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14 views9 pages

DocScanner 26-Dec-2023 12-07 PM

Notes

Uploaded by

Lumbini Ingole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HOW TO RECOGNIZE CLASSES

BY PROF. MANUSHREE SAHAY


byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4

CLASS A 0…
byte 1
CLASS B 10….
byte 1
CLASS C 110…
byte 1
CLASS D 1110..
byte 1
CLASS E 1111…

FINDING THE ADDRESS CLASSES


byte 1

CLASS A 0-127 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4


byte 1
CLASS B 128-191 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4
byte 1
CLASS C 192-223 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4
byte 1
CLASS D 224-239 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4
byte 1
CLASS E 240-225 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4

FINDING THE ADDRESS CLASSES


Range of Special IP Addresses

169.254.0.0 – 169.254.0.16 : Link-local addresses


127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 : Loop-back addresses
0.0.0.0 – 0.0.0.8: Used to communicate within the current network.

RULES FOR ASSIGNING HOST ID

Host IDs are used to identify a host within a network.

The host ID is assigned based on the following rules:

❑ Within any network, the host ID must be unique to that network.

❑ A host ID in which all bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned because this host ID is used to represent the network ID
of the IP address.

❑ Host ID in which all bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned because this host ID is reserved as a broadcast address to
send packets to all the hosts present on that particular network.
RULES FOR ASSIGNING NETWORK ID

❑Hosts that are located on the same physical network are identified by the network ID, as all host on the
same physical network is assigned the same network ID. The network ID is assigned based on the
following rules:

❑The network ID cannot start with 127 because 127 belongs to the class A address and is reserved for
internal loopback functions.

❑All bits of network ID set to 1 are reserved for use as an IP broadcast address and therefore, cannot be
used.

❑All bits of network ID set to 0 are used to denote a specific host on the local network and are not routed
and therefore, aren’t used.
ADVANTAGES OF IPV4

❑IPv4 security permits encryption to keep up privacy and security.

❑IPv4 network allocation is significant and presently has quite 85000 practical routers.

❑It becomes easy to attach multiple devices across an outsized network.

❑This provides quality service.

❑IPv4 addresses are redefined and permit flawless encoding.

❑Routing is scalable and economical as a result of addressing it is collective and more effective.

❑Data communication across the network becomes a lot of specific in multicast organizations.
PROBLEMS WITH CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

The problem with this classful addressing method is that millions of class A addresses are wasted, many of the class B addresses are
wasted, whereas, the number of addresses available in class C is so small that it cannot cater to the needs of organizations.
❑ Class D addresses are used for multicast routing and are therefore available as a single block only.
❑ Class E addresses are reserved.
❑ Since there are these problems, Classful networking was replaced by Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993.
❑ We will be discussing Classless addressing in the next post.
❑ The network ID is 24 bits long.
❑ The host ID is 8 bits long.
❑ 2^21 = 2097152 network address
❑ 2^8 – 2 = 254 host address
❑ Within any network, the host ID must be unique to that network.
❑ Host ID in which all bits are set to 0 cannot be assigned because this host ID is used to represent the network ID of the IP address.
❑ Host ID in which all bits are set to 1 cannot be assigned because this host ID is reserved as a broadcast address to send packets to all
the hosts present on that particular network.
❑ The network ID cannot start with 127 because 127 belongs to the class A address and is reserved for internal loopback functions.
❑ All bits of network ID set to 1 are reserved for use as an IP broadcast address and therefore, cannot be used.
❑ All bits of network ID set to 0 are used to denote a specific host on the local network and are not routed and therefore, aren’t used.
HOW CLASSLESS CAME INTO NETWORKING?

Classful IP addressing, with its categorization into classes like A, B,


and C, was a fundamental method in early networking.
It organized IP addresses based on network size but faced limitations
in flexibility and efficient use of address space.
The development of CIDR addressed these issues by allowing more
precise control over subnetting and optimizing address allocation.

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