
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