International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2024, pp. 377~385

ISSN:2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i1.pp377-385  377

Hybrid power plant using synchronization controller

system to save electricity cost

Sardi Salim1, Ade Irawaty Tolago1, Iskandar Zulkarnain Nasibu2

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gorontalo State University, Gorontalo, Indonesia
2
Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gorontalo State University, Gorontalo, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The application of hybrid energy power plants is one solution to save
electricity cost in buildings of government agencies, industries, and
Received Apr 9, 2023 universities. The problem with using hybrid power plants that use solar
Revised Jul 2, 2023 energy sources and paid electricity networks is that sunlight energy cannot
Accepted Jul 20, 2023 produce energy consistently from sunrise to sunset. Maximum energy can
only be obtained when the sun is vertically acceptable to the photovoltaic
(PV). This results in electrical loads having to be disconnected or switched
Keywords: back to the grid. The application of an electrical power sharing system
synchronization controller system (SCS) can automatically regulate the use
Energy of electrical energy to low PV energy. The results of research on the
Hybrid application of hybrid PV using the SCS system with a rooftop solar panel
Power plant system at the Gorontalo State University Building can produce a total
Save electricity cost electrical power of 600,975 kWh. The need for electrical power from
Synchronization controller January to September 2022 amounted to 859,151 kWh. The SCS hybrid
power plant can reduce the use of paid electrical energy and its costs by
83.60%. The investment, operational, and maintenance cost requirement is
IDR 10,747,886,801. The return on investment (ROI) analysis results show
that the return on investment can be achieved for up to 34 years.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Sardi Salim
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gorontalo State University
Jenderal Sudirman Street No. 6, Gorontalo City, Gorontalo Province 96128, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Hybrid energy power generation is a power plant that combines non-renewable energy with new
renewable energy [1]. Photovoltaic (PV) hybrid energy power plants often have lower costs and can offer
higher reliability [2]–[4]. A hybrid power plant uses both non-renewable and renewable energy sources in its
operation [5]. One of the renewable fuels that has a lot of potential for utilization is solar energy, which is
accessible anywhere that receives sunlight [6]. The problem with using hybrid power plants that use solar
energy sources and paid electricity networks is that sunlight energy cannot produce energy consistently from
sunrise to sunset. Maximum energy can only be obtained when the maximum solar intensity can be received
evenly by all solar cell components [7]. The utilization of solar energy as an alternative energy source for the
community is currently not the main solution to replacing paid electrical energy [8].
In addition to the problem of a short duration of time to obtain electrical energy, PV power plants
need to be installed in a location that can receive sunlight effectively and use a lot of solar cell modules, such
as the roof of a building with an appropriate slope [9]–[11]. Building a hybrid energy power plant that uses
both renewable and non-renewable energy is required to achieve savings in the usage of electrical energy on
a paid electricity network [12], [13]. The problem experienced by large users of electrical energy, such as

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378  ISSN: 2088-8694

industries, government offices, and universities is the high cost of paying for electricity [14]. Research
conducted in the United States shows that a campus building with an area of approximately 50,000 square
feet can cost more than USD 100,000 to pay for electricity each year. The largest electrical energy use is
mostly for air conditioning and lighting equipment [15].
Hybrid photovoltaic systems have been shown to cut electricity costs and harmful emissions from
fossil fuels [16]. To obtain adequate savings in the use of electrical energy, hybrid power plants must be
designed, taking into consideration the factors that could make the power plant run continuously for a long
time. The PV component system’s quick disintegration is a challenge that is frequently encountered [17].
This is because hybrid electricity generation planning has not been carried out, which considers aspects that
affect PV energy generation and the installation of installations divided into several groups to obtain an
effective energy supply from the PV system, even though PV performance is low. The majority of the energy
drawn from electric storage batteries is also consumed until the battery is depleted [18].
Building a hybrid power plant with a layered control system for the electric supply divider is the aim
of this effort. In hybrid energy power plants that use the synchronization controller system (SCS), the value
of electrical energy provided to the load will be arranged in stages according to the PV energy capacity.
Despite a decline in photovoltaic performance, energy supply can still be provided to other load groups with
lower electricity data requirements. A multilevel electrical energy supply is designed so that the PV is at its
lowest performance. Large power requirements will automatically be diverted to be supplied via a paid
electricity grid. A recent innovation employed in hybrid energy power generation systems to reduce the cost
of using electrical energy is the application of SCS. The application of SCS is a new breakthrough used in
hybrid energy power generation systems to save the cost of using electrical energy. To undertake a financial
analysis of the development of a hybrid power plant, the budget plan is generated using the pertinent national
unit pricing standard [19]. For the purpose of determining the return on investment, the feasibility of creating
a hybrid power plant to function efficiently, conserve electricity, and be consistent is estimated using the
return on investment (ROI) approach [20].

2. METHOD
The research method combines design analysis and simulation techniques to create a hybrid energy
power plant that makes use of a synchronization control system to reduce electricity consumption on the
Gorontalo State University campus. Investment needs for the construction of hybrid power plants are
determined by calculating the cost budget plan with the applicable national unit price standard. To calculate
the length of time the return on investment takes using the return on investment (ROI).

2.1. Design of hybrid energy power plants

The hybrid energy power plant design process begins with analyzing the building roof area for solar
cell placement and determining the type of solar cell to be used (dimensions and solar cell power capacity).
Furthermore, figuring out how many solar panels can be mounted on the building’s roof. To obtain the ability
of solar cells to produce electrical power, trials and measurements of solar cell electrical energy were carried
out from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. (for 12 hours every day in September 2022). At the same time, solar irradiation
measurements were also taken (January to September 2022). The results of testing the performance of solar
cells by applying SCS in a hybrid generation circuit system can be obtained by determining the value of the
power that can be generated for 12 hours (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.). The cost of the electricity generated can be
calculated by multiplying the value of the power generated by solar cells by the number of solar cells that can
be installed on the building’s roof.
The Gorontalo State University (UNG) Campus Building’s roof area was examined utilizing the
geographic information system (GIS) analytical technique [21]. The determination of the type of solar cell used
takes into account the electrical energy produced, the efficiency, and the price of the solar cell. To obtain a high
level of efficiency, it is recommended to use a monocrystalline type solar cell because it has a high-efficiency
level of up to 24.4%, the price is moderate, and it has a long life span [22]. A rooftop PV system’s energy
potential can be determined using the CR formula in kilowatt peak (kWp) using (1) [23], where:
- AR is the roof area of the building for solar cell installation in m 2
- RCR is the ratio of building roofs to install solar cell modules in m2
- CM is the solar cell’s capacity in Wp
- AM is its dimensions in m2
- SO is its area in m2
𝐶𝑀 𝑅𝐶𝑅 𝑥 𝐴𝑅
𝐶𝑅 = ( )𝑥( ) (1)
1000 𝐴𝑀

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Int J Pow Elect & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  379

The (2) is used to convert electrical energy (E) to kilowatt hours (kWh) [24], where:
- GSR is calculated as kWh/m2/month over a five-year period
- Direct current (DC) is changed into alternating current (AC) using a derate factor value
- The derate factor (D) has a value between 0.6 and 0.8. A standard derate factor of 0.75 is used in this study

𝐸 = 𝐶𝑅 × 𝐺𝑆𝑅 × 𝐷 (2)

Where is installing a single monocrystalline solar panel allows for testing the production of electrical energy
from solar cells, 300 WP, at the Faculty of Engineering Building’s rooftop, which is designated as the testing
and simulation planning site. Store voltage and current data using a current and voltage logger circuit module
with ZMPT101B and SCT-013-100 sensors [25] and an SD card as a data storage medium. To obtain the
performance value of solar cells in producing electrical energy, electric light loads are used with regulated
power to show the highest solar cell power capacity. Tests and simulations were conducted on September 1 st-
30th, 2022, at the UNG Faculty of Engineering.
Solar intensity data were obtained from campbell stokes, a solar light intensity measuring station.
campbell stokes measures the amount of sunlight that falls on the earth also the time and duration of the sun’s
exposure in one day. The campbell stokes location is installed close to the campus location with a distance of
±120 meters, belonging to the Bone Bolango Regency’s Gorontalo Meteorology, Climatology, and
Geophysics Agency. To obtain solar cell electrical energy data for the previous months (January to August
2022) was carried out through curved curve analysis using the linear regression analysis method with the
independent variable X as solar intensity data and the dependent variable Y as the solar cell power value. To
obtain accurate results, solar intensity, and solar cell energy data are juxtaposed according to the same
incident time (hours/minutes). Calculations from (3) can be used to determine the electrical energy generated
by a hybrid power plant utilizing SCS from January to September 2022, from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., during sun
radiation in the Faculty of Engineering Building’s. As in (3), where:
- EPV stands for photovoltaic output power (Wh) during solar irradiation
- effPV for photovoltaic efficiency
- nPV stands for the most solar panels that may be installed on a building’s roof

𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡 = 𝐸𝑃𝑉. 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑉. 𝑛𝑃𝑉 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 − ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 (𝑊ℎ) (3)

A simulation process using the same methodology as in the Faculty of Engineering Building’s is used to
determine the value of electrical energy in other buildings on the UNG Campus.

2.2. Analysis of saving energy use, investment value, and investment payback period
By determining the value of electrical energy supplied by the PV system in every building on the
UNG Campus every month, an analysis of the reduction of electrical energy use in buildings is carried out.
The energy value produced by the PV system per kWh is multiplied by the price according to government
regulations. The value of cost savings is obtained from the electricity costs paid each month minus the
electricity costs obtained from the PV system.
Relating to rooftop solar power plants connected to the electric power network regulation number 26
of 2021 of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, it is converting the energy generated by the PV
system to expenses in Indonesian Rupiah. Export and import kWh must be used by the government.
Customers of the roof PV system utilize electrical energy each month based on the difference between the
value of imported kWh and the value of exported kWh. Given that the UNG Campus control panel uses more
than 500 kW of electricity, it is required to have a Certificate of Operation Worthiness (SLO). The price of
PV roof system electricity is determined to be IDR 1,440.7 per kWh. Based on the budget plan and the
current national unit pricing, an analysis of the investment value needed to build a hybrid power plant is
performed to calculate the ROI for developing a hybrid power plant using return on investment (ROI)
methodology.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Locational conditions for the research
The Gorontalo State University campus is located at coordinates 0°33’21.51” North Latitude and
123°7’59.65” East Longitude, according to the GIS mapping findings. On the UNG campus, there are one
library building and four faculty building’s. Analysis the calculation of the building roof area for the
installation of a rooftop solar cell module serves as an example of its application in the Faculty of
Engineering Building’s. The roof area of each portion of the Faculty of Engineering building is displayed in
Table 1 based on the results of the mapping using the GIS technique. The Engineering Faculty Building’s has

Hybrid power plant using synchronization controller system to save electricity cost (Sardi Salim)
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a 4858.93 m2 roof area. The rooftop space utilized is 3044.91 m 2, or 62.66%, based on the findings of the
solar cell installation pattern according to the ratio of the building’s roof area and the solar cell’s dimensions.

Table 1. Shows how much roof space there is on each level of the Faculty of Engineering Building’s
No. Name of building section Available rooftop area (m2) Rooftop area used for solar cells (m2)
1. C2 1276.78 1085.26
2. C3 636.48 541.03
3. C4 460.82 391.72
4. C5 541.22 460.06
5. C6 396.72 337.23
6. Civil laboratory section 926.81 787.79
7. Industrial laboratory section 620.10 527.08
Total 4858.93 3044.91

The roof area of Faculty of Engineering Building is 4858.93 m2. The rooftop space utilized is
3044.91 m2, or 62.66%, based on the findings of the solar cell installation pattern according to the ratio of the
Building’s roof area and the solar cell’s dimensions. According to the layout results, 384 modules of solar
cells, each measuring 1640×992×35 mm, can be mounted on the roof of the Faculty of Engineering
Building’s. Using the same planning process, the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences roof can
support 200 solar cell modules, 136 modules on the roof of the Faculty of Agriculture Building’s, and a total
of 1,036 modules on the rooftop of the Faculty of Engineering Building’s. The roof of the Faculty of Letters
and Culture building is 122 modules, and the rooftop of the library building is 34 modules. As a result, 876
modules worth of solar cells can be put in all UNG Campus Building’s.

3.2. Photovoltage powered electricity

Based on the findings of testing one solar cell’s ability to produce electrical energy when exposed to solar
radiation from September 1st-30th of 2022, at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. UTC +8 Indonesian time, using the solar
specification cell power 300 WP, monocrystalline, the total electrical energy produced the system’s PV is
78.874 Wh. The electrical energy generated by the Faculty of Engineering by the PV system, specifically the PV
system has a 16.24% PV efficiency and a 78.875 Wh output power per module. Overall, the PV system produces
30.287 kWh. Figure 1 displays the power graph of the PV system at the Faculty of Engineering in September 2022.
To predict the electrical energy generated by solar cells in the previous month, namely January to
August 2022, a linear regression equation was used. The results of the linear regression analysis, as shown in
Figure 2, obtained the equation Y=0.0035 X+1389.30 with R2=0.8837. By entering data X (solar intensity) for
January to August 2022, the electrical energy value for January to August 2022 is obtained, as shown in Figure 3.
The PV system’s electricity production in January was 20,722 kWh; February 19,223 kWh; March
20,770 kWh; April 20,319 kWh; May 20,719 kWh; June 20,375 kWh; July 20,289 kWh; August
20,353 kWh; and in September 25,375 kWh. From January through September 2022, the Faculty of
Engineering solar panels will have generated 188,145 kWh of electricity.
The results of the analysis in the same way as applied in the Faculty of Engineering obtained the
electrical energy of PV systems in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, the faculty of agriculture,
the faculty of literature and culture, and the library building in January to September 2022,
as shown in Figure 4. Also, the total electrical energy generated by the PV system at the UNG Building is
426,884 kWh. The graph of the total energy of the UNG campus is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 1. Graph of electrical energy generated by the PV system in September 2022

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Int J Pow Elect & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  381
3000

2500

Power PV (Wh)
2000

1500 Y=0.0035+1389.3
R2=0.8837
1000

500

0
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000
Solar intensity (W/m2)

Figure 2. Equation of linear regression line of solar intensity vs. PV power in September 2022

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

Figure 3. Graph of electrical energy generated by the PV system in the Faculty of Engineering Building’s
from January-August 2022: (a) January 20,722 kWh, (b) February 19,223 kWh, (c) March 20,770 kWh,
(d) April 20,319 kWh, (e) May 20,719 kWh, (f) June 20,375 kWh, (g) July 20,289 kWh,
and (h) August 20,353 kWh

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Figure 4. Results of electrical energy analysis of PV systems in other faculties and library building’s at UNG,
January-September 2022

Figure 5. Total electrical energy generated by the PV system at the UNG Building,
January-September 2022

3.3. Module for the synchronization controller system (SCS)

Controller drivers function to detect changes in current in the PV system. Suppose there is a
decrease in the load current to the lowest limit (according to the program on the Arduino ATmega), the
current sensor will signal the Arduino system to cut off the current to the automatic transfer switch
(ATS) [26]. ATS automatically switches the PV system network to a grid system and vice versa. If the
current sensor detects current according to the highest setting, the ATS system will move the network from
the grid system to the PV system. The electrical power source is switched from the grid system to the PV
system using a circuit known as a synchronization controller. The test results of the synchronization
controller system show that when the PV is at maximum performance, the Arduino Mega driver
automatically turns off contactors C1-G, C2-G, and C3-G, then turns on contactors C1-PV, C2-PV, and C3-
PV. The synchronization control system will automatically switch the load supply to the PV power plant.
When the PV experiences a decrease in performance, The Arduino Mega system will gradually
work to turn off the C1-PV contractor and turn on the C1-G contactor so that the electricity supply in MCB1
automatically switches to the grid system. So on, if the performance of the PV power plant continues to fall,
the power supply to MCB2 will automatically switch to the grid system when the C2-PV contactor is turned
off by the Arduino Mega driver and on by the C2-G contactor. If PV performance keeps declining, then C3-
PV will turn off, and C3-G will turn on and automatically supply the electric load at MCB3 to the grid
system. Conversely, suppose the performance of the PV power plant rises again. In that case, the
synchronization controller system will again divert the electricity supply to the PV system and turn off the

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grid system. Controller drivers system, as shown in Figure 6. The installation of the synchronization
controller’s load transfer mechanism is shown in Figure 7:
- Current sensors 1 is set at the highest capacity current, which occurs at 11 a.m.-2 p.m;
- Current sensor 2 medium capacity currents occur at 9.00-10.59 a.m. and 2.05-3.30 p.m.; and
- Sensor 3 at low capacity currents, which occur at 6.30-8.55 a.m. and 3.35-5.30 pm.

Figure 6. Controller drivers Figure 7. The synchronization controller system

system installation

3.4. Utilization of electricity on the UNG Campus

Based on information obtained from the finance and equipment department of Gorontalo State
University, the use of campus electrical energy from January to September 2022 amounted to 859,240 kWh.
Electrical equipment that uses large amounts of energy, based on the electrical energy intensity audit findings
for the UNG campus in 2022, is air conditioning [27]. The cost incurred to pay for the use of electrical
energy in January to September 2022 is IDR 747,605,340. Information on the use of electricity and the cost
of procuring it on the campus of Gorontalo State University is shown in Figure 8.

3.5. Analysis of electricity cost savings

Analysis of saving electricity costs using the equation: savings value = cost of using electrical
energy - cost of buying energy produced by a hybrid energy power plant. From January through September
2022, the electrical infrastructure on the UNG Campus used 859,240 kWh at a cost of IDR 747,605,340.
Between January and September 2022, the hybrid system produced 426,984 kWh of electricity. The cost per
kWh of electricity produced by rooftop solar energy systems in 2021 is fixed at IDR 1,440 in compliance
with Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 730. Therefore, it is possible to compute that
the energy investment value of the PV system is 426,984 kWh × 1,440 IDR = 82,908,000 IDR.

Figure 8. Consumption of electricity on the UNG Campus, January-September 2022

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3.6. An examination of the project’s return on investment for building hybrid power plants
According to the findings of the bill of quantity (BoQ) method analysis of the construction of hybrid
power plants at the Faculty of Engineering, the total budget required is IDR 6,653,590,025. Faculty of
Literature and Culture is IDR 4,247,720,000; Faculty of Agriculture is IDR 3,720,675,000; Faculty of
Mathematics and Natural Sciences is IDR 5,530,550,000; library building is IDR 810,000,000. Hybrid PV
construction at UNG will cost a total of IDR 20,962,535,025.

3.7. Analysis of return on investment (ROI)

From January to September 2022, hybrid PV systems will generate 426,984 kWh of electric energy.
The total investment required to construct a hybrid power plant at Gorontalo State University is IDR
20,962,535,025. return on investment can be calculated as:

𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡/𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

= 20,962,535,025/614,844,090 = 34

4. CONCLUSION
Hybrid energy power plants using S in the electricity system on the Gorontalo State University
Campus is a good solution for saving electricity use. The results showed that a hybrid energy power plant
with SCS could save Rp 68,301,440 or 82% of electricity bills per year at Gorontalo State University. And
for the return on investment (ROI) can be achieved for 34 years.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thank you to the Gorontalo State University for research and community service, which provided
funding for the study under UNG Chancellor’s Decree Number: B/173a/UN47-D1/PT-01.03.2022.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Sardi Salim is a Lecturer in Department of Electrical Engineering, Gorontalo

State University (UNG), Indonesia. He received his Dr. degrees in from the Department of
Regional Development, Faculty of Geography Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2013. He received
his Ir. in the Department Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Manado. He is currently an
reviewer of the Scientific African Journal Elsevier-Q1 in 2022, and Reviewer at the article
publish in Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi Vol. 12 No. 2 2023. He
has a presenter of a paper entitled: Mapping the potential energy of micro-hydroelectric power
in Limboto watershed. His research in renewable energy entitled: River flow modelling for
suistainable operation of hydroelectric power plan in the Taludaa-Gorontalo Watershed,
publishing Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol. 53, No. 3 2021. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Ade Irawaty Tolago is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering, UNG. She has conducted research entitled Setting Distance Relay on
the 150 KV Transmission Network in the Gorontalo System and research on Voltage Quality
Analysis on Secondary Distribution Networks. In 2016 researched the Electrical Load
Forecasting Information System Using a Neural Network (In the Business Sector). She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Iskandar Zulkarnain Nasibu is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNG. In 2020, together with F. Tahir, and W. Ridwan
conducted research on Web-Based Air Quality Monitor Using Raspberry Pi and the Wemos
Module. Published on Journal of Engineering, Vol. 18 No. 1, 35-44, 2020. In 2022 conduct
research on Arduino-Based Power Meter Design, published on Journal Jambura Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 4 No. 1, 114-118. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Hybrid power plant using synchronization controller system to save electricity cost (Sardi Salim)