International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2024, pp. 357~366

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i1.pp357-366  357

Dynamic evolution control for the DC/DC boost converter

design and implementation

Ahmad Saudi Samosir, Sri Ratna Sulistiyanti, Herri Gusmedi, Luthfiyyatun Mardiyah
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper introduces the design and hardware implementation of the
dynamic evolution control for a DC/DC boost converter. The development
Received Aug 20, 2023 of the controller aims to effectively regulate the output voltage of the
Revised Sep 6, 2023 DC/DC boost converter with a high degree of precision. A comprehensive
Accepted Sep 28, 2023 examination of the duty cycle formula for the boost converter is conducted
using a non-linear analysis approach. This study introduces a methodology
for the synthesis of a converter controller utilizing the principles of dynamic
Keywords: evolution control theory. The converter's output consistently aligns with the
target voltage by following the dynamic evolution path determined by the
Boost converter designed controller. The performance evaluation of the proposed boost
Duty cycle formula converter controller utilizing dynamic evolution control is being validated
Dynamic evolution control through the utilization of MATLAB/Simulink simulation software. The
Hardware implementation effectiveness of the proposed controller is further validated through the
Non-linear controller presentation of hardware results. The performance of the controller was
evaluated by varying the values of parameters k and m.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ahmad Saudi Samosir
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Lampung
Soemantri Brojonegoro Street, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The DC/DC power converter is widely researched and extensively employed in the field of power
electronics. The utilization spectrum of DC/DC power converters encompasses various applications such as
high-efficiency power supplies [1], [2], high-efficiency battery chargers [3], high voltage gain converters [4],
[5], high-efficiency DC motor drives [6], [7], maximum power point tracking (MPPT) applications [8]–[10],
and renewable energy conversion systems [11]–[14]. DC-DC converters are frequently employed in the
context of inverter systems within photovoltaic systems [15]–[17], alongside wind turbines and other sources
of renewable energy. Numerous scientists and researchers have conducted extensive studies and made
significant advancements in the field of DC-DC converter designs, with the primary objective of attaining
optimal power efficiency and performance [18]–[20].
The boost converter, a widely used DC-DC converter, is favored for its ability to increase voltage
output from lower sources, making it suitable for powering high-voltage loads. This converter employs active
switching components like MOSFETs and diodes, along with passive energy storage components such as
inductors and capacitors, making it a non-linear second-order system [21]. However, it has a drawback
related to closed-loop instability due to a zero in the model's right half plane, challenging voltage regulation.
Researchers have been actively exploring control methods to address this issue.
Recent research highlights key findings:Yuan and Kim [22] introduces a compensated active
disturbance rejection technique. Regulating boost converter output voltage can be achieved using State-

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358  ISSN: 2088-8694

Feedback linearization or the Linear Quadratic regulator, both offering quick recovery, minimal steady-state
error, and effective disturbance rejection.
In the operation of the boost converter, the presence of a dependable controller is imperative. This
controller must possess the capability to modify the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal in order to
generate a duty cycle that is suitable for achieving a stable output voltage and rapid response. The selection
of an appropriate control method is crucial in ensuring the optimal performance of the boost converter. A
variety of controllers have been developed to achieve high-performance and high-power efficiency. These
controllers include proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers [23], [24], sliding mode controls
(SMC) [25]–[28], internal model controls (IMC) [29], [30], dynamic evolution controls (DEC) [19], and
various other adaptive control methods.
This paper discusses the application of dynamic evolution control (DEC) in improving the boost
converter's control system. DEC is a novel method rooted in dynamic evolution theory that simplifies the
synthesis of the duty cycle formula influencing pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. This approach
addresses control issues by using a dynamic evolution model to generate control signals systematically. To
design the converter controller, it employs a straightforward analysis of the nonlinear converter model.
The paper also demonstrates the implementation of a DEC controller to regulate the boost
converter's output voltage. The effectiveness of this controller is verified through MATLAB/Simulink
simulations, and the design and manufacturing processes of the hardware controller are detailed. Hardware
results are presented to further validate the proposed controller's performance. The implementation employs
the ATMega 328P microcontroller, and the controller's performance is evaluated by adjusting the parameter
values of k and m, considering varying input voltage conditions.

2. METHOD
2.1. Analysis of DC-DC boost converter system
A boost converter, commonly referred to as a step-up converter, is a power electronics converter
designed to raise the output voltage level from a lower DC voltage input. The primary components of a Boost
Converter's main circuit include two static switches, typically a power MOSFET and a fast recovery diode, as
well as two energy storage elements, comprising a power inductor and an electrolyte capacitor. Figure 1
illustrates a schematic diagram of the boost converter circuit. The operation of the boost converter can be
dissected into two distinct operating modes known as the switch ON and OFF state, as depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 1. Boost converter’s circuit diagram

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Operation mode of boost converter (a) ON state and (b) OFF state

When the switch ON state, as illustrated in Figure 2(a), it establishes a closed loop connecting the
input voltage Vin to the inductor, causing a linear increase in inductor current. Simultaneously, the diode
remains reverse-biased, effectively acting as an open switch, creating isolation between the load circuit and
the power source. Consequently, in this mode, the load voltage is determined by the capacitor voltage, and
the application of Kirchhoff's voltage law to the circuit diagram yields in (1) and (2).
𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝐿 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0 (1)
𝑑𝑡

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  359

𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 (2)
𝑑𝑡

When the switch OFF state, as depicted in Figure 2(b), it connects the input voltage Vin to the
inductor and the diode. The diode becomes forward biased, establishing a connection between the input
voltage Vin, the inductor, the capacitor, and the load. Consequently, the current originating from the input
voltage flows towards the load. The inductor serves as a conduit for transferring the energy previously stored
during the switch-ON phase to the load, resulting in a linear decrease in inductor current. Applying the
Kirchhoff's voltage law to the circuit shown in Figure 2(b) yields in (3) and (4).
𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 0 (3)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 + 𝑉𝐶 (4)
𝑑𝑡

Utilizing the switching average model, with due consideration to the time intervals during which the
switch is ON and OFF, we can formulate the voltage equation for the DC-DC boost converter based on (2)
and (4) as follows, denoted as (5).
𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿 + (1 − 𝐷). 𝑉𝐶 (5)
𝑑𝑡

Because of the output voltage of the boost converter is parallelly connected to the output capacitor,
it becomes possible to replace the capacitor voltage with the output voltage. Consequently, we can express
the output voltage of the boost converter as follows:
1 𝑑𝑖𝐿
𝑉𝑂 = (𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝐿 ) (6)
(1−𝐷) 𝑑𝑡

2.2. Synthesis of dynamic evolution control for the boost converter

The dynamic evolution control (DEC) technique is based on the principles of feedback control,
which aims to actively respond to disturbances and minimize the difference between the system output and the
set point input. DEC focuses on rapidly reducing any error state (the difference between output and reference
input) to zero, emphasizing dynamic error state control. It achieves this by guiding the error state along a
predefined path known as the evolution path, ensuring that the error state diminishes to zero over time [19].
In designing a controller with dynamic evolution control, the first step involves defining an
evolution path to quickly reduce the error state to zero. By selecting an exponential function in Figure 3(a) as
the evolution path, the system's dynamic characteristic value decreases exponentially to zero, as expressed by
(7), and typical output voltage would be as Figure 3(b).

𝑌 = 𝐶. 𝑒 −𝑚𝑡
(7)

Here, Y represents the system's dynamic characteristic, C is the initial value of Y, and m is a design
parameter determining the speed of evolution. When Y represents the dynamic function of a converter with
an initial value Yo, in (8) shows how Y decreases exponentially towards zero with a decreasing rate m.

𝑌 = 𝑌𝑂 . 𝑒 −𝑚𝑡 (8)

From (8), the dynamic evolution function can be written as (9) [19].
𝑑𝑌
+ 𝑚. 𝑌 = 0, 𝑚>0 (9)
𝑑𝑡

The synthesis process is carried out to create a control equation that ensures the system's dynamic
characteristics reach zero by following the dynamic evolution path [19]. In the case of a DC-DC boost
converter controller, this control equation is associated to the converter's duty cycle equation. The synthesis
process initiates by defining the dynamic function Y. With Y is designated as the error voltage,

𝑌 = 𝑘. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡) (10)

Where k is a positive coefficient, and Verr is the error voltage which is the difference between the reference
voltage and the output voltage. Using Y as defined in (10), the dynamic evolution function can be expressed
as (11).

Dynamic evolution control for the DC/DC boost converter design … (Ahmad Saudi Samosir)
360  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑑𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡)
𝑘. + 𝑚. 𝑘. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡) = 0 (11)
𝑑𝑡

On the other hand, the boost converter's output in (6) can be written as (12).

𝑑𝑖𝐿 (𝑡)
𝑉0 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (𝑡) − 𝐿 + 𝑉0 (𝑡). 𝑑(𝑡) (12)
𝑑𝑡

By combining both sides of the output equation for the boost converter in (12) with (11), yields:

𝑑𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡) 𝑑𝑖𝐿 (𝑡)

𝑘. + 𝑚. 𝑘. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡) + 𝑉0 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 (𝑡) − 𝐿 + 𝑉0 (𝑡). 𝑑(𝑡) (13)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

From (13), the equation for the PWM duty cycle can be derived as (14).
𝑑𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡) 𝑑𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑘. +𝑚.𝑘.𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑟(𝑡)+𝑉0 (𝑡)−𝑉𝑑𝑐 (𝑡)+𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑡) = (14)
𝑉𝑂 (𝑡)

The duty cycle in (14) forces the error state function (Y=k.Verr) to follow the dynamic evolution function
(9). As a result, as time goes by, the error state function (Y=k.Verr) is forced to decrease progressively
towards zero (k.Verr = 0) at a decreasing rate m.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Dynamic evolution path and typical output voltage for (a) exponential evolution path and (b)
typical output voltage

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Simulation result
A comprehensive simulation was conducted to assess the dynamic evolution controller's
performance in regulating the boost converter. This analysis utilized MATLAB/Simulink and was based on
the model derived from (14). The model of boost converter controlled with dynamic evolution control and
the dynamic evolution controller model are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively. Their parameters
are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Parameters of simulation model

Parameters Value Unit
Voltage reference 25 V
Input voltage 12, 16, 20 V
Inductor inductance 1.2 mH
Capacitor (C) 470 µF
Load 1 resistance 20 ohm
Load 2 resistance 10 ohm
Switching frequency 31.25 kHz

Figure 6 displays the simulation results of the boost converter’s output voltage when Vin is set
at 12 V. With a reference voltage of 25 V, the controllers effectively maintain the output voltage at 25 V.
With this scenario, the duty cycle is estimated as D = (Vref – Vin)/Vref, amounts to 52%. The output current,
computed as IO = VO/R, equals 1.25 A. Consequently, the input current can be calculated using formula Iin =
IO /(1 – D), resulting in 2.60 A.

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Figure 4. Model of boost converter system using dynamic evolution control

Figure 5. Model of dynamic evolution controller

Figure 7 illustrates the simulation results for the boost converter’s output voltage with Vin set at
16 V. Just as in the previous case, the controllers effectively regulate the output voltage to 25 V. This
configuration yields an average duty cycle of 36%. The output current remains at 1.25 A, and the estimated
input current amounts to 1.95 A.
Figure 8 showcases the simulation results of the boost converter’s output voltage with Vin set
at 20 V. Similar to the previous scenarios, the controllers maintain the output voltage at 25 V when given a
reference voltage of 25 V. The average duty cycle equals 20%. The output current remains consistent
at 1.25 A. The estimated input current is approximately 1.56 A. To assess the DEC controller’s capability to
manage variations in the load, simulations were conducted involving load resistance changes from 20 ohms
to 10 ohms. Figure 9 displays the output voltage, input voltage, and inductor current while transitioning the
load from 20 ohms to 10 ohms, with Vin set at 12 V and Vref at 25 V.

Dynamic evolution control for the DC/DC boost converter design … (Ahmad Saudi Samosir)
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Figure 6. Boost converter output voltage with Figure 7. Boost converter output voltage with
Vin = 12 V Vin = 16 V

Figure 8. Boost converter output voltage with Figure 9. Output voltage, input voltage and
Vin = 20 V IL current

3.2. Hardware result

To validate the effectiveness of dynamic evolution control in controling the boost DC-DC converter,
a hardware prototype was developed. Figure 10 illustrates the schematic of the boost converter prototype,
which encompasses three main circuit part. The first part is the power circuit, constructed using components
such as the IRFP4110 power MOSFET, an ultrafast 60EPU04P diode, a 1.2 mH power inductor, and a
470 uF electrolytic capacitor. The second part constitutes the gate drive circuit, which is designed with the
TLP250 IC. The third part is the controller circuit, with the Atmega328P microcontroller serving as the main
controller. This microcontroller is a high-performance, low-power 8-bit AVR microcontroller with up to
16 MIPS throughput at 16 MHz, two 8-bit Timers/Counters, one 16-bit Timer/Counter with separate
prescaler, 6 PWM channels, and 8 10-bit ADCs channel. The complete boost converter hardware prototype is
depicted in Figure 11.

Figure 10. The schematic of boost converter Figure 11. Hardware prototype of boost DC-DC
proptotype converter

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3.3. Effect of parameters m and k on dynamic evolution control

The experimental study involved hardware implementation of the boost converter controlled by
dynamic evolution control. Figures 12 and 13 depict the output voltage waveforms of the boost converter
when subjected to dynamic evolution control. To analyze the impact of parameters m and k on the
performance of dynamic evolution control, this study examined the k parameter, considering values of 0.1
and 0.25, and varied the parameter m accordingly. Figures 12(a) to 12(d) showcase the boost converter’s
output voltage under dynamic evolution control with k = 0.1 and m values of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 5000,
respectively. Similarly, Figures 13(a) to 13(d) display the boost converter’s output voltage with k = 0.25 and
m values of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 5000, respectively.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 12. Output voltage of boost converter using dynamic evolution control with k = 0.1:
(a) m = 1000, (b) m = 2000, (c) m = 3000, and (d) m = 5000

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 13. Output voltage boost converter using dynamic evolution control with k=0.25:
(a) m=1000, (b) m=2000, (c) m=3000, and (d) m=5000

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364  ISSN: 2088-8694

With a constant 12 V input and a 25 V reference setting, the boost converter consistently produces
an output voltage very close to the reference value. There's no overshooting, and the initial output waveform
is similar to the typical dynamic evolution control output pattern shown in Figure 3(b). In Figures 12 and 13,
it's evident that higher m values result in faster dynamic evolution control responses. For instance, when
using k = 0.1 and m = 2000, the boost converter's output voltage stabilizes within just 160 milliseconds, with
ripple voltage of 0.2 V. These results highlight the precision and effectiveness of the proposed dynamic
evolution control technique for regulating the boost converter's output voltage.

3.4. Variable input voltage test

In this experiment, the boost converter was tested under dynamic evolution control using various
input voltages: 12 V, 16 V, and 20 V, while the reference voltage remained fixed at 25 V. The experimental
results confirm that the dynamic evolution control effectively regulates the boost converter, producing an
output voltage closely aligned with the set reference voltage. Hardware results are presented in Figure 14,
Figure 15, and Figure 16.

Figure 14. Boost converter input and output voltage with Vin = 12 V

Figure 15. Boost converter input and output voltage with Vin = 16 V

Figure 16. Boost converter input and output voltage with Vin = 20 V

4. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the design and hardware implementation of a dynamic evolution control for a
boost converter. The implementation of the controller, which is based on the dynamic evolution control
theory, is achieved by utilizing the ATMega328P microcontroller. The investigation of the performance of
the DC-DC boost controller system utilizing dynamic evolution control has been conducted under conditions
of varying input voltage. The findings from the simulation results and hardware experiments demonstrate that
dynamic evolution control exhibits a high degree of efficacy in regulating the boost converter, effectively
ensuring the maintenance of the desired output voltage level.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to extend their appreciation to the University of Lampung for furnishing research
amenities. The study received backing from the Fundamental Research Funding administered by the
Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology under the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ahmad Saudi Samosir is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department at the

Universitas Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng. and Ph.D.
degrees in in Electrical Engineering from Universitas Sumatera Utara, Institut Teknologi
Bandung and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, in 1995, 1999 and 2010, respectively. He has
been a Professor in Universitas Lampung Indonesia since 2017. His research interests include
power electronics design, controller and its applications in renewable energy, electric vehicle
and industrial applications. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Sri Ratna Sulistiyanti is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department at the

Universitas Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. She received her M.Eng. and Dr. degrees in
Electrical Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, in 2000 and 2011, respectively.
She is currently a lecturer of Universitas Lampung. Her research interests include
instrumentation electronic, image processing, thermal imaging, and controller and its
applications in renewable energy, electric vehicle and industrial applications. She can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Herri Gusmedi is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department at the

Universitas Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. He received his B.Eng., M.Eng. degree in
Electrical Engineering from Universitas Sriwijaya and Institut Teknologi Bandung
respectively in 1995, 2000. Served as Head of Electric Power System Laboratory at
Universitas Lampung, Indonesia since 2020. His research interests include system reliability
design, economical operation, power converter and renewable energy, especially photovoltaic.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Luthfiyyatun Mardiyah is a fresh graduate in Electrical Engineering

Department at the Universitas Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. She received her B.Eng. in
2022. She is currently pursuing her Master degree in Electrical Engineering at Universitas
Diponegoro. Her research interests include power electronics, controller, and its applications.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 2024: 357-366