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Ee203 Class0

electronic circuits

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7 views15 pages

Ee203 Class0

electronic circuits

Uploaded by

7aktas7cumali7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE203

Introduction to Digital Systems

Suayb S. Arslan
What is a digital system?
 A digital system is an implementation of a particular function using digital
logic elements.
 Digital circuits are everywhere: Communications, multimedia, consumer
electronics, health care, defense, software, security etc etc..
What constitutes a digital system?
• A digital system has…
– Input interfaces such as keyboards, antennas,
microphones or sensors.
– Output interfaces such as monitors, speakers,
printers, actuators etc.
– Arithmetic/logic units to process digital data.
• Digital circuits can be classified into
– General purpose circuits: Computers
– Application specific circuits: Cellphones
Characteristics of Digital Systems
• They represent and manipulate discrete elements
of information
• Discrete elements can be letters, digits etc
• In digital electronic systems, electrical signals
(voltages, currents) having two discrete values
(binary) are used
• A binary digit, called a bit, has two values: 0 and 1.
• So, we will necessarily use binary numbers to
represent information
Digital Computers & Circuits
• A digital computer can accommodate many input
and output devices
• It can perform not only arithmetic computations,
but also logical operations
• It can be programmed to make decisions based on
internal and external conditions
• Digital circuits, also referred to as logic circuits,
process data by means of binary logic elements
(logic gates) using binary signals
• Quantities are stored in binary (two-valued) storage
elements (flip-flops)
Basic building blocks
• Digital logic gates that will help implement
more complex systems:
– AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate
• Logic blocks can be of two types:
– Combinational logic blocks ( e.g. OR gate)
– Sequential logic blocks ( e.g. Flip-Flops)
• Logic blocks can have one/several inputs and
one/several outputs.
Registers
Logic Gates
What are logic gates made of?
• Transistors:
– The transistor is an electronic solid-state device
that can amplify an electric signal.
Vout > Vin
out

Powerout > Powerin


in

input Id
output
Mozart

– You will learn more about them in your electronics


classes.
What is digital about signal
amplification?
• Transistors have different modes of operation.
– A transistor can be used as a switch (on or off)
– For example, the gate voltage can be used to adjust
the current that flows through the transistor.
What is an Integrated Circuit (IC)?
• A small electronic device made out of
a semiconductor wafer, using a planar
fabrication technology.

• Also known as “Chip”.


What type of complexity we are
talking about?
• One million? Couple of millions?
• Intel Itanium Tukwila Processor has
– Four cores and over 2 billion transistors
• Transistors are manufactured in nanoscale
dimensions.

Chip/IC
Circuit Level Logic Level Modules
level
Moore’s law

• The number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since its first
inception.
How do we design such a complex
system?
• 1. Make Abstractions
– Transistors  switches
– Gates  combinational/Sequential logic
– Computational architectures (CPU)
– Language (programming) abstraction
– Software system abstraction (OS)
• 2. Divide and Conquer
• 3. Do not re-invent the wheel! Reuse the
previous designs/projects.
To make things easier…
• We need knowledge about digital logic!
• We need tools to explore ideas, simulate and
validate various functionalities.
• We need platforms to field test, emulate and
design.
– In particular open source software tools such as
Pspice, Logisim
– Hardware design languages: VHDL, Verilog
Pspice: http://www.engr.uky.edu/~cathey/pspice061301.html
Logisim: http://www.cburch.com/logisim/

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