International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 4, December 2023, pp. 2052~2063

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i4.pp2052-2063  2052

Comparative analysis on power quality improvement in

autonomous micro grids using PSO, HHO and hybrid controller

Karimulla Syed Mohammad, Ravi Kumar Chekka

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: RES based distributed generation (DG)’s is effectively used in DS due to
government initiations and benefits. These are also support customer power
Received Dec 14, 2022 demands in DS. However, few problems are facing in operation DG’s with
Revised Apr 10, 2023 existing DS, like parallel operation, islanding detection and majorly power
Accepted May 3, 2023 quality problems due go harmonics. In this paper a hybrid control technique
proposed to improve the power quality and conversion efficiency. A test case
of single phase 3.5 kW PV system based autonomous micro grid is considered.
Keywords: PSO and HHO optimal control strategies are implemented under standard test
case and variable test cases. In all the cases Vmpv (V), Impv (A), Vrms (V),
PSO Irms (A), Ppv (W), Pg (W), efficiency (%), THD (%), inverter losses (%) are
HHO evaluated. In all the cases HHO optimal control strategy for autonomous
Microgrid microgrid exhibits the best performance in comparison with PSO optimal
Optimal control strategy. The inverter efficiency is improved, inverter losses are
THD reduced and the THD is improved.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Karimulla Syed Mohammad
Department of Electrical Engineering, Acharya Nagarjuna University
NH16, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation (DG) in connected with MG is the best way to address the issue of ever-
increasing load [1]. The proximity of DG and loads in a distribution system allows for a continuous and quickly
regulated power supply. In recent years due to technology advancements, MGs design and operations are
increased, especially in grated community systems, medium power scale utilization centers, Islands [2]. MG’s
can operate in two modes, grid connected and autonomous modes. Autonomous mode also called
standalone/islanding mode, in this operation, power delver directly local loads irrespective of main grid
connection i.e. independent from conventional grid [3]. This autonomous MG connected to loads through
power electronic converters, for flexible in control of power supply, but these creates power quality problems.
A lot of literature available on this, which discussed in next section. Due to unpredicted nature of wind and
solar DG’s, it’s difficult to maintain power balance between DG and loads. In this paper power quality
problems are analyzed for a PV based autonomous microgrid simulation model. Shahgholian [4] illustrated
microgrid classifications, presented in Figure 1 (see Appendix). Schematic diagram of grid connected MG
system is presented in Figure 2 (see Appendix).

2. RECENT RESEARCH WORK

Power quality is a major issue, when RES connected to grid or loads. PQ problems are in terms of
voltage sag, swell, voltage and current harmonics, reactive power compensation, voltage and current

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2053

unbalance, islanding’s and current reversal. Verma et al. [5] introduced overview of different control
techniques to improve the system power quality. Hornik and Zhong [6] discussed different control methods
with their % THD levels to maintain the power quality in system, it is tabulated in table.
Lavanya and Kumar [7] presented about DG, power quality problems and control methods, optimization
techniques, APF for reactive power compensation and advantages & disadvantages. Karimi et al. [8] proposed
a dynamic model and control system (LQG control) for autonomous distributed resource operation.
Miveh et al. [9] designed an optimal operating strategy and cost optimization technique for a microgrid
including RES (wind turbine, diesel generator and solar array). The four-leg inverter (VSI) is gaining popularity
as an interface for renewable and sustainable DERs. The Four-leg VSIs are used in autonomous four-wire
microgrids. These are common in four-wire microgrids because they can achieve an independent control
system and meet power quality standards [9]. Like Grid connected mode the autonomous MG also same power
quality standard need to follow. The VUF and THD should have ≤ 2% and 5%, respectively, in accordance
with the IEEE standards [10]–[12]. Controlling voltage and frequency, controlling active and reactive power
sharing, controlling power quality, and operation cost optimization are fundamental principles in islanding
control mode [13], [14]. Al-Saedi et al. [15] discussed the work related to improves power quality, where DG
units are connected to the grid. This paper considers dynamic response and harmonics distortion, especially
when the microgrid is islanded, and compare THD with PI and PSO self-tuning method. The word in [16]
provides research on in-depth analysis of control techniques for improving power quality and stability in
autonomous microgrids by utilizing multi-functional VSIs.
Lavanya and Kumar [7] has been done research work focus on microgrids, these are separated into two
categories based on feasibility and economic studies, and also focusing on control and optimization. The article
discussed on introduction to the uses and types of microgrids, an explanation of the purpose of microgrid control.
Control of a microgrid divided into two categories: i) coordinated control and ii) local control. The stability of the
small signal and the many ways in which it might be improved are examined. Evaluation is being done on the
load frequency control in microgrids. Different comparisons are also discussed by Lavanya and Senthil Kumar
in [7]. Miveh et al. [16] discussed multi-functional voltage source inverters (VSI). Ebrahim et al. [17] introduced
multi objective function for optimal parameters selection in controller of AC micro grids to minimize tracking
error, and increasing power quality. Bouaouda and Sayouti [18] designed different optimal tuning methods for
optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems. Tinajero et al. [19] discussed overview on micro grid EMS
with different control strategies and challenges. Hathiyaldeniye et al. [20] used a synthesis and modeling of a
power inverter's optimal control scheme, which considers the various characteristics of the system, such as its
dynamic behavior and the reactive and active power. This allows the system to provide robust and efficient
power management. Nair et al. [21] presented a method for storing energy in the sub-system capacitors of a
modular-multi-level converter. This method can help boost the current limit of the power inverter. Increasing
the ratings of the system will lead to higher costs. Inaolaji et al. [22] introduced a hybrid control architecture
that is based on a nonlinear optimization method. Chakraborty et al. [23] adopted a LinDist3Flow version of
the DOPF algorithm. This allows us to perform multiperiod linear programming. Chavali et al. [24] presented
a framework for controlling a power inverter that is based on the dynamic duality of the plant's voltage-current
model. Majumdar et al. [25] developed a pulse width modulation technique that is suitable for the space vector
current controller (SVHCC). The detailed power losses analysis is presented in [26]–[29].

3. AUTONOMOUS MICRO GRID

3.1. Autonomous micro grid block diagram
An autonomous microgrid is a localized energy system that operates independently of the larger
electrical grid, serving a specific area or community. It integrates various distributed energy resources (DERs),
such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage systems (batteries), and sometimes even small-scale
generators like gas or diesel units. The main characteristic of an autonomous microgrid is its ability to function
in both connected and disconnected modes. Figure 3 represents, autonomous microgrid block diagram, PV,
Wind, energy storage devices connected to existing industrial loads and residential loads with the help of
AC/DC/AC converters, without involvement of main grid connection.

3.2. Design model

3.2.1. Test case
In this study, a single-phase, 3.5-kilowatt photovoltaic (PV) microgrid that is completely autonomous
is studied. The photovoltaic (PV) array was provided by Trina solar manufacturer. In this particular scenario,
the H-bridge type of inverter is taken into account, and the traditional LCL control method is utilized, as can
be seen in Figure 4. The system parameters are tabulated in Table 1.

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Figure 3. Autonomous microgrid

Figure 4. 3.5 kW PV system design model

Table 1. System design parameters

PV Model TSM-250
Maximum power (Pmax) 250 W
Voc 37.6 V
Dc link capacitor voltage 425 V
Cdc 3 mF
Isc 8.55 A
Ls 2.183 e-3 H
Cs 525 var
Grid voltage 240 V (RMS)

4. OPTIMAL TUNNING PI CONTROLLER USING PSO–HHO CONTROLLER

PI controllers are popular and conventional method for controlling applications, but these are facing
tunning problems in practice, this problem can be minimized by introducing optimum tuning algorithms, in
this paper a hybrid PSO-HHO based optimum tunning method is proposed for tunning of PI controller gain
values in voltage and current controllers. The error signal from the hybrid PSO-HHO controller, which is
mentioned in (1), serves as the input for the PI controller. Figure 5 depicts the flow chart for the proposed
hybrid optimum controller. Optimal gain values will reduce the THD. This leads to decrease in inverter losses
and hence efficiency is improved.
𝑡
Integral Time Absolute Error (𝐼𝑇𝐴𝐸) = ∫0 𝑡|𝑒(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 (1)

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2055

Proposed Optimal Controller

Optimal
Voltage Controller Controller
(PSO/HHO)

Error
Vdc_mean

+ PI Controller Id_ref
-
Vdc_ref

Optimal
Current Controller Controller
(PSO/HHO)

Error
IdIq_ref

+ PI Controller VdVq_Conv
-
IdIq

Figure 5. Proposed hybrid PSO-HHO controller

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed PSO-HHO hybrid optimization algorithm is implemented on a 3.5 kW PV autonomous
microgrid. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is evaluated by comparing it with PSO and HHO
optimization algorithms. In this paper the following cases are implemented: i) Performance evaluation using
PSO algorithm; ii) Performance evaluation using HHO algorithm; and iii) Performance evaluation using PSO-
HHO algorithm.

5.1. Performance evaluation using PSO algorithm

In this case the PSO algorithm is implemented on 3.5 kW PV autonomous microgrid, where the solar
irradiance is 1000 W/m2 and temperature is 25 °C as shown in Figure 6. The voltage controller and the current
controller gain values are optimally tuned using PSO algorithm. The PSO parameter are tabulate in Table 2.
Using the above parameters, the voltage controller and the current controller gain values are optimally
tuned and the gain values are tabulated in Table 3. PV mean voltage (Vmpv) and PV mean current (Impv) of
the autonomous microgrid are presented in Figure 7. From the Figure 7, PV mean voltage (Vmpv) recorded is
433.8 V abd PV mean current (Impv) record is 8.05 A. The PV mean power (Pmpv) recorded is 3492.09 W.

Figure 6. Solar irradiance and temperature

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Figure 7. PV mean voltage and mean current

Table 2. PSO parameters Table 3. Tuned parameters

Parameter Value Parameter Value
Population (swarm) Size 50 Voltage controller (Kpv) 1.5016
Iterations 200 Voltage controller (Kiv) 3.2419
Constant C1 0.5 Current controller (Kpc) 0.6277
Constant C2 1.25 Current controller (Kic) 3.5928
Weight W 1
Velocity V 10

The autonomous microgrid rms voltage (Vrms) and rms current (Irms) are presented Figure 8. From
the Figure 8, The autonomous microgrid rms voltage (Vrms) recorded is 239 V, rms current (Irms) recorded is
14.41 A. The autonomous grid power (Pg) recorded is 3433.99 W. The FFT analysis is implemented on
autonomous micro grid current and obtained the THD is 3.22% as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 8. Autonomous grid RMS voltage and RMS current

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Figure 9. THD analysis with PSO algorithm

5.2. Performance evaluation using HHO algorithm

In this case the HHO algorithm is implemented on 3.5 kW PV autonomous microgrid, where the solar
irradiance is 1000 W/m2 and temperature is 25 °C as shown in Figure 10. The voltage controller and the current
controller gain values are optimally tuned using HHO algorithm. The HHO parameter are tabulate in Table 4.
Using the above parameters, the voltage controller and the current controller gain values are optimally tuned
and the gain values are tabulated in Table 5. PV mean voltage (Vmpv) and PV mean current (Impv) of the
autonomous microgrid are presented in Figure 11.

Figure 10. Solar irradiance and temperature

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Table 4. HHO parameters Table 5 Tuned parameters

Parameter Value Parameter Value
Size of the Hawks 50 Voltage controller (Kpv) 1.5104
Iterations 200 Voltage controller (Kiv) 3.2812
convergence probability r 0.5 Current controller (Kpc) 0.5916
r1, r2, r3, r4 0-1 Current controller (Kic) 3.5896

Figure 11. PV mean voltage and mean current

From the Figure 11, PV mean voltage (Vmpv) recorded is 433.8 V abd PV mean current (Impv) record
is 8.05 A. The PV mean power (Pmpv) recorded is 3492.09 W. The autonomous microgrid rms voltage (Vrms)
and rms current (Irms) are presented Figure 12. From the Figure 12, The autonomous microgrid rms voltage
(Vrms) recorded is 239 V, rms current (Irms) recorded is 14.47 A. The autonomous grid power (Pg) recorded
is 3458.33 W. The FFT analysis is implemented on autonomous micro grid current and obtained the THD is
2.31% as shown in Figure 13.

Figure 12. Autonomous grid RMS voltage and RMS current

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Figure 13. THD analysis with HHO algorithm

5.3. Performance evaluation using PSO-HHO algorithm

In this case the PSO-HHO algorithm is implemented on 3.5 kW PV autonomous microgrid, where the
solar irradiance is 1000 W/m2 and temperature is 25 °C as shown in Figure 14. The voltage controller and the
current controller gain values are optimally tuned using PSO-HHO algorithm. The PSO-HHO parameter are
tabulate in Table 6. Using the above parameters, the voltage controller and the current controller gain values
are optimally tuned and the gain values are tabulated in Table 7. PV mean voltage (Vmpv) and PV mean current
(Impv) of the autonomous microgrid are presented in Figure 15.

Figure 14. Solar irradiance and temperature

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Figure 15. PV mean voltage and mean current

Table 6. PSO-HHO parameters Table 7. Tuned parameters

Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value
Population Voltage controller (Kpv) 1.1126
50 Velocity V 10
(swarm) Size Voltage controller (Kiv) 3.9712
Iterations 200 Size of the Hawks 50 Current controller (Kpc) 0.2916
Constant C1 0.5 Iterations 200 Current controller (Kic) 4.1782
Constant C2 1.25 convergence probability r 0.5
Weight W 1 r1, r2, r3, r4 0-1

From the Figure 15, PV mean voltage (Vmpv) recorded is 433.8 V abd PV mean current (Impv) record
is 8.05 A. The PV mean power (Pmpv) recorded is 3492.09 W. The autonomous microgrid rms voltage (Vrms)
and rms current (Irms) are presented Figure 16. From the Figure 16, The autonomous microgrid rms voltage
(Vrms) recorded is 239 V, rms current (Irms) recorded is 14.56 A. The autonomous grid power (Pg) recorded
is 3479.84 W. The FFT analysis is implemented on autonomous micro grid current and obtained the THD is
1.18% as shown in Figure 17.

Figure 16. Autonomous grid RMS voltage and RMS current

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Figure 17. THD analysis with PSO-HHO algorithm

5.3. Comparison analysis

The hybrid PSO-HHO, PSO and HHO optimal control strategies are implemented. The hybrid PSO-
HHO optimal control strategy for autonomous microgrid exhibits the best performance in comparison with
PSO, HHO optimal control strategy. The THD is reduced from 3.21% to 1.18%. The detailed comparison
analysis tabulated in Table 8.

Table 8. Comparison analysis

Algorithm Ppv (W) Pg (W) Efficiency % THD % Inverter Losses %
PSO 3492.09 3443.99 98.6226 3.22 1.377399
HHO 3492.09 3458.33 99.03324 2.31 0.966756
PSO-HHO 3492.09 3479.84 99.64921 1.18 0.350793

6. CONCLUSION
In this paper a test case of single phase 3.5 kW PV system based autonomous micro grid is considered.
Optimal control strategy of autonomous microgrid for power quality improvement is presented. In this paper
PSO -HHO hybrid optimal algorithms are considered and compared. All hybrid PSO-HHO, PSO and HHO
optimal control strategies are considered under standard test case. In all the cases Vmpv (V), Impv (A), Vrms
(V), Irms (A), Ppv (W), Pg (W), efficiency (%), THD (%), inverter losses (%) are evaluated. In all the cases
hybrid PSO-HHO optimal control strategy for autonomous microgrid exhibits the best performance in
comparison with PSO, HHO optimal control strategy. The inverter efficiency is improved, inverter losses are
decreased and the THD is reduced from 3.21% to 1.18%.

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APPENDIX

Figure 1. Basic classification of MG

Figure 2. Grid connected MG system

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Karimulla Syed Mohammad received the B.Tech. degree in Electrical and

Electronics Engineering from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, India,
in 2002. M.Tech. degree in Electrical Power Systems in 2009 from the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad, India., and pursuing Ph.D. degree in Power Systems
Engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Also currently
working in University of Technology and Applied Sciences Shinas, Sultanate of Oman as faculty
in Department of Engineering. He has supervised and co-supervised more than 5 masters’
students. he has authored or coauthored more than 10 publications: His research interests include
electrical power systems, renewable energy and microgrids. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Ravi Kumar Chekka received the B.Tech. degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India, the M.Tech.
degree in Control Systems from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur,
India., and the Ph.D. degree in Power Systems Engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. Currently working as Associate Professor and also Heading the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. He has supervised and co-supervised more
than 20 masters and 5 Ph.D. students. he has authored or coauthored more than 30 publications:
His research interests include control systems, electrical power systems, renewable energy and
microgrids. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Comparative analysis on power quality improvement in autonomous … (Karimulla Syed Mohammad)