Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications

A new thermal boundary layer analysis model in the presence of

micromagnetorotation within micropolar continuum

Submission ID 247453104

Article Type Research Article

heat transfer, micropolar thermal flow, micromag

Keywords netorotation, boundary layer flow, numerical ana
lysis

Authors Muhammad Sabeel Khan

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1
2
3
4 A new thermal boundary layer analysis model in the presence
of micromagnetorotation within micropolar continuum
5
6
7
8 a
Muhammad Sabeel Khan
9
10 a Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science and Technology, 44000 Islamabad,

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11 Pakistan.

12
13

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14

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15 Abstract
16
17 In this paper, a new micromagnetorotative (MMR) ow model is presented for the analy-

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18 sis of heat transfer in the framework of micropolar continuum. The heat transfer analysis
19 over a moving liquid surface is based on the inuence of MMR. To the best of authors'

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20 knowledge this description of the dynamics is not presence in the literature. MMR is
21 a naturally occurring phenomena in ows over moving micropolar liquid surfaces that
22
are subjected to externally applied magnetic led. This magnetization eect has been
23

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neglected in previously discussed literature on the topic within the framework of microp-
24
olar ows over moving liquid surfaces. The derived initial boundary value problem is
25
26 implemented in MATLAB and is numerically solved. The results obtained are validated

27 through the computation of skin-friction and Nusselt numbers against physical param-

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28 eters by comparing with computed solutions through bvp4c. It is observed through
29 numerical experimentation that the MMR eect reduces the skin-friction coecient. The

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30 Cosserat number increases with the MMR eect, resulting in a higher Nusselt number.
31 Stronger MMR eects promote ecient convective heat transfer between uids and solid

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32 surfaces. As the MMR eect increases, the thermal boundary layer thickness dimin-
33
ishes, promoting mixing and heat transmission. The hydrodynamic velocity boundary
34
layer thickness grows with the MMR eect, resulting in lower thermal boundary layer
35

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36 proles. The micro-inertial parameter values decrease thermal boundary layer thickness,

37 facilitating mixing and reducing temperature gradients near solid surfaces.

38 Keywords: heat transfer; micropolar thermal ow; micromagnetorotation; boundary

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39
layer ow; magnetohydrodynamics; numerical analysis
40
41

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1. Introduction
43
44 An important aspect of optimizing the eciency and performance of various engi-

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45 neering systems [11, 14, 19] is gaining a comprehension of thermal boundary layer ows.
46
Thermal boundary layer ow refers to the study of uid ow near a solid surface where
47
temperature gradients play a signicant role. In this context, the boundary layer is the
48
thin layer of uid adjacent to the solid surface where the eects of viscosity and thermal
49
50 conductivity are important. Thermal boundary layer ow analysis is crucial in under-

51 standing heat transfer processes in various engineering applications, such as in cooling

52 systems [12], aerodynamics [16], and chemical processes [27, 26]. It involves examin-
53 ing how heat is transferred within this thin layer of uid and how it aects the overall
54 ow behavior. Researchers often use mathematical models and experimental techniques
55
56
57 Email address: [email protected] (Muhammad Sabeel Khan)
58
59 May 31, 2024
60

Page 1 of 19
1
2
3
4 to analyze and predict the characteristics of thermal boundary layer ow in dierent
5 scenarios.
6
The literature on the thermal boundary layer ows analysis is based on two perspective
7
in terms of modeling. The rst aspect is the modeling within the classical continuum
8
framework and the the second is the non-classical continuum framework. The theories
9
10 presented in the non-classical continnum frameowrk is of interest here in the present

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11 study. Specically, the micropolar continuum framework [20], modeling of the thermal
12 boundary layer ows [10]. The theory of micropolar continuum is a well established
13

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theory [6] and has been utilized in the modeling of thermal boundary layer ows since
14 the work of Eringen [5]. Since then this theory has been a tool to answer dierent

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15 problems of industrial interest and technological importance, specically in designing
16
uids for biomedical applications, exotic lubricants, colloidal suspensions, liquid crystals
17

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and many others. Among the other applications, some are better explaining the complex
18
uids like blood in human carotid arteries [11], higher load bearing capacity [13] and in
19

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20 [21] lubricating bearings for lesser skin-friction.

21 Recently, the theory of micropolar continuum has been utilized in modeling and an-
22 alyzing the thermal boundary layer ows in dierent aspects. For instance, Sharma et
23 al. [21] used micropolar model in analyzing the heat transfer over a permeable stretch-

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24 ing porous surface with melting eects. In their model the energy equation incorporates
25 the element of non-uniform heat source/sink. The analysis revealed that micro-polar
26 uid enhances the velocity and temperature prole while suppressing the micro-rations
27

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prole. Temperature dependent analysis has also been performed by Alzahrani et al.
28
[3] within micropolar framework. They utilized Keller-box second order nite dierence
29

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30 technique to investigate the convective micropolar uid ow over an impermeable, non-

31 linear stretching membrane with varying thickness. Aiyashi et al. [15] used micropolar

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32 uid description to focus the behavior of heat production in slip conditions along with
33 viscous dissipation eects. It has been discovered that the angular velocity grows greatly
34 and the velocity eld diminishes as the values of the magnetic eld parameter increase.
35

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Fatunmbi and Adeniyan [7], studied the micropolar uid ow in an electrically conduct-
36 ing situation where the physical parameters of interests are investigated under thermal
37
slip conditions. The micorpolar uid ow description is also used by Yasmin et al. [1] to
38
explain the non-Newtonian eects with successive over relaxation procedure. It is found

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39
40 that the micro-rotation and velocities are reduced and uid temperature rise counter

41 productively due to magnetic eld interaction. Fatunmbi and Okoya [8], analyzed the

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42 thermal boundary layer within the micropolar ow description with temperature depen-
43 dent characteristics of the material. Prescribed surface temperature and prescribed heat
44 ux, two distinct forms of boundary heating conditions, were investigated for the heat

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45 transfer in their work. The heat transfer through micropolar ferrouid ow over surface
46 is examined in the work of Rauf et al. [Rauf2023]. Micropolar ferrouid models have
47
applications in a variety of industrial utilization, such as liquid micro-robots, magnetic
48
medication targeting, inertial and viscous dampening, and dynamic sealing. Singh et al.
49
[27], studied the thermal boundary layer ow in a micropolar ow with chemical reaction
50
51 eects along with melting. In their analysis the eect of chemical reaction on various pa-

52 rameters of interest are shown while computing the solution through Keller-Box method.
53 Singh and Kumar [26] investigated micropolar uid ow in a channel for heat transfer.
54 They used the Rosseland approximations to represent the radiative heat ux in the energy
55 equation.
56 To summarize various research ndings on the applications and eects of magnetized
57
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Page 2 of 19
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2
3
4 uids, particularly in the context of heat transfer enhancement and biomedical engineer-
5 ing the following are several studies [16]; [18]; [14]; [24]; [19]; [2]; [17]; [23]; [9]; [28]; [25].
6
These studies explore dierent aspects of magnetized uids, such as magnetic micropolar
7
uids, conducting magnetic nanouids, and the eects of magnetization on micropolar
8
ows in the presence of an external magnetic eld. The studies mentioned discuss the
9
10 impact of magnetization on micropolar ows, particularly considering the Magnetorhe-

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11 ological eect. This eect deals with how magnetization aects micropolar ows in the
12 presence of an external magnetic eld. It's noted that previous assumptions neglecting
13

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the impact of magnetization, where it's assumed to be parallel to the applied magnetic
14 eld, are not accurate for micropolar ows due to their anisotropy. Tzirtzilakis and Sarris

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15 [28] have investigated the inuence of magnetization on Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
16
micropolar ow using a model mathematical ([25]). Their study focuses on the case
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of Poiseuille micropolar ow and provides an analytical solution in a one-dimensional
18
scenario. They observe signicant dierences (4%-45%) in the acceleration or deceler-
19

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20 ation of MHD micropolar uid under the MMR eect compared to when the eect is

21 not considered. This suggests that considering the MMR eect is crucial for accurately
22 understanding the behavior of magnetized micropolar uids in various ow scenarios of
23 industrial importance.

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24 The present study aims to analyze the thermal boundary layer ows in the context of
25 micropolar theory with micro-magnetic eects. Almost all the articles present in literature
26 so far on the magnetic micropolar ows have not discussed the phenomenon of micro-
27

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magnetic eect. This important aspect of the micromagnetorotation within micropolar
28
magnetic ows is a naturally arising phenomenon and therefore can not be undermined
29

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30 while discussing the behavior of these ows. To this end this study presents a micromag-

31 netorotation heat transfer model in three dimensions and analyze the thermal boundary

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32 layer ow mechanism in the context of micropolar ows.
33 The remaining sections of the work are summarized as follows: Section 2, presents the
34 three-dimensional mathematical description of the MMR heat transfer model. Section 3,
35

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introduces the ow assumpitons used in the modeling of thermal boundary layer ow
36 with MMR. The reduced dimensinal model is obtained and it is further transformed into
37
non-dimensional setting in ODEs along with the calculation of the physical parameter
38
of interest. Section 4, outlines the solution procedure based on the shooting method for

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39
40 solving obtained problem along with associated initial-boundary conditions. Validation

41 of the obtained solution is also presented as a sub-section. Section 5, presents the results

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42 obtained and analysis of physical parameters is performed based on the observations under
43 MMR eect. Ultimately, conclusions derived from the data are presented in Section 6.
44

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45
2. Three-dimensional mathematical description of MMR heat transfer
46
47 In this section, a three-dimensional setting of heat transfer model with MMR eect
48 is presented. Let U , H, W and T respectively represents the velocity, magnetic eld,
49 micro-rotational velocity and temperature of the liquid particles in a magnetic micropolar
50
ow. The governing dynamics of the ow can be expressed mathematically by following
51
the theory of Shizawa and Tanahashi [25] as the following set of equations.
52
53
54 ∇ · U = 0, (1)

55 ∇ · H = 0, (2)
56
57 ∇ · W = 0, (3)
58
59 3
60

Page 3 of 19
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2
3  
4 dU
5 ρ + U · ∇U = −∇p + η∇2 U + 2η1 ∇ × (W − w) + (∇ × H) × B
dt
6
7 + (M · ∇)H + M × (∇ × H), (4)

8  
9 dH
ρ + U · ∇H − H · ∇U = η∇2 H, (5)
10 dt

w
11  
dW
12 l + U · ∇W = γ∇2 W + 4η1 (w − W ) + M × H, (6)
13 dt

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14

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15 
dT

= k∇2 T + η2 (DU ) + 2η D U : D U + 4η1 (W − w)2 + α ((∇W ))2


16 ρ + U · ∇T
17 dt

v
18 τ M0
T
(M × H)2 ,


+ β (∇W ) : ∇W + γ (∇W : ∇W ) + (7)
19 H̄

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20
21 ∇ × H = σ(v × B), (8)

22 B = µ0 H + M . (9)
23

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24 where ρ is the density of the liquid medium, j is the current density in the medium, l
25 is the moment of inertia, µ0 is the magnetic permeability of the magnetic medium, σ is
26 the electrical conductivity, B is magnetic induction vector and η , η1 , γ are respectively
27

r
shear, vortex and angular viscosities. The liquid particles are experiencing a pressure eld
28 represented by p. The symbol M representes the magnetization vector whose constitutive
29

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description is stated as
30 M0 (I − τ W · ) · H
31 M= . (10)
H̄

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32
33 Here, M0 represents magnetization strength, I is the second order identity tensor, 
34 is the third order permutation tensor, τ is the relaxation time for magnetization, H̄
35

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is the magnitude of the magnetic vector H . For the detail on the derivation of this
36 constitutive relation the reader is referred to the thermodynamic based study of Shizawa
37 and Tanahashi [25]. The term M ×H in Eq. (6) is the micromagnatorotation(MMR)
38
term, which species the inuence of magnetization on microrotation.

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39
40
41 3. Reduced dimensional settings

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42
43 The model presented in earlier section is reduced to a two-dimensional setting with

44 the following ow assumptions:

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45
46 ˆ The magneto-micropolar convective steady ow is assumed incompressible, laminar
47 and two dimensional.
48
49 ˆ Liquid is owing in the direction of x-axis while experiencing a magnetic eld H =
50 (0, H0 , 0)t in the lateral direction i.e. y -axis.
51
52 ˆ Moreover, the eld velocities are taken to be U = (u(x, y), 0, 0)t , w = (0, 0, ω(x, y))t
t
53 and W = (0, 0, Ω(x, y)) .
54
55
56
57
58
59 4
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Page 4 of 19
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2
3
4 Further assume that the magnetic eld vector is given by H = (Hx , Hy , 0)t , where the
5 component Hx denotes induced magnetic eld. These ow assumptions leads Eq. (10) to
6
the following component relations for magnetization
7
8 M0 (Hx + τ Hz Ω)
9 Mx = , (11)
10 Hx

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11 My = 0, (12)
12
13 M0 (Hz − τ Hx Ω)

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14
Mz = . (13)
Hx

i
15
Similarly, from Eq. (9) the components of magnetic induction can be stated as
16
17

v
18 Bx = µ0 Hx + Mx , (14)

19
By = 0,

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(15)
20
21 and
22 Bz = µ0 Hz + Mz . (16)
23

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24 Since the magnetization is in x-direction only thereby implying Bx = B0 . Based on this
25 discussion and the boundary layer approximations (see Figure 1) the governing system
26 of equations Eqns. (1)-(9) in its component form reduces to
27

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28
29

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30
31

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32
33
34
35

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36
37
38

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39
40 Figure 1: Development of boundary layer along a surface stretched through xed velocity.
41

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42
∂ 2u σ
 
43 ∂u ∂u µ+k k ∂Ω 1 M0 ∂H1
u +v = − µ0 H22 u + + H1 , (17)
44 ∂x ∂y ρ ∂y 2 ρ ρ ∂y ρ H̄ ∂x

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45
46 ∂H1 ∂H1 ∂u ∂u ∂ 2 H1
47
u +v = H1 + H2 +η , (18)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y 2
48
and
49 ∂Ω ∂Ω γ ∗ ∂ 2Ω k

∂u

50 u +v = − 2Ω + − M0 H0 τ H̄Ω. (19)
51 ∂x ∂y ρj ∂y 2 ρj ∂y
52
53 2 2
κ ∂ 2T τ M0 H02 2
 
∂T ∂T k ∂u 4k ∂u
54 u +v = + + Ω+ + Ω. (20)
55 ∂x ∂y ρCp ∂y 2 ρCp ∂y ρCp ∂y H̄ρCp
56
57
58
59 5
60

Page 5 of 19
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2
3
4 The governing system in Eqns. (17)-(20) are subjected to the specied boundary condi-
5 tions
6 r
νx ∂u

7
8
 u = U , v = 0, H = 0, H = H
∞ 1 2 0 , Ω = −Ω0 , T = Tw at y = 0,
U∞ ∂y
9
u → 0, Ω → 0, H1 → 0, T → T∞ , as y → ∞.

10
(21)

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11
12 The examination of several real-world situations reveals the physical relevance of these

13 boundary conditions. These might be thin-lm, mixed convection, or nanouid ows.

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14 The uid ow across a magnetized stretched sheet in a micropolar ow conguration

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15 may be studied and predicted due to its relevance in the analysis of production of plastic
16 lms during the polymer processing stage, coating and printing industries to examine how
17

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thin liquid lms spread across surfaces and in the textile industry to simulate the behavior
18 of bers. Where the eect of ow pattern, shear stress distribution, and boundary layer
19
growth is of key interest. Consider the following transformations

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20
21  r
νx ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
22  Ψ = U∞ P (ξ)

 , u= , v=− , T = T∞ + (Tw − T∞ )θ(ξ),
23
U∞ r ∂y ∂x

R
r r
24 U∞ U∞ νx
R(ξ), H1 = H0 xQ0 (ξ) and H2 = −H0

ξ =
 y, Ω = U∞ Q(ξ),
25 νx νx U∞
26 (22)
27

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then the system in Eqns. (17)-(21) after the application of Eq. (22) leads to the following
28 boundary value problem
29

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30 000 Rm 
2

31 (1 + K)P − QP 0 + P P 00 + KR0 + τ1 ω Q0 − Q0 Q00 = 0, (23)
Re

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32
33 K1 Q000 + P 0 Q0 + P Q00 − P 00 (ξQ0 + Q) = 0, (24)
34 00 00 ∗ 0 0
35 (1 + K) R − β (2R + P ) + (P − ω − 2ξP ) R = 0, (25)

P
36
 
1
θ00 + P θ0 + KEc 2P 002 + 4R2 + 8RP 00 + ωEcR2 = 0,


37 (26)
Pr
38

r
39 subjected to
40 (
41 P = 0, P 0 = 1, Q = 1, Q0 = 0, R = −Ω0 P 00 , θ = 1, at ξ = 0,

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(27)
42 P 0 → 0, Q0 → 0, R → 0, θ → 0, as ξ → ∞.
43
44 Here, the parameters K , Rm , Re , τ1 , ω , K1 , β , ω ∗ , P r and Ec are dimensionless and are

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45 dened as
46
2
47 k η µCp U∞ v0 L
48 K= , K1 = , Pr = , Ec = , Rm = σµ0 v0 L, Re = ,
µ ν κ Cp (Tw − T ∞) ν
49
50 k ν τ M0 H02 τ M0 H0 H̄
51 β∗ = β = , τ1 = , ω= , ω∗ = .
ρcj τ c2 µH̄ c
52
53 The engineering parameters of physical interest are the skin-friction coecient and Nus-

54 selt number. These numbers are respectively dened as

55  
56 1 ∂u
Cf = 2
(µ + k) + kN , (28)
57 ρU∞ ∂y y=0
58
59 6
60

Page 6 of 19
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2
3
4 and  
5 x ∂T
6 N ux = − . (29)
Tw − T∞ ∂y y=0
7
8 Using Eq. (22) into Eq. (28) and Eq. (29), the skin-friction coecient and Nusselt number

9 reads p
10 Cf Rex = (1 + K)P 00 (0) + KR(0), (30)

w
11 and
12
N ux Rex −1/2 = −θ0 (0), (31)
13

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14 respectively. where Rex = U∞ x/ν, is the local Reynolds number.

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15
16 4. Numerical Solution Methodology
17

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18 In order to solve the problem in Eqns. (23)-(27) shooting technique embedded with

19 Runge-Kutta method of order ve and Newton-Raphson method are used. To apply this

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20 procedure rst the set of ODEs in Eqns. (23)-(27) is converted to following set of rst
21 order ODEs along with the missing initial conditions. Following the notations
22 
23
∂P ∂ 2P ∂Q
 y1 = P, y2 = , y3 = , y4 = Q, y5 = ,


R

24 ∂ξ ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ (32)
25 ∂ 2Q ∂R ∂θ
 y6 = , y7 = R, y8 = , y9 = θ, and y10 = .


26 ∂ξ 2 ∂ξ ∂ξ
27

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The transformed system thus now reads
28  
29 y2

e
 
30 y10 
 y3 
31  0   
 y2  
  
1 Rm


e
2
y4 y2 − y1 y3 − Ky8 + τ1 ω y5 y6 − y5 

32  0 
 y3   1 + K R e
33

   
34  y0  
 4  y5 

35 y6

P
 0  
 y5   
36  = 1 . (33)
 y0   (y3 (ξy5 + y4 ) − y2 y5 − y1 y6 ) 
37  6 
K1

 0 
 y7  

38 y8 

r
39
   
 y0    
1

 8 
40 (β(2y7 + y3 ) − y1 y8 + ω ∗ y8 + 2ξy2 y8 )

 0 
 y9  

41 1+K 

o
0 y
 
42 y10  10 
43 2 2 2



−P r y1 y10 + KEc 2y3 + 4y7 + 8y7 y3 + ωEc y7
44

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45 The associated boundary conditions in Eq. (27) are transformed into the following

46
(
y1 (0) = 0, y2 (0) = 1, y4 (0) = 1, y5 (0) = 0, y7 (0) = −Ω0 y3 , y9 (0) = 1,
47
48 y2 (ξ∞ ) → 0, y5 (ξ∞ ) → 0, y7 (ξ∞ ) → 0, y9 (ξ∞ ) → 0.
49 (34)
50 The missing initial conditions i.e., y3 (0) = p, y6 (0) = q, y8 (0) = r, and y1 0(0) = s, in
51 Eq. (34) are attained based on the satisfaction of the following associated residuals
52 
53 
 y2 (ξ, p, q, r, s) → 0, as ξ → ξ∞ ,
54

 y (ξ, p, q, r, s) → 0,
5 as ξ → ξ∞ ,
55 (35)
56

 y 7 (ξ, p, q, r, s) → 0, as ξ → ξ∞ ,

y9 (ξ, p, q, r, s) → 0, → ξ∞ .

57 as ξ
58
59 7
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Page 7 of 19
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2
3
4 Following Newton's approach
5
6 ∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y2 ∂y2 −1
 
7
 ∂p ∂q ∂r ∂s 

8
      
p p  ∂y5 ∂y5 ∂y5 ∂y5  y2
9 q  q  ∂s  y5 
   
=  − ∂p ∂q ∂r (36)
10  
r  r   ∂y ∂y7 ∂y7 ∂y7 
 7  y7 

w
11
s (n+1) s (n)  ∂p ∂q ∂r ∂s  y9 (n)
 
12  ∂y9 ∂y9 ∂y9 ∂y9 
13

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14 ∂p ∂q ∂r ∂s (n)

i
15
is applied to accomplish the missing starting conditions until the developed residuals
16
17 converge, i.e. the following criterion is met.

v
18
19 max{|y2 (ξ∞ , p, q, r, s)|, |y5 (ξ∞ , p, q, r, s)|, |y7 (ξ∞ , p, q, r, s)|, y9 (ξ∞ , p, q, r, s)|} < . (37)

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20
21 The tolerance  here is set as 10−6 . For a more comprehensive discussion on the procedure,

22 reader is referred to the Ÿ11.2.2 of book [4]. In lieu of the innite domain [0, ∞), the com-
23 putational domain is [0, 10]; the choice was made since the boundary layer development

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24 was achieved.
25
26 4.1. Validation
27

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In order to validate the accuracy of the obtained solutions, skin-friction coecient
28
and Nusselt number are computed with and without MMR eect with both the methods
29

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as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. For a comparative solution the MATLAB bvp4c
30
31 function is used to solve the model problem. This built-in function is based on the

e
32 nite dierence technique. The three-stage Lobatto III-a formula is implemented as
33 the numerical approach in bvp4c function [22]. Across the integration interval of the
34 problem, a C1-continuous solution with fourth-order accuracy is consistently obtained
35

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by the application of collocation polynomials. The integration interval is divided into
36 smaller intervals using a point mesh and the collocation technique. The function gets a
37 numerical solution by solving a global system of algebraic equations together with the
38
boundary conditions and the collocation conditions applied to each sub-interval of the

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39
problem. The solver then computes the numerical solution error of each sub-interval.
40
The solver updates the mesh and proceeds if the solution does not meet the tolerance
41

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42 requirements. The solver requires an initial rough estimate of the solution at the mesh

43 points of the domain.

44
Table 1: The skin-friction coecient (Re1/2 Cfx ) in the presence and absence of MMR eect.

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45
46
47 bvp4c Present ∆|bvp4c−P resent| (%)
48 K β Without MMR With MMR Without MMR With MMR With MMR
49 0.5 0.3 -0.74873246 -0.67374835 -0.754300158036942 -0.675273102000545 0.15
1.0 -0.86158675 -0.67985726 -0.867284715415196 -0.684746101379751 0.48
50 1.5 -0.90519741 -0.88959001 -0.904460746218518 -0.897879478035164 0.83
51 0.5 -0.89997839 -0.81793617 -0.900905609664812 -0.823131547448848 0.52
52 1.0 -0.90586376 -0.83419041 -0.907614566594412 -0.844616527626634 1.04
1.2 -0.91037181 -0.83715740 -0.907844099592434 -0.846739358705061 0.95
53
54
55
56 In Table 1 the skin-friction coecients are displayed against the varying material

57 parameters. The material parameters xed here are Re = 100, Rm = 0.1, P r = 1.5,
58
59 8
60

Page 8 of 19
1
2
3
4 Table 2: The Nusselt number (Re−1/2 N u) in the presence and absence of MMR eect.
5
6
bvp4c Present ∆|bvp4c−P resent| (%)
7 Pr τ1 ω Without MMR With MMR Without MMR With MMR With MMR
8 0.5 0.43813792 0.44905716 0.446935106345679 0.456481244868565 0.74
9 1.5 0.86902359 0.87984702 0.875986473867007 0.884344135346074 0.45
2.5 1.10537083 1.16907631 1.16536921423302 1.17290886540877 0.38
10 0.5 3.7 1.0 0.43991610 0.46987130 0.446935549562633 0.47717621368413 0.73

w
11 5.7 0.43960871 0.47908178 0.446935549562633 0.489170153472792 1.0
12 7.7 0.44001639 0.48979102 0.446935549562633 0.499362666381235 0.96
0.5 1.0 - 0.44819570 - 0.451907946061597 0.37
13

e
3.0 - 0.45736130 - 0.460721758001802 0.33
14 5.0 - 0.46175080 - 0.468391019496139 0.66

i
15
16
17

v
18 K = 1.0, K1 = 1.0, ω = 2.0, ω ∗ = 0, τ1 = 0.5, β = 0.3, and Ec = 1e−3. In Table 2 the

19 Nusselt numbers are shown for varying values of the Prandtl, relaxation time and MMR

e
20 parameter by both the present method and the bvp4c. The material parmeters used in
∗
21 these calculations are Re = 100, Rm = 0.1, P r = 0.5, K = 1.5, K1 = 1.0, ω = 2, ω = 0,
22 and Ec = 1e−3. The relative dierent between the computed solutions by the present
23 method and the bvp4c function are shown in both the Tables. It is observed that the

R
24 relative dierence between both the solutions are mostly less than one percent thereby
25 implying that the values of the skin-friction coecient and the Nusselt number computed
26
by the present method are in good agreement with the one obtained by the MATLAB
27

r
inbuilt function.
28
29

e
30 5. Analysis of Results
31

e
32 In this section, an analysis of the obtained numerical results is shown. The computed
33 solutions of the presented thermal model in Eqns. (23)-(27) are presented in the forms of
34 hydrodynamic velocity, microrotational velocity and the temperature proles along with
35

P
other computed physical parameters of interests. Table 3, presents the numerical values of
36 the skin-friction coecient for varying values of the material parameters in the absence
37 and presence of MMR eect. The Cosserat number, MMR parameter, magnetization
38
number, magnetic relaxation factor, Reynolds number and magnetic Reynolds number

r
39
are varied to observe the skin-friction in the presence and absence of MMR eect. It is
40
41 seen that with increasing Cosserat number the the skin-friction coecient increases both

o
42 in absence and presence of MMR. Increasing eect of MMR leads to a reduction in the
43 skin-friction coecient. In Table 3, the numerical values of the skin-friction coecients
44 are shown for varying material parameter values in the absence and presence of MMR

F
45 ∗
eect. The material parameters used here are P r = 0.5, Ec = 1e − 4, ω = 0, and
46 K1 = 1.5. Other values are specied in the Table. It is seen that with increasing values
47 of the Cosserat number the skin-friction coecient increases in both the cases i.e. in the
48
absence and presence of MMR eect. This is due to the fact that the uid's frictional
49
forces can be aected by the microstructure eects that the micropolar model captures
50
in relation to the uid's interactions with solid surfaces. However, an increasing eect
51
52 of MMR leads to a decrease in the skin-friction coecient. The same behavior of the

53 skin-friction coecient is observed while increasing the magnetic relaxation time. This is
54 due to the reason that higher drag forces, and thicker boundary layers are caused by a rise
55 in the magnetic relaxation parameter, which tends to amplify the magnetic eld's eect
56 on uid ow and raise the skin friction coecient. Similarly, the increase in the Reynolds
57
58
59 9
60

Page 9 of 19
1
2
3
4 number and magnetic Reynolds number leads to an increase in the skin-friction coecient.
5 However, the micro-inertial parameter β decreases the skin-friction coecient with an
6
increase in its value. This is because they result in reduced resistance to uid motion at
7
the surface and smoother ow patterns. In Table 4, the Nusselt number are shown for
8
9
Table 3: Skin-friction coecient for dierent values of the material parameters with and without MMR.
10

w
11
12 Without MMR With MMR
13 Re1/2 Cfx ω=0 ω = 6.0

e
K ω β τ1 ω∗ Re Rm
14 3.0e-3 0.1 0.5 0.0 100 0.1 -0.634461190720021 -0.519318666618447

i
15 5.0e-3 -0.634880010622562 -0.52019999783588
16 7.0e-3 -0.635297495395871 -0.521094626891106
3.0 - 0.553866989184167
17 5.0 - -0.538048445634557

v
18 7.0 - -0.505197506703948
19 0.1 -0.635297495395871 -0.521094626891106
0.3 - -0.519717683663179

e
20 0.5 - -0.518966387912081
21 0.0 -0.635297495395871 0.635297495395871
0.25 -0.635297495395871 -0.553866989184166
22 0.50 -0.635297495395871 -0.521094626891106
23 0.1 -0.635203080537925 0.52820812871268

R
24 0.3 - -0.511882403510432
0.7 - -0.518762528732232
25 200 -0.632132161191845 -0.51746042284283
26 300 -0.631096200057275 -0.527755435696211
500 -0.630254248086422 -0.526820552698698
27

r
1.0 -0.635297495395871 -0.521094626891106
28 2.0 -0.641573075444975 -0.528374410884111
29 3.0 -0.647817304426063 -0.535620990696238

e
30
31

e
32 varying material parameters in the absence and presence of MMR eect. The numerical
33 computations are performed for the parametric values as shown in the Table where varied
34 and the xed values are taken to be Re = 100, Rm = 0.1, P r = 0.5, and K1 = 1.5. It is
35

P
observed that with an increase value of the Cosserat number the Nusselt number decreases
36
in the absence of MMR eect whereas it increases in the presence of MMR eect. Without
37
MMR eect, an increase in the Cosserat number tends to decrease the Nusselt number due
38

r
39 to intensied microstructural eects hindering heat transfer. However, in the presence of

40 MMR eect, an increase in the Cosserat number tends to increase the Nusselt number
41 because of the combined eects enhancing heat transfer. The Nusselt number increase in

o
42 its numerical value as the magnetic relaxation time factor of magnetization is increased.
43 This implies that there is more ecient convective heat transfer between the uid and the
44 solid surface in the presence of stronger and more persistent magnetic eects. Therefore,

F
45 the heat transfer rate increases as the magnetization relaxation time factor increases
46
in MHD ows. Increasing the magnetization eect leads to a reduction in the Nusselt
47
number. The boundary layer structure next to solid surfaces can be aected by magnetic
48
49 elds. Occasionally, the boundary layer can be stabilized by the magnetic eld, which

50 can change the properties of heat transport and cause the layer to become thinner. A
51 lower Nusselt number and less convective heat transfer may arise from this. The Nusselt
52 number is found to increase with an increase in the Prandtl number in both the cases i.e.
53 in the absence and presence of MMR eect. This is highly due to fact that an increase
54 in the Prandtl number typically leads to a thicker thermal boundary layer and enhances
55 convective heat transfer, resulting in an increase in the Nusselt number. Similar behavior
56
of the Nusselt number is seen on the increasing of micro-inertial parameter. However, on
57
58
59 10
60

Page 10 of 19
1
2
3
4 increasing the Eckert number the Nusselt number decreases. Improved convective heat
5 transfer between the uid and solid surfaces may result from an increase in the micro-
6
inertial parameter, which tends to improve the uid's microscale movements and ow
7
properties. The Nusselt number will therefore rise in response to an increase in the micro-
8
inertial parameter, suggesting more eective convective heat transport. In Figure 2, the
9
10
Table 4: The Nusselt number for dierent values of material parameters with and without MMR eect.

w
11
12
13

e
Without MMR With MMR
14 Re−1/2 N u ω=0 ω = 6.0

i
15 K Pr Ec ω β τ1 ω∗
3.0e-4 0.5 1e-4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.388902302589692 0.436090092720301
16 5.0e-3 0.388588499019883 0.436171908679017
17 7.0e-3 0.373363288824706 0.43625476288517

v
1.5 0.80716587040161 0.855258766594941
18 2.5 1.09946341373415 1.14162280299381
19 3.5 1.33453279812316 1.37383483677631

e
20 2e-3 1.28391594611988 1.36166271613295
4e-3 1.23063504927448 1.34884995755479
21 6e-3 1.1773541524291 1.33603719897652
22 3.0e-3 3.0 - 1.3334084869593
23 5.0 - 1.33770741898804
7.0 - 1.33340854068556

R
24 3.0e-4 0.5 - 1.31805680554698
25 0.7 - 1.33449809851686
0.9 - 1.33527477501634
26 0.1 1.3340496884206 1.19628654152014
27 0.3 1.3340496884206 1.31855924043685

r
28 0.5 1.3340496884206 1.33705781716946
0.3 0.1 - 1.3177657004728
29 0.3 - 1.20922994632215

e
30 0.5 - 0.548247958680361
31

e
32
33 thermal boundary layer proles are seen with varying eect of magnetization. The MMR
34 parameter is varied to observe the changes in the thermal response of the underlying
35

P
physical system. It is seen that the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with an
36
increase in the MMR eect. In Figure 3, the eect of relaxation time of magnetization
37
38

r
39
40
41

o
42
43
44

F
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53 Figure 2: Thermal boundary layer proles with varying MMR eect and xed values of Re = 100,
54 Rm = 1, P r = 1.2, Ec = 0.0001, K = 0.005, K1 = 1.5, ω = 2, and ω ∗ = 0.5
55
56
is varied to observe its inuence on the development of thermal boundary layer proles.
57
58
59 11
60

Page 11 of 19
1
2
3
4 It is seen that with increasing value of the magnetization relaxation time the thermal
5 boundary layer thickness decreases. Increasing the magnetization relaxation time can
6
promote mixing, enhance heat transfer, and alter ow patterns within the uid, all of
7
which contribute to a decrease in the thermal boundary layer thickness. In Figure 4, the
8
9
1
10 τ1 = 0.5

w
11 τ1 = 1.0
0.8 0.4
12
τ = 1.5
13

e
1
0.3

θ(ξ)
14 0.6
τ1 = 2.0

i
θ(ξ)

15 0.2
16
0.4 0.1
17

v
1 1.5 2
18 ξ
19 0.2

e
20
21
0
22 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
23 ξ

R
24 Figure 3: Thermal boundary layer proels with varying relaxation time of magnetization and K = 0.005.
25
26
eect of MMR can be seen on the development of the hydrodynamic velocity boundary
27

r
28 proles across the width of the stretching surface. It is noted that the hydrodynamic

29 velocity boundary layer thickness increases with increase in the MMR eect. This increase

e
30 in the velocity boundary layer thickness due to increase in magnetization is due to the
31 fact that an increase in the MMR eect could result in a thicker velocity boundary layer

e
32 due to factors such as enhanced viscous eects and changes in shear stress distribution
33 near the solid boundary. In Figure 5, the eect of relaxation time of magnetization is
34
35

P
1
36
ω = 2.0
37
0.8
hydrodynamic velocity

ω = 4.0
38

r
39 ω = 6.0

40 0.6 ω = 7.0
41

o
42 0.4
43
44 0.2

F
45
46
0
47
48 0 2 4 6 8 10
ξ
49
50 Figure 4: Hydrodynamic velocity boundary layer proles with varying MMR eect and K = 0.005.
51
52
observed on the development of hydrodynamic boundary layer proles. It can be seen
53
that with the increase in the relaxation time of magnetization the hydrodynamic velocity
54
boundary layer thickness increases. In Figures 6 and 7, magnetic induction proles are
55
56 depicted across the width of the stretching surface. The eect of MMR is observed on

57 the development of magnetic induction proles. It can be seen that with the increase
58
59 12
60

Page 12 of 19
1
2
3
4 1
5 τ1 = 0.5

6 τ1 = 1.0
0.8
7 τ1 = 1.5
8
τ1 = 2.0

velocity
9 0.6
10

w
11 0.4
12
13

e
14 0.2

i
15
16 0
17 0 2 4 6 8

v
ξ
18
19 Figure 5: Hydrodynamic velocity boundary layer proles with varying values of the relaxation time of
magnetization and with K = 0.005.

e
20
21
22
in the MMR eect the boundary layer thickness of the magnetic induction increases.
23

R
24
These eects are dominant near the stretching surface in case of H1 proles, however in

25 case of H2 proles the eect is even observed far away from the stretching surface. In

26
27 0

r
28 ω = 2.0
29 -0.05

e
ω = 4.0
30
31 -0.1 ω = 6.0

e
32
H1

ω = 7.0
33
34 -0.15
35

P
36 -0.2
37
38 -0.25

r
39 0 2 4 6 8 10
40 ξ
41 Figure 6: Magnetic induction (H1 ) proles with varying MMR eect and with xed K = 0.005.

o
42
43
Figures 8 and 9, the eect of relaxation time of magnetization can be observed through the
44

F
boundary layer proles. The magnetic relaxation time does not eect on the development
45
46 of magnetic induction H1 in the area far away form the stretching surface but it does

47 eect the H2 . The magnetic induction prole thickness decreases with increasing value
48 of the magnetic relaxation time. In Figure 10, the eect of Prandtl number is computed
49 on the development of the thermal boundary layer proles in both the cases, i.e., in the
50 absence and presence of MMR eect. It is observed that the thermal boundary layer
51 thickness decrease with an increasing value of the Prandtl number. Moreover, it is found
52
that the thermal boundary layer proles in case of absence of MMR eect are always
53
higher than the proles in case without MMR eect. That is the thermal boundary
54
layer thickness in case of MMR eect is considered is always smaller than the thickness
55
56 obtained in case of absence of MMR eect. In Figure 11, the eect of Eckert number

57 is calculated on the development of the thermal boundary layer proles. Both the cases
58
59 13
60

Page 13 of 19
1
2
3
4 1
5 ω = 2.0
0.9
6 ω = 4.0
7 0.8
ω = 6.0
8
9 0.7 ω = 7.0
10 H2 0.6

w
11
12 0.5
13

e
0.4
14

i
15 0.3
16
17 0 2 4 6 8 10

v
ξ
18
19 Figure 7: Magnetic induction (H2 ) proles with varying MMR eect and with xed K = 0.005.

e
20
21 0
22 τ1 = 0.5
23 -0.05 τ1 = 1.0

R
24 τ1 = 1.5
25
-0.1 τ1 = 2.0
26
H1

27

r
28 -0.15
29

e
30 -0.2
31

e
32
-0.25
33 0 2 4 6 8 10
34 ξ
35

P
36 Figure 8: Magnetic induction (H1 ) proles with varying magnetic relaxation time and with xed value
37 of K = 0.005.
38

r
39 i.e. the absence and presence of MMR eect are considered in these computations. It is
40
seen that the thermal boundary layer prole thickness increases with an increasing value
41

o
of the Eckert number in both the cases i.e. in the absence and presence of MMR eect.
42
Moreover, it is observed that the thermal boundary layer proles in case of considered
43
44 MMR eect are always found lower to the proles that in the absence of MMR eect. In

F
45 Figure 12, the eect of micro-inertial parameter is computed on the development of the
46 thermal boundary layer proles in the presence of MMR eect. It is observed that the
47 thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with an increasing value of the micro-inertial
48 parameter. This is highly due to the fact that micro-inertia inuences the microscale
49 rotations and deformations within the uid, promoting mixing. This enhanced mixing
50 can accelerate the redistribution of heat within the uid, leading to a more rapid decrease
51
in temperature gradients near the solid surface.
52
53
54 6. Conclusion
55
56 In this article, the aim is to analyze a new thermal boundary layer ow model with the

57 eect of micromagnetorotation based on micropolar continuum. This study is rst of its

58
59 14
60

Page 14 of 19
1
2
3
4 1
5 τ1 = 0.5
0.9
6 τ1 = 1.0
7 0.8 τ1 = 1.5
8
0.7 τ1 = 2.0
9
10 H2 0.6

w
11
12 0.5
13

e
0.4
14

i
15 0.3
16
17 0 2 4 6 8 10

v
ξ
18
19 Figure 9: Magnetic induction (H2 ) proles with varying magnetic relaxation time and with xed value
of K = 0.005.

e
20
21
1
22
0.9 Pr = 1.5, ω = 0.0
23

R
Pr = 2.5, ω = 0.0
24 0.8
Pr = 3.5, ω = 0.0
25 0.7
Pr = 1.5, ω = 6.0
Temperature (θ(ξ))

26 0.6 Pr = 2.5, ω = 6.0

27

r
0.5 Pr = 3.5, ω = 6.0
28
29 0.4

e
30 0.3

31 0.2

e
32 0.1
33
0
34 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
35

P
ξ

36
Figure 10: Temperature velocity prole with varying values of the Prandtl number in the presence and
37
absence of MMR. Material Parameters used are Re=100; Rm=0.1; Pr = 3.5; Ec = 0.0001; K = 0.007;
38 K1 = 1.5; omg = 6.0; omgStr = 0.0; tau1=0.5; beta = 0.3;

r
39
40
41 kind in the literature as the eect of micromagnetorotation within thermal energy equa-

o
42 tion has not been calculated earlier. The thermal energy equation governing the thermal
43 boundary layer ow mechanics is thus calculated and analyzed. The developed ow PDE
44 model is rst reduced to the ODE model by implying certain similarity transformations.

F
45 The obtained thermal initial-boundary value problem is then solved numerically by the
46
application of shooting method. The eect of MMR is computed on the development of
47
thermal characteristics over a stretching surface along with the computation of the hy-
48
49 drodynamic velocity boundary layer proles. The parameters of physical interest i.e. the

50 skin-friction coecient and the Nusselt number are also computed for varying values of
51 the material parameters. Some interesting features of the ow mechanics is summarized
52 as follows:
53
54 ˆ Increasing eect of MMR leads to a reduction in the skin-friction coecient.
55
56 ˆ As the value of the micro-inertial parameter increases, the skin-friction coecient

57 drops. This is due to the fact that they provide ner ow patterns and less surface
58
59 15
60

Page 15 of 19
1
2
3
4 1

5 0.9 Ec = 2e-3, ω = 0.0

6 0.8
Ec = 4e-3, ω = 0.0

7 Ec = 6e-3, ω = 0.0
0.7
8

Temperature (θ(ξ))
Ec = 2e-3, ω = 6.0
0.6
9 Ec = 4e-3, ω = 6.0
10 0.5
Ec = 6e-3, ω = 6.0

w
11 0.4
12 0.3
13

e
0.2
14

i
15 0.1

16 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
17

v
ξ
18
19 Figure 11: Temperature velocity prole with varying values of the Eckert number in the presence and
absence of MMR. Material Parameters used are Re=100; Rm=0.1; Pr = 3.5; Ec = 0.006; K = 0.007; K1

e
20
21 = 1.5; omg = 6.0; omgStr = 0.0; tau1=0.5; beta = 0.3;
22
1
23

R
0.9 β = 0.5, ω = 6.0
24
25 0.8 β = 0.7, ω = 6.0
26 0.7
Temperature (θ(ξ))

β = 0.9, ω = 6.0
27

r
0.6
28
0.5
29

e
30 0.4

31 0.3

e
32 0.2
33 0.1
34
0
35

P
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
36 ξ

37
Figure 12: Temperature velocity prole with varying values of the β in the presence and absence of
38
MMR. Material Parameters used are Re=100; Rm=0.1; Pr = 3.5; Ec = 0.006; K = 0.0003; K1 = 1.5;

r
39 omg = 6.0; omgStr = 0.0; tau1=0.5; beta = 0.9;
40
41

o
42 resistance to uid motion.
43
44 ˆ In the absence of the MMR eect, increased microstructural eects that impede

F
45 heat transmission cause an increase in the Cosserat number to tend to lower the
46 Nusselt number.
47
48 ˆ In the presence of MMR eect an increase in the Cosserat number tends to increase
49 the Nussel number due to combined eect.
50
51 ˆ The Nusselt number increase in its numerical value as the magnetic relaxation time
52 factor of magnetization is increased.
53
54 ˆ There is more ecient convective heat tranfer between the uid and the solid surface
55 in the presence of stronger and more persistent MMR eects.
56
57 ˆ The heat transfer rate accelerates as the magnetization relaxation time factor rises.
58
59 16
60

Page 16 of 19
1
2
3
4 ˆ As the MMR eect increases, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer dimin-
5 ishes.
6
7 ˆ Increasing the magnetization relaxation time promotes mixing, improves heat trans-
8 mission, and changes ow patterns within the uid, all of which lead to a reduction
9
in thermal boundary layer thickness.
10

w
11 ˆ The thickness of the hydrodynamic velocity boundary layer grows with the MMR
12
eect. This is due to factors such as enhanced viscous eects and changes in shear
13

e
stress distribution near the solid boundary.
14

i
15 ˆ The thermal boundary layer proles in the presence of the MMR eect are invariably
16
observed to be lower than those in the absence of the eect.
17

v
18 ˆ Thermal boundary layer thickness decreases as the micro-inertial parameter values
19
increase. This is because micro-inertia eects micro-scale rotations and deforma-

e
20
tions within the uid, hence facilitating mixing. This improved mixing can hasten
21
the redistribution of heat inside the uid, resulting in a faster decrease in temper-
22
23 ature gradients near the solid surface.

R
24
25 We conclude that the model given here is the rst of its kind, and the ndings men-
26 tioned are technologically signicant since thermal boundary layer ow occurs in many
27 applications. The ndings contribute to a better understanding of a number of issues in

r
28 electronics, biomedical engineering, and materials research. MMR eects, for example,
29 can be exploited to build more precise and ecient delivery tactics by knowing how mag-

e
30 netic drug carriers travel inside biological systems. Nevertheless, it may assist to explain
31
magnetic hypothermia treatments, which use magnetic nanoparticles to selectively target

e
32
and destroy cancer cells.
33
34
35 References

P
36
37 [1] K. Ali A. Yasmin and M. Ashraf.  Study of Heat and Mass Transfer in MHD Flow of
38 Micropolar Fluid over a Curved Stretching Sheet. In: Sci. Rep. 10 (2020), p. 4581.

r
39
[2] T. Gro³an A.J. Chamkha and I. Pop.  Fully developed free convection of a mi-
40
41
cropolar uid in a vertical channel. In: International Communications in Heat and
Mass Transfer

o
29.8 (2002), pp. 11191127.
42
43 [3] Jawaher Alzahrani et al.  Micro-polar uid ow over a unique form of vertical
44 stretching sheet: Special emphasis to temperature-dependent properties. In: Case

F
45 Studies in Thermal Engineering 34 (2022), p. 102037.
46
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