EC3501 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB

SYLLABUS

PRACTICAL EXERCISES: 30 PERIODS

1. Modeling of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two ray channel and Okumura
– Hata model)

2. Modeling and simulation of Multipath fading channel

3. Design, analyze and test Wireless standards and evaluate the performance measurements such

as BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using Matlab

4. Modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation

5. Wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), MMSE Equalizer

(MMSEE), Adaptive Equalizer (ADE), Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)

6. Modeling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication

COURSE OUTCOMES

● To study and understand the concepts and design of a Cellular System.

● To study and Understand Mobile Radio Propagation and Various Digital Modulation Techniques.

● To Understand the Concepts Of Multiple Access Techniques And Wireless Networks

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EXPERIMENT 1:

AIM: To design a model of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two ray channel
and Okumura –Hata model)

CODING:

>> % Wireless Communication System Modeling

% Two-ray channel model and Okumura-Hata model

% System Parameters

frequency = 900e6; % Frequency in Hz

transmitterHeight = 50; % Transmitter height in meters

receiverHeight = 10; % Receiver height in meters

distance = 100:100:1000; % Distance between transmitter and receiver in meters

% Two-ray Channel Model

Pt = 1; % Transmitted power in Watts

Gt = 1; % Transmitter antenna gain

Gr = 1; % Receiver antenna gain

L = 1; % System loss

% Calculate received power using Two-ray channel model

Pr_two_ray = Pt * (Gt * Gr * (transmitterHeight * receiverHeight)^2) ./ (distance.^4 * L);

% Okumura-Hata Model

A = 69.55; % Model parameter

B = 26.16; % Model parameter

C = 13.82; % Model parameter

D = 44.9; % Model parameter

X = 6.55; % Model parameter

hb = 30; % Base station height in meters

% Calculate path loss using Okumura-Hata model

PL_okumura_hata = A + B * log10(distance) + C * log10(frequency/1e6) + D - X * log10(hb);

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% Plotting

figure;

plot(distance, Pr_two_ray, 'b-', 'LineWidth', 2);

hold on;

plot(distance, PL_okumura_hata, 'r--', 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Distance (m)');

ylabel('Received Power/Path Loss (dB)');

legend('Two-ray Channel Model', 'Okumura-Hata Model');

title('Wireless Communication System Modeling');

grid on;

Output:

RESULT : Thus designing a model of wireless communication systems using Matlab

(Two ray channel and Okumura –Hata model) is achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS :

1. What is Okumura-Hata model in wireless communication?

2. What is the difference between Hata model and Okumura model?
3. Is the Hata model used for signal strength prediction?
4. What is wireless channel model?
5. What are the main wireless channels?
6. Which wireless channel is better?

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EXPERIMENT 2:

AIM: To design a Model and simulation of Multipath fading channel

CODING:

% Simulation parameters

numSamples = 1000; % Number of samples

numPaths = 3; % Number of multipath paths

fadePower = 0.5; % Fading power

% Generate Rayleigh fading channel coefficients

h = sqrt(fadePower/2)*(randn(numPaths, numSamples) + 1i*randn(numPaths, numSamples));

% Generate transmitted signal

txSignal = randn(1, numSamples) + 1i*randn(1, numSamples);

% Simulate multipath fading channel

rxSignal = zeros(1, numSamples);

for path = 1:numPaths

rxSignal = rxSignal + h(path, :) .* txSignal;

end

% Plot the transmitted and received signals

t = 1:numSamples;

figure;

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t, real(txSignal), 'b', t, imag(txSignal), 'r');

title('Transmitted Signal');

legend('In-phase', 'Quadrature');

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(t, real(rxSignal), 'b', t, imag(rxSignal), 'r');

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title('Received Signal');

legend('In-phase',

'Quadrature'); xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Amplitude');

OUTPUT :

RESULT:

Thus the designing of a Model and simulation of Multipath fading channel has been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. What is multipath fading channel?
2. What are the effects of multipath fading?
3. What are multipath channels?
4. What are the causes of multipath?
5. What is the advantage of multipath?
6. How do you reduce multipath effects?
7. What are the disadvantages of multipath

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EXPERIMENT 3:

AIM : Design, analyze and test Wireless standards and evaluate the performance measurements such as

BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using Matlab.

CODING:

% Define simulation parameters

numBits = 1e6; % Number of bits to transmit

EbNo_dB = 10; % Eb/No in dB

% Generate QPSK symbols

txSymbols = randi([0 3], 1, numBits);

modulatedSymbols = pskmod(txSymbols, 4, pi/4);

% Add noise to the symbols

EbNo = 10^(EbNo_dB/10);

noiseVar = 1 / (2 * EbNo);

noise = sqrt(noiseVar) * randn(size(modulatedSymbols));

rxSymbols = modulatedSymbols + noise;

% Apply Rayleigh fading channel

fadeChannel = rayleighchan(1/1000, 30);

fadedSymbols = filter(fadeChannel, rxSymbols);

% Demodulate received symbols

demodulatedSymbols = pskdemod(fadedSymbols, 4, pi/4);

% Calculate Bit Error Rate (BER)

numErrors = sum(txSymbols ~= demodulatedSymbols);

ber = numErrors / numBits;

% Display results

fprintf('Bit Error Rate (BER): %.4f\n', ber);

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OUTPUT:

Bit Error Rate (BER): 0.7512

RESULT: Thus designing, analyzing and testing Wireless standards and evaluating the performance
measurements such as BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using Matlab h as

been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the ACLR measurement in Matlab?
2. What is the ACLR requirement?
3. How to generate 5G signal in MATLAB?
4. What is the use of 5G toolbox in Matlab?
5. What is the full form of ACLR?
6. How do 5G antennas work?
7. What is the use of 5G toolbox in Matlab?

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EXPERIMENT 4:

AIM: To design modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation

CODING:

% DSSS Modulation and Demodulation Example

% Parameters

data = [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0]; % Original data signal

spreadingCode = [1 1 0 1]; % Spreading code

spreadingFactor = length(spreadingCode);

% DSSS

Modulation

modulatedSignal = [];

for i = 1:length(data)

chips = repmat(data(i), 1, spreadingFactor) .* spreadingCode;

modulatedSignal = [modulatedSignal chips];

end

% DSSS Demodulation

demodulatedSignal = [];

for i = 1:length(modulatedSignal)/spreadingFactor

chips = modulatedSignal((i-1)*spreadingFactor+1:i*spreadingFactor);

chipSum = sum(chips);

if chipSum>= spreadingFactor/2

demodulatedSignal = [demodulatedSignal 1];

else

demodulatedSignal = [demodulatedSignal 0];

end

end

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% Display Results

disp('Original Data:');

disp(data);

disp('Demodulated Data:');

disp(demodulatedSignal);

OUTPUT:
Original Data:

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Demodulated Data:

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

RESULT: Thus designing modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation has
been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why do we need spread spectrum?

2. What is spread spectrum modulation?
3. What are the types of spread spectrum?
4. What is the spread spectrum technique?
5. What is the formula for spectral spread?
6. What is the full form of DSSS?
7. What is the spreading factor of a spread spectrum?
8. What are the advantages of DSSS?

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EXPERIMENT 5:

AIM: . To design a wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), MMS

Equalizer (MMSEE), Adaptive Equalizer (ADE),Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)

CODING :

% Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE) MATLAB code

% Define the channel impulse response

h = [0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2];

% Generate random transmitted

symbols N = 100; % Number of

symbols symbols = randi([0, 1], 1, N);

% Convolve transmitted symbols with the channel impulse response

received_signal = conv(symbols, h);

% Add AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) to the received signal

snr_dB = 20; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in dB

received_signal = awgn(received_signal, snr_dB, 'measured');

% Zero-Forcing Equalizer

% Define the length of the equalizer tap

L = length(h);

% Initialize the equalizer taps

equalizer_taps = zeros(1, L);

% Loop through each received symbol and perform equalization

equalized_symbols = zeros(1, N);

for n = 1:N

% Extract the received symbols for equalization

received_symbols = received_signal(n:n+L-1);

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 % Perform zero-forcing equalization

equalized_symbols(n) = equalizer_taps * received_symbols';

% Update the equalizer taps using the least squares algorithm

error = symbols(n) - equalized_symbols(n);

equalizer_taps = equalizer_taps + error * received_symbols / (received_symbols *

received_symbols');

end

% Print the original symbols and equalized symbols

disp('Original Symbols:');

disp(symbols);

disp('Equalized Symbols:');

disp(equalized_symbols);

OUTPUT:

Original Symbols:

Columns 1 through 19

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

Columns 20 through 38

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Columns 39 through 57

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

Columns 58 through 76

0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

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Columns 77 through 95

0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Columns 96 through 100

0 1 0 0 0

Equalized Symbols:

Columns 1 through 11

0 1.0242 1.0351 -0.0148 0.8118 0.8423 0.2395 0.3127 0.8637 0.5667

1.0034

Columns 12 through 22

0.3164 0.8987 0.7162 -0.0194 0.8262 0.2108 0.3684 1.3409 0.6328 0.5942
0.7986

Columns 23 through 33

0.3903 1.3034 0.9963 0.6816 0.6242 0.6419 0.1078 0.9584 -0.0282 0.4643 -
0.0959

Columns 34 through 44

0.3857 0.3709 0.1746 1.1529 0.6859 -0.3254 0.6316 -0.1321 0.2851 0.6131
0.9881

Columns 45 through 55

0.1328 -0.3112 0.5753 0.4748 1.4226 0.8176 0.5202 0.2300 0.9991 0.4921 -
0.2495

Columns 56 through 66

0.2145 0.5610 1.0497 -0.3251 1.0165 -0.0410 1.1669 0.3767 1.3984 0.8522
0.7683

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 Columns 67 through 77

0.6932 0.4118 -0.0997 0.1789 0.1747 1.2491 0.0166 1.0660 -0.0451 0.5827 -
0.1786

Columns 78 through 88

0.2406 0.4407 0.5875 -0.0514 0.5994 1.4474 0.8587 0.6711 0.4184 0.5040
1.2422

Columns 89 through 99

0.4668 -0.0972 0.6936 -0.1060 0.7651 1.3313 0.6154 0.7091 0.0191 0.5241 -
0.1900

Column 100

0.0171

2. MMSE CODE

% Parameters

M = 4; % Number of transmitted symbols

N = 1000; % Number of received symbols

SNRdB = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio in dB

pilotSymbols = [1 -1 1 -1]; % Known pilot symbols

% Generate random symbols

transmittedSymbols = randi([0 M-1], 1, N);

% Modulation

modulatedSymbols = qammod(transmittedSymbols, M);

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% Channel

channel = [0.8 -0.4 0.2 -0.1]; % Example channel coefficients

channelOutput = filter(channel, 1, modulatedSymbols);

% Add noise

SNR = 10^(SNRdB/10);

noiseVar = 1/(2*SNR);

noise = sqrt(noiseVar) * randn(1, length(channelOutput));

receivedSignal = channelOutput + noise;

% Channel estimation using pilot symbols

pilotIndices = randperm(N, length(pilotSymbols));

pilotSignal = receivedSignal(pilotIndices);

estimatedChannel = conv(pilotSignal, conj(pilotSymbols(end:-1:1)));

estimatedChannel = estimatedChannel(end-length(channel)+1:end);

% MMSE equalization

equalizerCoefficients = conj(estimated Channel) ./ (abs(estimated Channel).^2 + noiseVar);

equalized Symbols = filter(equalizer Coefficients, 1, receivedSignal);

% Demodulation

Demodulated Symbols = qamde mod(equalizedSymbols, M);

% Calculate bit error rate

bitErrors = sum(transmitted Symbols ~= demodulatedSymbols);

bitErrorRate = bitErrors / N;

disp(['Bit Error Rate: ' num2str(bitErrorRate)]);

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output:

Bit Error Rate: 0.787

ADE:

% Parameters

channel_length = 10; % Length of the channel impulse response

snr_db = 20; % Signal-to-noise ratio in dB

num_symbols = 1000; % Number of symbols to transmit

mu = 0.01; % LMS step size

% Generate random symbols

data_symbols = randi([0, 1], 1, num_symbols);

% Modulate symbols (e.g., BPSK modulation)

modulated_symbols = 2 * data_symbols - 1;

% Create the channel impulse response

channel = (randn(1, channel_length) + 1i * randn(1, channel_length)) / sqrt(2);

% Convolve the modulated symbols with the channel

received_symbols = filter(channel, 1, modulated_symbols);

% Add noise to the received signal

noise_power = 10^(-snr_db / 10);

noise = sqrt(noise_power) * (randn(1, length(received_symbols)) + 1i * randn(1,

length(received_symbols)));

received_symbols_noisy = received_symbols + noise;

% Adaptive equalizer using the LMS algorithm

equalizer_length = channel_length; % Set the equalizer length to match the channel length

equalizer = zeros(1, equalizer_length);

output_signal = zeros(1, length(received_symbols_noisy));

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for i = equalizer_length:length(received_symbols_noisy)

% Extract the received symbols for the current equalizer window

received_window = received_symbols_noisy(i:-1:i-equalizer_length+1);

% Compute the equalizer output

output_signal(i) = equalizer * received_window.';

% Compute the error

error = modulated_symbols(i) - output_signal(i);

% Update the equalizer coefficients

equalizer = equalizer + mu * conj(error) * received_window;

end

% Demodulate the equalized symbols (decision-directed)

demodulated_symbols = real(output_signal) > 0;

% Calculate the bit error rate (BER)

ber = sum(data_symbols ~= demodulated_symbols) / num_symbols;

disp(['Bit Error Rate (BER): ', num2str(ber)]);

output:

Bit Error Rate (BER): 0.519

RESULT: Thus designing a wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE),

MMS Equalizer(MMSEE), Adaptive Equalizer (ADE),Decision Feedback Equalizer

(DFE) has been achieved

VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. What is the working principle of zero-forcing equalizer?
2. Why is zero forcing used?
3. What is the need of an equalizer?
4. What is the MMSE channel equalization?
5. What are channel equalization methods?
6. What is the function of the equalizer?
7. What is adaptive equalization of channel?

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EXPERIMENT 6:

AIM: To model and simulate TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication

CODING:

1.TDMA

% Step 1: Define System Parameters

numUsers = 4;

timeSlotDuration = 1; % seconds

totalTimeSlots = 10;

channelGain = 0.8;

% Step 2: Generate User Traffic

userData = randi([0, 1], numUsers, totalTimeSlots);

% Step 3: Create Time Slots

timeSlots = linspace(0, timeSlotDuration*totalTimeSlots, totalTimeSlots);

% Step 4: Allocate Time Slots to Users

userSlots = mod(0:totalTimeSlots-1, numUsers) + 1;

% Step 5: Simulate Transmission

receivedData = zeros(numUsers, totalTimeSlots);

for slot = 1:totalTimeSlots

for user = 1:numUsers

if userSlots(slot) == user

% Simulate transmission for the current user in the time slot

transmittedData = userData(user, slot);

% Simulate channel effects

receivedData(user, slot) = transmittedData * channelGain;

end

end

end

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% Step 6: Evaluate Performance Metrics (e.g., BER)

bitErrorRate = sum(sum(xor(receivedData, userData))) / (numUsers * totalTimeSlots);

% Step 7: Visualize Results

figure;

subplot(2, 1, 1);

stem(timeSlots, userData');

title('User Traffic');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Data');

legend('User 1', 'User 2', 'User 3', 'User 4');

subplot(2, 1, 2);

stem(timeSlots, receivedData');

title('Received Data');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Data');

legend('User 1', 'User 2', 'User 3', 'User 4');

disp(['Bit Error Rate: ', num2str(bitErrorRate)]);

Output :

Bit Error Rate: 0.375

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2.FDMA:

% System parameters

totalBandwidth = 10e6; % Total available bandwidth (Hz)

numUsers = 5; % Number of users

carrierFrequency = 1e6; % Carrier frequency (Hz)

userBandwidth = totalBandwidth / numUsers; % Bandwidth allocated to each user (Hz)

% Time parameters

samplingFrequency = 100e6; % Sampling frequency (Hz)

timeDuration = 1e-3; % Simulation duration (s)

time = 0:1/samplingFrequency:timeDuration;

% Generate user signals

userSignals = zeros(numUsers, length(time));

for i = 1:numUsers

userFrequency = carrierFrequency + (i-1) * userBandwidth; % Frequency of user signal

userSignals(i, :) = sin(2*pi*userFrequency*time);

end

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% Create the FDMA signal

fdmaSignal = sum(userSignals, 1);

% Add noise to the FDMA signal

snr = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (in dB)

noisySignal = awgn(fdmaSignal, snr, 'measured');

% Perform signal demodulation

demodulatedSignals = zeros(numUsers, length(time));

for i = 1:numUsers

userFrequency = carrierFrequency + (i-1) * userBandwidth; % Frequency of user signal

demodulatedSignals(i, :) = noisySignal .* sin(2*pi*userFrequency*time);

end

% Plot the original user signals and the demodulated signals

figure;

subplot(numUsers+1, 1, 1);

plot(time, fdmaSignal);

title('FDMA Signal');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

for i = 1:numUsers

subplot(numUsers+1, 1, i+1);

plot(time, demodulatedSignals(i, :));

title(['Demodulated Signal - User ', num2str(i)]);

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

end

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Output:

3.CDMA:

% CDMA Simulation Parameters

numBits = 1000; % Number of bits per user

chipRate = 1e6; % Chip rate (chips per second)

snr = 10; % Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)

% Generate random data bits for User 1 and User 2

user1Bits = randi([0, 1], 1, numBits);

user2Bits = randi([0, 1], 1, numBits);

% BPSK Modulation

user1Symbols = 2 * user1Bits - 1; % Map 0s to -1 and 1s to 1

user2Symbols = 2 * user2Bits - 1;

% Chip-level Spreading (using a simple chip sequence)

chipSequence = [1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1]; % Chip sequence for spreading

user1SpreadSymbols = kron(user1Symbols, chipSequence);

user2SpreadSymbols = kron(user2Symbols, chipSequence);

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% Add AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise)

noiseVar = 10^(-snr/10); % Noise variance

user1NoisySymbols = user1SpreadSymbols + sqrt(noiseVar/2) * randn(1,

length(user1SpreadSymbols));

user2NoisySymbols = user2SpreadSymbols + sqrt(noiseVar/2) * randn(1,

length(user2SpreadSymbols));

% Matched Filtering (correlation with chip sequence)

user1FilteredSymbols = filter(fliplr(chipSequence), 1, user1NoisySymbols);

user2FilteredSymbols = filter(fliplr(chipSequence), 1, user2NoisySymbols);

% Symbol Detection (using correlation with chip sequence)

user1DetectedBits = user1FilteredSymbols(1:length(user1Symbols)) > 0;

user2DetectedBits = user2FilteredSymbols(1:length(user2Symbols)) > 0;

% Bit Error Rate (BER) Calculation

berUser1 = sum(user1DetectedBits ~= user1Bits) / numBits;

berUser2 = sum(user2DetectedBits ~= user2Bits) / numBits;

% Display results

disp(['User 1 BER: ', num2str(berUser1)]);

disp(['User 2 BER: ', num2str(berUser2)]);

Output:

User 1 BER: 0.523

User 2 BER: 0.535

Result : Thus modeling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for
wireless communication has been achieved.

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Viva Questions:
1. What is the basic principle of TDMA?
2. What is TDMA used for?
3. Why GSM is called TDMA?
4. What is the basic principle of FDMA?
5. What is the frequency range of FDMA?
6. What are the applications of FDMA?
7. What is the principle of CDMA?
8. What technology is used in CDMA?
9. What is the noise power of a CDMA system?

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