International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

"Integration of Planning, Analysis, Design, Estimation and Scheduling

of a Multispeciality Hospital By Building Information Modelling (BIM) "
M. Jaisheelan1, N. Mohamed Ijaz2, P. Chadhurya3, Dr.V.A. Shanmugavelu4, Dr.A.Tamilmani5

1,2,3Finalyear B.Tech Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,

Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and Technology, (Deemed to be University), Vallam, Thanjavur,
Tamilnadu, India
4Associate Professor and 5Assistant Professor(SG), Department of Civil Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute

of Science and Technology, (Deemed to be University), Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India.

---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - This study aims to assess the application of These challenges can lead to delays, errors, and increased
Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the design and costs, which can ultimately affect the quality of care provided
construction of a multispeciality hospital project. The project to patients
was executed using a combination of software technologies
including AutoCAD, Revit, STAAD.Pro, RCDC, and MS Project. 1.2 Solution:
The study demonstrates the integration of various design and
construction processes into a unified digital model, leading to The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and
improved collaboration among project stakeholders and more other software technologies such as AutoCAD, Revit,
accurate project planning and analysis phases. Utilization of STAAD.Pro, RCDC, and MS Project, enabled us to integrate
Revit and other BIM tools enabled creation of an interactive the planning, analysis, design, estimation, and scheduling of
and immersive 3D model of the hospital, resulting in enhanced the project into a unified digital model. This approach
communication and decision-making. Implementation of RCDC resulted in improved collaboration among project
and MS Project facilitated accurate estimation of quantities stakeholders, more accurate project planning and analysis
and scheduling of construction activities, reducing time and phases, and ultimately, the timely delivery of the project
cost overrun risk. This project highlights the benefits of BIM within budget.
technology implementation in the design and construction of
The adoption of BIM and other software
multispeciality hospitals, contributing to overall project
technologies can improve the construction process in many
efficiency and productivity. The findings of this study serve as a
ways, including reducing errors, increasing efficiency, and
valuable reference for building professionals considering BIM
saving time and costs. By showcasing this project, we hope to
technology integration in their projects.
inspire other professionals in the field to adopt similar
Key Words: AutoCAD, Revit, STAAD.Pro, RCDC, and MS approaches and contribute to the advancement of the
Project. construction industry.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.3 Objectives

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a powerful digital The primary objective of this study is to assess the
tool that has revolutionized the construction industry. BIM application of BIM technology in the design and construction
enables the integration of planning, analysis, design, of a multispeciality hospital. We aim to demonstrate how the
estimation, and scheduling processes into a unified digital use of BIM tools can enable accurate planning, analysis, and
model, resulting in improved collaboration and estimation of quantities and scheduling of construction
communication among stakeholders. In this study, we activities.
explore the application of BIM technology in the design and
construction of a multispeciality hospital project. This
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
project utilized a combination of software technologies, V. J. Saran and S. S. Pimplikar examined BIM technology has
including AutoCAD, Revit, STAAD.Pro, RCDC, and MS Project, the potential to revolutionize the healthcare infrastructure
to enable accurate project planning and analysis. planning process, including design, construction, and facilities
management. The authors hypothesize that BIM can facilitate
1.1 Problem Statement:
accurate planning, analysis, and estimation of quantities and
Healthcare facilities are critical for providing medical scheduling of construction activities, leading to improved
services to the community, but the design and construction of collaboration among project stakeholders and more efficient
such facilities often face challenges related to accuracy, project management, as well as reducing the risk of time and
collaboration, and efficiency.

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cost overruns through accurate estimation of quantities and g) Floor space Hospital beds (General) = 15 to 18 sq. m
scheduling of construction activities. per bed

S. Alomari and M. Al-Qawasmi., in his study, observed the h) Beds space = 7 sq. m per bed
implementation of BIM technology in hospital design and i) Minimum distance between centers of two beds = 2.5 m
construction can bring significant benefits, including (minimum)
improved project efficiency and productivity, better
collaboration among project stakeholders, and enhanced j) Clearance at foot end of each bed = 1.2 m (minimum)
decision-making. The authors also aim to explore the 2) Tamil Nadu Combined Development and Building Rules
challenges and limitations of BIM technology in this context,
and provide insights on how to overcome them a) The height of room in a structure other than domestic
residency should not be lower than3.00 m handed, in the case
Sankar F. Alarcon etal., deals with BIM adoption in healthcare of air- conditioned apartments it shall not be lower than 2.5
construction can result in improved project management, m.
design quality, and cost and time performance. The article b) The height of restroom or potty shall be not lower
also suggests that there are several challenges to BIM than2.20 m.
implementation in healthcare, such as stakeholder
engagement, data management, and standardization, which c) Any structure having further than four bottoms
need to be addressed to achieve successful BIM adoption including basement or sunken bottoms, shall have at least
two staircases, one of which may be an external stairway
A. Srikanth et al in his studies, main purpose of our design is
d) The minimal range of stair shall be not lower than1.20
satisfying the medical requirements of people. In this design
m
we concerned about the plan, analysis and design of
Multispeciality institutional structure. The plan of the e) The minimal range of tread shall be 30 cm.
institutional structure is done by using AUTO CADD software.
f) The height of platform shall not exceed 15 cm.
The analysis of structures was done by using E-tabs as well as
IS 456 (2000). The design of RCC element is grounded on g) The height of rail shall be not lower than 90 cm
limit state system as per IS 456 (2000).
h) The range of fire escape staircase shall be not lower
3. DATA COLLECTION than 75 cm.
i) The range of fire escape stair tread shall be not lower
1) Compendium of Norms for Designing of Hospitals & than 15 cm.
Medical Institutions – CPWD
j) The height of the fire escape stair platform shall not
a) Land Area exceed 19 cm.
Minimum Land area requirement are as follows: k) The height of rail of a fire escape staircase shall not be
Up to 100 beds = 0.25 to 0.5 hectare lower than 100cms

Up to 101 to 200 beds = 0.5 hectares to 1 hectare l) Minimum Carpet Area in m2

500 beds and above= 6.5 hectare (4.5 hectare for hospital Nursing area 19 – 25 m2
and 2 hectares for residential) Intensive therapy 30 – 50 m2
b) Size of hospital as per number of Beds Surgical area 130 – 160 m2
General Hospital – 80 to 85 sq. M per bed to calculate total X- ray 60 – 70 m2
plinth area
Recovery area 25 – 30 m2
Teaching Hospital - 100 to 110 sq. M per bed to calculate
total plinth Patient room minimum 10 m2 for single bed and 16 m2
for double bed
c) ICU beds = 5 to 10 % of total beds
Doctor’s station 16 – 20 m2
d) Floor space for each ICU bed = 25 to 30 sq. m (this
includes support 4 services) Eye treatment minimum 25 m2

e) Floor space for Pediatric ICU beds = 10 to 12 sq. m per Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) 25 – 30 m2
bed
f) Floor space for High Dependency Unit (HDU) = 20 to 24
sq. m per bed

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4. METHODLOGY 4.2 PLANNING

The methodology used in this study involved the integration
of various software technologies, including AutoCAD, Revit,
STAAD.Pro, RCDC, and MS Project, in the design and
construction of a multispeciality hospital project. The study
employed a unified digital model, allowing for improved
collaboration among project stakeholders and more accurate
project planning and analysis phases. The utilization of Revit
and other BIM tools facilitated the creation of an interactive
and immersive 3D model of the hospital, resulting in
enhanced communication and decision-making.
Implementation of RCDC and MS Project enabled the accurate
estimation of quantities and scheduling of construction
activities, reducing time and cost overrun risk. Overall, the
study highlights the benefits of BIM technology
implementation in the design and construction of
multispeciality hospitals, contributing to overall project
efficiency and productivity. The findings of this study can
serve as a valuable reference for building professionals
considering BIM technology integration in their projects. Fig -1: Ground floor
4.1 Software techniques
AutoCAD: AutoCAD is a software used for creating 2D and
3D designs and drafting. In this project, AutoCAD was used
for creating initial design drawings.

Revit: Revit is a software used for creating Building

Information Models (BIM). It was used in this project to
create an interactive and immersive 3D model of the hospital,
allowing for enhanced communication and decision-making. ,
it was used to facilitate accurate estimation of quantities of
construction materials.

STAAD.Pro: STAAD.Pro is a software used for structural

analysis and design. It was utilized in this project for
analyzing and designing the structural components of the Fig -2: First floor
hospital.

RCDC: RCDC is a software used for the design and

detailing of reinforced concrete structures. In this project, it
was used to facilitate accurate estimation of quantities of
construction materials for the reinforced concrete structures.

MS Project: MS Project is a software used for project

management. It was used in this project for scheduling and
tracking construction activities, reducing time and cost
overrun risk.

Fig -3: Typical floor

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Table -1: Site and Building Specification Building dimension across wind direction (b) = 65.00 m
Height of the building above ground (h) = 16.5m
Total site area 11,400m2
a/b = 1.78
Total plinth area 5,600m2
h/b = 0.25
Total build up area 11,303m2
Wind Load in X-Direction
No. of storyes G+3
Cf = 1.15
No. of typical floor 2
Wind Speed, Vz = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 = 45.7639 m/s
Floor height 3.6meter
Wind Pressure, Pz = 0.6Vz2 = 1.257(KN/m2)
Main corridor spacing 3.5meter
Secondary corridor spacing 2.5meter Wind Load in Z-Direction
Cf = 1.30
5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Wind Speed, Vz = Vb x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 = 45.7639m/s

5.1 Load case details Wind Pressure, Pz = 0.6Vz2 = 1.257(KN/m2)

Combination Load Cases
Dead load
1*(dead load) +0.8*(live load) +0.8*(wind load in direction)
Dead load consists of the self-weight of the column, beam,
slab and wall +0.8*(wind load in z direction)
Analysis beam no. 1921
Slab Load = 25 x 0.175 x = 31.50 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
7.20 The Bending Moment, Shear Force and Deflection in the
Beam Load = 0.30 x 0.60 x = 4.50 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Beam No. 1921 of substitute frame may be computed by
25
Total Load = 36.00 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 STAAD.Pro
Bending Moment Along Z-Axis
Live Load
Live load was determined by using code for design loads (IS
875:2000 Part 2) for various types and purposes of room

Bed room = 2.0 kN/m2

Wards = 2.0 kN/m2
Dressing room = 2.0 kN/m2
Lounge = 2.0 kN/m2
Labra rites = 3.0 kN/m2
X-ray room = 3.0 kN/m2
Operating room = 3.0 kN/m2 Fig -4: Bending Moment Along Z-Axis
Corridor = 4.0 kN/m2 (Beam No. 1921)
Passage = 4.0 kN/m2
OPD room = 2.5 kN/m2 Shear Force Along Y-Axis

Wind Load
Wind load was determined by using code for design
loads (IS 875:2000 Part 2) for various height of the
building
Vb = 47 m/s, K1 = 1.07, K3 = 1, K4 = 1, Kd = 0.9, Ka = 0.9,
Kc = 0.9 and Terrain Category = 3
Building dimension along wind direction (a) = 116.00 m Fig -5: Shear Force Along Y-Axis
(Beam No. 1921)

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Deflection Along Y-Axis Imposed Load = 1.000 KN/sqm

Live Load = 3.000 KN/sqm
Slab Thickness = 175.000 mm
Effective Depth Along LX, Deffx = 150.000 mm
Effective Depth Along LY, Deffy = 140.000 mm
Fig -6: Deflection along Y-Axis
Self-Weight = 4.375 KN/sqm
(Beam No. 1921)
Total Load, TL = 8.375 KN/sqm
6. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Span = 2-Way
Table -2: Specification Panel Type = Interior Panel

Element Specification

Grade of concrete M15 and M25

Grade of steel Fe500D and Fe550D

Slab 175 mm (thick)

Column 300 mm x 300 mm

300 mm x 600 mm Fig -7: Slab cross section

300 mm x 750 mm
Design data
No. column 154 Bottom @ lx 8@125
Shear wall 200 mm (thick) Bottom @ ly 8@125
400 mm (thick) Top @lx (Cont) 8@130

Beam 300 mm x 450 mm Top @lx (End) ---

230 mm x 230 mm Top @ly (Cont) 8@125

Top @ly (End) ---
No. beam 262
Dist. Steel 8@275
Sub structure 1.5m
6.2 Design of Beam
No. footing 154
Beam No : B117
SBC 900KN/sqm
Beam Length : 7290 mm
Breadth (B) : 300 mm
6.1 Design of Slab
Depth (D) : 450 mm
General data
Effective Depth (d) : 395 mm
Slab No. : S48
Grade of Concrete (Fck) : M25
Level = 3.3m
Grade of Steel : Fe500
Design Code =IS 456
Clear Cover (Cmin) : 25 mm
Grade of Concrete = M25
Es : 2x10^5 N/sqmm
Grade of Steel = Fe500
Maximum Spacing Criteria
Clear Cover = 20.000 mm
Basic
Long Span, Ly = 7.300 m
Spc1 = 0.75d = 296 mm
Short Span, Lx = 7.150 m

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Spc2 = 300 mm No of Floors = 1

SFR Design No of Columns in Group = 1
Beam Width = 300 mm Column Type : Unbraced
Beam Depth = 450 mm Minimum eccentricity check : One Axis at a Time
Web Depth = 450 <= 750 mm Code defined D/B ratio : 4
Side Face Reinforcement Not Required. D/B Ratio : 2 <= 4 Hence, Design as Column

Fig -8: Beam Elevation view

(B117:300X450mm)

Fig -9: Beam Cross- Section

(B117:300X450mm)

6.3 Design of Column

General Data Fig -10: Column Elevation view
(C58:300X600mm)
Column No. : C58
Level : 0m to 3.3m Design Data

Design Code = IS 456 Col no. level Main Reinf. Links

Grade of Concrete = M25 C58 -1.5m to 0m 4-T32 + 8-T25 T8 @ 200

Grade of Steel = Fe550 C58 0m to 3.6m 4-T32 + 8-T25 T8 @ 200

Column B = 300 mm C58 3.6m to 6.9m 4-T32 + 8-T25 T8 @ 200

Column D = 600 mm C58 6.9m to 10.2m 4-T32 + 8-T25 T8 @ 200

Live Load Reduction = 30 % C58 10.2m to 13.4m 12-T16 T8 @ 200

Clear Floor Height @ B = 2850 mm

Clear Floor Height @ D = 2850 mm

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6.4 Design of Shear wall

General Data
Wall No. : C83
Level : 0m to 3.3m
Grade of Concrete = M25
Grade of Steel = Fe550
Wall B = 200 mm
Wall D = 3600 mm Fig -11: Shear Wall Cross Section (C83)

Clear Cover = 40 mm 6.5 Design of Footing

Clear Floor Height @ B = 3000 mm
General Data
Clear Floor Height @ D = 3000 mm
Design Codes : IS 456
No Of Floors = 1
Footing No : FC128
No Of Walls In Group = 1
Column No : C128 (600mm x 300mm)
Wall Type : Unbraced
Concrete Grade : M25 Steel Grade : Fe550
Minimum eccentricity check : One Axis at a Time
Clear Cover : 50 mm
Code defined D/B ratio : 4
Df : 1.5 m Dw : 3 m
D/B Ratio : 18 >= 4
Density of Soil = 18 kN /cum
Hence, Design as Wall
Soil Bearing Capacity = 900 kN /sqm
Load Data
Permissible SBC Increase for EQ = 25 %
Analysis Reference No. = 2645
Permissible SBC Increase for Wind = 25 %
Critical Analysis Load Combination : 5
Design cross section by : Average pressure
Load Combination = [1] : (load 1: dead load) +0.8 (load 2: live
load) +0.8 (load 3: wind load in x direction) +0.8 (load 4: Footing Type : Pad
wind load in z direction) Footing Size (L x B x D) : 1850mm X 1550mm X 550mm
Critical Location = Bottom Joint Effective Self Weight = 39.43 KN
Pu = 254.57 kN Offset Along L (Loff) = 625 mm
Normal Links Offset Along B (Boff) = 625 mm
Diameter of main horizontal steel = 8 mm
Thus, Spacing = 200 mm
Spacing of horizontal reinforcement is minimum of following
D / 5 = 720 mm
3 x B = 600 mm
Maximum = 450 mm
Spacing considered = 200 mm

Fig -12: Footing Plan (FC128)

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Design Data
Footing No : FC128
Concrete Grade : M25
Steel Grade : Fe550
Clear Cover : 50 mm
Column No : C128 (600mm x 300mm)
Footing size (L x B x D) : 1850 X 1550 X 550 (mm)
Bottom @ L : T12@145
Bottom @ B : T10@100 Fig -14: footing Qty. take off

Fig -13: Footing Cross – Section (FC128)

7. ESTIMATION

Estimation is an important aspect of construction, as it

involves the process of determining the cost and time Fig -16: column Qty. take off
required to complete a construction project. Accurate
estimation helps in budgeting, scheduling, and resource
allocation, which are crucial for the successful completion of a
project. Civil engineers use a variety of techniques and tools
to estimate the cost of materials, labor, equipment, and other
resources required for a project. This involves considering
various factors such as design specifications, site conditions,
and local market rates. The goal of estimation in civil
engineering is to provide a realistic estimate of the cost and
duration of a project, while ensuring that all necessary factors
are considered.

7.1 Quantity Estimation

Construction projects require accurate and efficient
quantity takeoff in order to ensure that the project stays
within budget and is completed on time. With the
advancement of technology, the use of specialized software
has become an indispensable tool for construction
Fig -16: slab Qty. take off
professionals. In this report, we present the results of a
quantity takeoff performed using Revit and RCDC software,
two of the most widely used tools in the construction
industry.

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Table -3 Site Summary of Estimation results of a scheduling performed using Microsoft (MS)
Project, one of the most widely used tools in the construction
Name of Work: Civil works for Proposed Development of industry.
Multispeciality Hospital at Thanjavur
Table -4 Scheduling of work
SUMMARY
S.No. Description Cost in Rs. S.No Task Name Duration
01 General Conditions 17 days
A SOR ITEMS
02 Long Lead Procurement 70 days
1 Civil Works 104658235 03 Mobilize on Site 10 days
04 Site Grading and Utilities 35 days
2 Plumbing 05 Foundations 33 days
Water supply system + Sewer 06 Steel Erection 45 days
a) 10465823.50 07 Form and Pour Concrete - Floors and
system (10%) 85 days
Roof
b) Medical gas pipe line (20%) 20931647.00 08 Carpentry Work 15 days
Sub total for Plumbing system 31397470.50 09 Masonry Work 110 days
10 Roofing 31 days
3 Electrical work (10%) 10465823.50 11 Window wall and store front closures 60 days
Sub total for SOR Items 177918999.50 12 Building Finishes 80 days
13 Elevators 40 days
B Non -SOR ITEMS 14 Plumbing 90 days
15 Electrical 139 days
4 HVAC System (15%) 15698735.25
16 Heating and Ventilating - AC 180 days
5 Fire Fighting System (5%) 5232911.75 17 Final Clean-up and Occupancy 60 days
18 Complete Final Inspections 6 days
6 Escalators (6 x Rs.1804000) 10824000.00
19 Complete punch list items from all
2 wks.
Architectural Facade work inspections
7 62794941.00 20 Obtain certificate of occupancy 2 days
(6%)
21 Issue final completion documents
Sub total for Non SOR Items 94550588.00 1 day
including warranties
Total Cost (A +B) 272469587.50 22 Issue final request for payment 1 day
23 Multispecialty hospital 17 days
Provision for GST @ 12% 32696350.5 Total Duration 344 days
TOTAL 305165938.00
9. IDENTIFICATION AND RECTIFICATION OF
Provision for Labour welfare
fund TNMWF@1%
3051659.38 ERRORS
Provision for Centage @ 2% 6103318.76 During the planning stage, we discovered that the
Provision for Contingencies initial layout of the hospital had inadequate space for certain
6103318.76
(2%) departments, which would have resulted in operational
issues in the future. Using BIM software like Revit, we were
GRAND TOTAL 320424234.90
able to modify the layout and adjust the spaces to meet the
GRAND TOTAL (Rs in Lakhs) 3204.24 required specifications. We also found errors in the
GRAND TOTAL (Rs in Cr) 32.04
structural design during the analysis phase, which we
rectified using software like STAAD Pro and RCDC. The use
COST per sq.ft 2308 of these software tools allowed us to detect errors in the
structural design, such as weak points in the building
structure, and make necessary corrections to ensure that the
8. SCHEDULING
building was structurally sound. Overall, the use of BIM
technology helped us detect and rectify errors at various
Scheduling is an essential aspect of construction stages of the project, which contributed to the success of the
project management, and plays a critical role in ensuring the project and reduced the likelihood of future issues.
successful completion of construction projects. By providing
a clear and concise overview of the project timeline,
10. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
scheduling helps to coordinate and control the various
activities and tasks involved in a construction project, and
provides a framework for risk management, cost control, and The integration of various software such as AutoCAD, Revit,
quality control and resources allocation. we present the STAAD Pro, RCDC, and MS Project in the design of a

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multispeciality hospital using BIM technology has proven to budget, and to the required quality standards. They also help
be highly beneficial for civil engineers. This method allows to reduce the risk of human error, improve the overall
for accurate planning, analysis, design, estimation, and quality of the design, and facilitate the integration of various
scheduling of construction activities, resulting in a more design aspects such as cost estimating, scheduling, and
efficient and cost-effective project. The collaboration of resource allocation.
different software ensures that the project is designed and
executed seamlessly, with no room for errors or It is therefore advisable for civil engineers to continually
discrepancies. BIM technology enables real-time updates and update their knowledge and skills in this area to stay at the
changes to be made, which is crucial in construction projects forefront of their field
where time and accuracy are of utmost importance. Overall,
the integration of various software using BIM technology has ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
proved to be an indispensable tool for civil engineers in the
design and construction of large-scale projects such as We render our sincere thanks and respectful gratitude to our
multispeciality hospitals The integration of planning, Supervisor Dr.V.A.Shanmugavelu, M.E., Ph.D., Associate
analysis, design, estimation, and scheduling through BIM Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for providing
technology can save a lot of time and effort. The use of valuable guidance.
software like AutoCAD, Revit, STAAD Pro, RCDC, and MS
Project can simplify the design process and provide a We would like to extend our special thanks to all the staff
platform for collaboration and communication between members of the Department of Civil Engineering and
different teams involved in the project. With the help of BIM Technicians who are always available when we need
technology, it is easier to detect errors and inconsistencies in technical assistance.
the design, which can be rectified before the construction
process begins, saving time and money. The ability to we deeply thank our parents and family member for their
visualize the project in 3D models allows for better unconditional trust and timely encouragement throughout
communication with clients, stakeholders, and contractors, our study.
reducing the likelihood of misunderstandings and mistakes.
REFERENCES

[1] Compendium of Norms for Designing of Government of

India Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs - Central

Public Works Department - Hospitals & Medical
Institutions -2015

[2] Code of Practice is an Indian Standard code of practice

for general structural use of plain and reinforced
concrete. IS-456-2000.

[3] The structural practice handbook SP:16-1980 Design

Fig -17: Revit Rendering Model Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS:456-1978

11. CONCLUSIONS [4] Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than
Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures IS-875-1987.
In conclusion, the use of software techniques in civil
engineering design projects is increasingly becoming [5] National Building Code 2005 – 2015
essential in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape.
Software such as STAAD Pro, RCDC, and Revit offer [6] Neufert Architects' Data Fourth Edition - 2014
numerous benefits to civil engineers, including improved
[7] Dr. Ramachandra, Limit State Design of Reinforced
accuracy, efficiency, and consistency in design and analysis.
These tools also allow engineers to perform complex [8] Concrete'.
calculations and simulations, visualize the behavior of
structures under different loading conditions, and [9] B.C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar
collaborate more effectively with other stakeholders.
[10] Jain,R.C.C.Design',Lakshmi Publisher, New Delhi.
Furthermore, software techniques provide a more
streamlined and effective approach to project management, [11] N.Krishna raju, Ramaamurtham & N.N.Narayanan,
helping to ensure that projects are completed on time, within Design of R.C.C structures.

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[12] P.C.Varghese, Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete.

[13] F. Alarcon, et al. “BIM in healthcare construction”,

journal Automation in Construction in 2018, volume 85,
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