PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL

INTERFACE (PPI) -8255

• 8255 is a general purpose programmable device used

for data transfer between processor and I/O devices.
• It has 3 programmable I/O ports (PA,PB &PC) and
port operation (IN/OUT Port) is defined by control
word in the control word register.
• Ports are operated in two modes:
• i) I/O modes: Mode 0, Mode 1,& Mode 2
• Ii) BSR (Bit set/Reset) mode
 About 8255

• PPI has 40 pins and it has three distinct modes of

operation.
• Port A (PA7-PA0) :8 pins
• Port B (PB7-PB0) :8 pins
• Port C (Pc: Upper: PC7-PC4) : 4 pins
• Port C (Pc: Lower: PC3-PC)) : 4 pins
• Data Bus (D7-D0) : 8 pins
• Control signals : 6 pins
• VCC and Gnd : 2 pins
Pin Diagram
 Pin names and function
Pin name No.of I/O functions
pins

PA0-PA7 8 i/o  Port can be configured either input or output by

Tristate software
PB0-PB7 8 i/o  Port has output latch buffer and input buffer
Tristate  PA can be programmed by mode 0 , mode 1,
mode 2 .
 PB can be programmed by mode 0 and mode 1.
PC0-PC7 8 i/o
 PC can be programmed by bit set/reset
Tristate
operation.
 Port C can be divided into two 4 bit ports namely
PC7-PC4 & PC3-PCO and used for control
signals to PA and PB
D0-D7 8 i/o  Used for data transfer with MPU
Tristate  Transfer of control words to PPI
 Read status information from PPI
8255 Block Diagram
Group A and Group B control:
Group A and B get the Control Signal from CPU and send the command to the
individual control blocks.
Group A send the control signal to port A and Port C (Upper) PC7-PC4.
Group B send the control signal to port B and Port C (Lower) PC3-PC0.
• FOR I/O MODE:
The control word mode format for I/O as shown in figure

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Group A Group B
Port C Upper
1=Input Port C Lower
Mode set
0=Output 1=Input
1: i/o MODE
0: BSR mode Port A 0=Output
1=Input Port B
0=Output 1=Input
Mode selection 0=Output
00=mode 0 Mode selection
01=mode 1 0=mode 0
1x=mode 2 1=mode 1
operation modes: i) I/O modes (M0,M1,&M2)
ii) BSR (Bit set/Reset) mode

BIT SET/RESET MODE:

The PORT C can be Set or Reset by sending OUT instruction to the CONTROL registers.
Mode 1:Handshake interrupt i/p port

When i/p device has data to send it checks if IBF (input buffer full)
signal is 0.
If 0, it sends data on PA/PB7-0 and activates STB* (Strobe) signal.
(STB* is active low. )
When STB* goes high, the data enters the port and IBF gets
activated.
If the Port interrupt is enabled, INT is activated. This interrupts the
processor.
Processor reads the port during the ISS. Then IBF and INT get 11
deactivated.
82C55: Mode 1 Strobed Input

INTE A Controlled by bit set / reset of PC4.

INTE B Controlled by bit set / reset of PC2.
Handshake interrupt o/p port
When o/p device wants to receive data it checks if OBF*
(output buffer full) signal is 0.
If 0, it receives data on PB7-0 and activates ACK*
(Acknowledge) signal. ACK* is active low.
When ACK* goes high, the data goes out of the port and
OBF* is set to 1.
If the Port interrupt is enabled, INT is activated. This
interrupts the processor.
Processor sends another byte to the port during the ISS.
Then OBF* and INT are reset to 0.
13
Mode 1 o/p mode

INTE A Controlled by bit set/reset of PC6.

INTE B Controlled by bit set/reset of PC2.
82C55: Mode 2 Bi-directional Operation:
 82C55: Mode 2 Bi-directional Operation

• INTR : Interrupt request is an output that requests an

interrupt.
• ~OBF : Output Buffer Full is an output indicating that
that output buffer contains data for the bi-directional
bus.
• ~ACK : Acknowledge is an input that enables tri-state
buffers which are otherwise in their high-impedance
state.
• ~STB : The strobe input loads data into the port A
latch.
 82C55: Mode 2 Bi-directional Operation

• IBF : Input buffer full is an output indicating that the

input latch contains information for the external bi-
directional bus.
• INTE : Interrupt enable are internal bits that enable
the INTR pin. BIT PC6(INTE1) and PC4(INTE2).
• PC2,PC1,PC0 : These port C pins are general-purpose
I/O pins that are available for any purpose.
FOR BIT SET/RESET MODE (Port C only)
• This is bit set/reset control word format.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

X X X BIT SET/RESET
1=SET
Don’t care 0=RESET

Bit select for Port C (Pc0-Pc7)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 B
10 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 B
01 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 B
02 0 0 1 1 1 1

BIT SET/RESET FLAG

=0 Active
• The control word for both mode is same.
• Bit D7 is used for specifying whether word loaded
in to Bit set/reset mode or Mode definition word.
• D7=1=Mode definition mode.
• D7=0=Bit set/Reset mode.
• PC0-PC7 is set or reset as per the status of D0.
• A BSR word is written for each bit
• Example:
• PC3 is Set then control register will be 0XXX0111.
• PC4 is Reset then control register will be
0XXX01000.
• X is a don’t care.
 8259A PROGRAMMABLE
INTERRUPT CONTROLLER
 8259A PIC FEATURES
• Manage 8 interrupts according to the instructions
written into the control registers
• Vector location can be assigned anywhere in the
memory map. However all the 8 interrupts are
spaced at an interval of four to eight locations.
• Resolve 8 levels of interrupt priorities in variety of
modes.
• Be expanded to 64 priority levels by cascading
additional 8259As.
• Compatible with 8-bit as well as 16-bit processors.
8259A PIC- PIN DIGRAM
8259A PIC- BLOCK DIAGRAM
8259A PIC- CASCADE BUFFER/ COMPARATOR

Slave Program/ Enable Buffer:

• Used to specify whether 8259 is to act as a
master or a slave
High Master
Low  Slave
• In Non-Buffered Mode, this pin is used to specify
whether 8259 is to act as a master or a slave.
• In Buffered mode this pin is used as an output to
enable the data bus buffer of the system.
 8259A- Priority Modes
FULLY NESTED MODE:
• General purpose mode.
• All IRs are arranged from highest to lowest.
• IR0 Highest IR7Lowest
• In addition any IR can be assigned the HP in this mode;
the priority sequence will then begin at that IR

IR0 IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5 IR6 IR7

4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
(LP) (HP)
AUTOMATIC ROTATION MODE:
• In this mode, a device after being serviced, receives
the lowest priority.
• Assuming that the IR2 has just been serviced, it will
receive the 7th priority

IR0 IR1 IR2 IR3 IR4 IR5 IR6 IR7

5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4

SPECIFIC ROTATION MODE:

• Similar to automatic rotation mode, except that the
user can select any IR for the lowest priority, thus
fixing all other priorities.
 End of Interrupt (EOI)
• After the completion of interrupt service, the corresponding
ISR bit needs to be reset to update the information in the ISR.
This is called EOI command. It can be issued in three formats.

• Non Specific EOI: When this command send to the 8259 PIC,
it resets the highest priority ISR bit.
• Specific EOI: This command specifies which ISR bit to reset

• Automatic EOI: In this mode no command is necessary.

During the third INTA* the ISR bit is reset.
Programming of 8259A
88259 can be initialized with
four ICW and two OCW.

ICW1 & ICW2 are Compulsory

command Words in the
initialization sequence.

ICW3 & ICW4 are Optional.

ICW3 is read only when more

than one 8259 used in the
system ( SNGL bit in
ICW1 is 0).
 ADI=1 for 8086 based system

For 8086 Don’t Care

p
 8253/8254 Programmable counter / timer

• The Intel 8253 and 8254 are Programmable Interval

Timers (PITs), which perform timing and counting
functions using three 16-bit counters.
• Compatible with 8085/86 processor.
• The Intel 82c54 variant handles up to 10 MHz clock
signals.
• The timer interrupt is usually assigned to IRQ-0 (highest
priority hardware interrupt) because of the critical
function it performs and because so many devices
depend on it.
Intel 8253/54 : Programmable counter / timer
chip
 3 counters ;Counter #0, #1, #2
• Each counter is identical, and each consists of a 16-bit,
pre-settable, down counter.

• Each is fully independent and can be easily read by the

CPU.

• Each counter is operated simultaneously but in different

mode condition (M0,M1,M2,M3,M4, & M5)

• When the counter is read, the data within the counter will
not be disturbed.

• This allows the system or your own program to monitor

the counter's value at any time, without disrupting the
overall function of the 8253.
 Data Bus: This tri-state, bi-directional, 8-bit buffer is
used to interface the 8253/54 to the system data bus.
The Data bus buffer has three basic functions.
• 1. Programming the modes of 8253/54.
• 2. Loading the count registers.
• 3. Reading the count values

A1 A0 Operation
0 0 Counter 0
0 1 Counter 1
1 0 Counter 2
1 1 Control word register
 Counter operation
To operate a counter, a desired 16-bit count is loaded in its
register and, on command, it begins to decrement the count until
it reaches 0. At the end of the count, it generates a pulse that can
be used to interrupt the CPU.

Control Word Register (CWR)

• This internal register is used to write information to, prior to using
the device.
• This register is addressed when A0 and A1 inputs are logical 1's.
• The data in the register controls the operation mode and the
selection of either binary or BCD ( binary coded decimal )
counting format.
• The register can only be written to. You can't read information
from the register.
Programming of 8253 (CWR)
 Read operation (performed by CPU)
In event counters, it is necessary to read the value of the count in process.
This is done by three methods

• Simple read operation (Rw1: Rw2)

• Counter Latch Command (RW1/Rw2:0/0;
• Read Back command ( Available in 8254)
CWR for read back command
Counter status format
 Modes of opertaion

• Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count

• Mode 1 H/W retriggerable one shot
• Mode 2 Rate generator
• Mode 3 Square wave generator
• Mode 4 S/W triggered strobe
• Mode 5 H/W triggered strobe
`The OUT pin is set low after the Control Word is written, and counting
starts one clock cycle after the COUNT programmed. OUT remains low
until the counter reaches 0, at which point OUT will be set high until the
counter is reloaded or the Control Word is written.
The Gate signal should remain active high for normal counting. If Gate
goes low counting gets terminated and current count is latched till Gate
pulse goes high again.
In this mode 8253 can be used as Monostable Multivibrator. GATE
input is used as trigger input.
OUT will be initially high. OUT will go low on the Clock pulse
following a trigger to begin the one-shot pulse, and will remain low
until the Counter reaches zero. OUT will then go high and remain
high until the CLK pulse after the next trigger.
In this mode, the device acts as a divide-by-n counter, which is commonly
used to generate a real-time clock interrupt.

Like other modes, counting process will start the next clock cycle after COUNT
is sent. OUT will then remain high until the counter reaches 1, and will go low
for one clock pulse. OUT will then go high again, and the whole process
repeats itself.
8237DMA CONTROLLER
IIE - SAP
 A set of eight
A set of four output lines for
scan lines interfacing
and eight display.
return lines Scan line are
The keyboard for used to drive
display interfacing multiplexed 7
controller keyboard segment display
chip 8279
provides IIE - SAP
 WHY 8279???
8255 can be used in interfacing keyboards and displays.
The disadvantages of this method of interfacing keyboard
and display is that the processor has to refresh the display
and check the status of the keyboard periodically using
polling technique.

 Thus a considerable amount of CPU time is wasted,

reducing the system operating speed.

 Intel’s 8279 is a general purpose keyboard display

controller that simultaneously drives the display of a system
and interfaces a keyboard with the CPU, leaving it free for its
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routine task.
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 Keyboard segment Display segment
i)Scans the keyboard vii) Then CPU
) detects key if any key is writes the key
pressed code in 16x8
display RAM
iii) Key code is stored in
8x8 FIFO RAM viii)Display devices
display the data in
) data in FIFO RAM sends the display RAM
Interrupt signal to CPU
) CPU reads the key code
stored in FIFO RAM
8279
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 KEYBOARD
i) Scanned Keyboard ( 2 Key lock out
/N key roll over)
ii)strobed input mode
iii)scanned sensor matrix mode

BLOCK SCAN
MPU
DIA i) Encoded
INTERFACE
8279 ii) Decoded

MUX. DISPLAY (8 digit or 16 digit)

i)Left Entry
ii) Right Entry
IIE - SAP
 2 Key lock out/N key roll over
KEY DEBOUNCE
When a key is pressed, a debounce logic comes into operation. Return
Buffers and Keyboard De-bounce and Control section scans for a key closure
row wise. If a key closer is detected, the keyboard debounce unit debounces
the key entry (i.e. wait for 10 ms).

When a key is pressed, a debounce logic comes into operation. After the
debounce period (i.e. wait for 10 ms). , if the key continues to be detected,
The code of key is directly transferred to the sensor RAM along with SHIFT
and CONTROL key status.
2 key lock out: If two keys are pressed simultaneously within a debounce
cycle, no key is recognized and no key code is stored in FIFO RAM till one of
them remains closed and the other is released.
N – key roll over
Any number of keys can be pressed simultaneously and recognized in the
order, the keyboard scan recorded them. All the codes of such keys are
entered into FIFO.
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In this mode, the first pressed key need not be released before the second is
• CNTL/STB i/p mode:, control lines that enters data in FIFO
RAM . Shift: The status of shift is stored along with key code in
FIFO RAM .
• In Scanned Sensor Matrix mode, a sensor array can be
interfaced with 8279 using either encoded or decoded scans
to scan the key matrix and refresh the display.

IIE - SAP
 Output (Display) Modes : 8279 provides two
output modes for selecting the display options.

Display Entry Display Scan :

( right entry or left entry mode ) • In this mode 8279
• 8279 allows options for data entry provides 8 or 16
on the displays. character multiplexed
displays those can be
• The display data is entered for
organized as dual 4- bit
display either from the right side or
or single 8-bit display
from the left side. units.
IIE - SAP
Control and Timing Register and Timing Control
• These registers store the keyboard and display modes and
other operating conditions programmed by CPU.

The registers are written with A0=1 and WR=0.

The Timing and control unit controls the basic timings for
the operation of the circuit. IIE - SAP
 All the command words or status words are written or
read with A0 = 1 and CS = 0 to or from 8279.

a) Keyboard Display Mode Set : The format of the command word to select
different modes of operation of 8279 is given below with its bit definitions.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 D D K K K

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 SENSOR MATRIX

SENSOR MATRIX

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B) Programmable clock :
The clock for operation of 8279 is obtained by dividing
the external clock input signal by a programmable
constant called pre scaler.

 PPPPP is a 5-bit binary constant.

The input frequency is divided by a decimal constant

ranging from 2 to 31, decided by the bits of an internal
prescaler, PPPPP.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 1 P P P P P

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c) Read FIFO / Sensor RAM : The format of this command is
given below.
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 1 0 AI X A A A

AI – Auto Increment Flag

AAA – Address pointer to 8 bit FIFO RAM
X- Don’t care

This word is written to set up 8279 for reading FIFO/ sensor RAM.
In scanned keyboard mode, AI and AAA bits are of no use. The 8279
will automatically drive data bus for each subsequent read, in the
same sequence, in which the data was entered.
In sensor matrix mode, the bits AAA select one of the 8 rows of
RAM.
If AI flag is set, each successive read will be from the subsequent
RAM location. IIE - SAP
d) Read Display RAM :
This command enables a programmer to read the display RAM data.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 1 1 AI A A A A

The CPU writes this command word to 8279 to prepare it for

display RAM read operation.
AI is auto increment flag and AAAA, the 4-bit address points to
the 16-byte display RAM that is to be read.
If AI=1, the address will be automatically, incremented after
each read or write to the Display RAM.
The same address counter is used for reading and writing.

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d) Write Display RAM :
This command enables a programmer to write the display RAM data.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 0 AI A A A A

AI – Auto increment Flag.

AAAA – 4 bit address for 16-bit display RAM to be
written.
e) Display Write Inhibit/Blanking :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 1 X IW IW BL BL

IW - inhibit write flag (Masking)

BL - blank display bit flags (Blanking)
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g) Clear Display RAM :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 1 0 CD2 CD1 CD0 CF CA

CD: CLEAR DISPLAY ; CF: CLEAR FIFO RAM STATUS; CA: CLEAR ALL (both CD&CF)

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h) End Interrupt / Error mode Set :
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 1 1 E X X X 1

E- Error mode
X- don’t care

For the sensor matrix mode, this command lowers the IRQ
line and enables further writing into the RAM.
Otherwise, if a change in sensor value is detected, IRQ
goes high that inhibits writing in the sensor RAM.
 For N-Key roll over mode, if the E bit is programmed to be
‘1’, the 8279 operates in special Error mode
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 I/O Interface

FIFO status register

•Code given in text for reading keyboard.

•Data returned from 8279 contains raw data that need to be translated to ASCII:

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ADC 0809
 ADC 0809
• The ADC0809 is an 8-bit successive approximation type
ADC with inbuilt 8-channel multiplexer.

• The ADC0809 is suitable for interface with 8086

microprocessor.

• The ADC0809 is available as a 28 pin IC in DIP (Dual Inline

Package).

• The ADC0809 has a total unadjusted error of ±1 LSD (Least

Significant Digit).
PIN DESCRIPTION OF
ADC0809
SAR
Interfacing ADC with 8085 thro 8255
ADC interfacing with 8051
 DAC
• To convert the digital signal to analog signal a Digital-to-Analog Converter
(DAC) has to be employed. ( binary weighted and R/2R ladder. )

• The DAC will accept a digital (binary) input and convert to analog voltage
or current.

• Every DAC will have "n" input lines and an analog output.

• The DAC require a reference analog voltage (Vref) or current (Iref)

source.

• The smallest possible analog value that can be represented by the n-bit
binary code is called resolution.

• The resolution of DAC with n-bit binary input is 1/2nof reference analog
value.
 DAC 0800
•
The DAC0800 is an 8-bit, high speed, current output DAC with a typical
settling time (conversion time) of 100 ns.

• It produces complementary current output, which can be converted to

voltage by using simple resistor load.

• The DAC0800 require a positive and a negative supply voltage in the range
of ± 5V to ±18V.

• It can be directly interfaced with TTL, CMOS, PMOS and other logic
families.

• For TTL input, the threshold pin should be tied to ground (VLC = 0V).
R-2R Ladder
pin configuration of DAC0800
DAC interfacing with 8085 thro 8255
DAC interfacing with 8051
Shaft of stepper motor
 INTRODUCTION

• USART -Universal Synchronous Asynchronous

Receiver Transmitter
• Packaged in a 28-pin DIP by Intel
• Serial data communication
• Receives parallel data, transmits serial data
• Receives serial, transmits parallel data
 SYNCHRONOUS
COMMUNICATION

• Clock signal is
Transmit data

present between two

microprocessor Receive data

systems.
System 1 System 2
• Each block of data clk
has synch characters.
The size of block Signal common
data can be 100 or
more bytes.
 ASYNCHRONOUS
COMMUNICATION
Transmit data
• Eliminates the need
for a clock signal
Receive data
between two
microprocessor based
systems. System 1 Signal common System 2

• Data to be
transmitted is sent
out one character at
a time.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Sections of 8251 USART:
• Read/Write control logic
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Data bus system
• Modem control
TRANSMITTER
 TRANSMITTER
• Transmitter section receives parallel data
from the microprocessor over the data bus.
The character is then automatically framed
with the start bit, parity bit, correct number
of stop bits, and put into the transmit data
buffer register.
• Finally, it is shifted out of this register to
produce a bit serial output on the TxD line.
 TRANSMITTER

• TxRDY is switched to logic 1 when the

transmit buffer register is empty.
• TxE transmitter Empty –This is an output
signal. Logic 1 on this line indicates the
output register is empty. Reset when a byte
is transferred from the buffer to output
registers.
• TxC Transmitter Clock Controls the rate by
which bits are transmitted by the USART.
The clock can be set to 1,16 or 64 times the
baud.
 RECEIVER

• The receiver section: whenever RxD line goes

low, control assumes it is a start bit, waits for
half bit time and samples again.
• Responsible for reading the serial bit stream of
data at RxD(received data) input and
converting it into parallel form.
 RECEIVER
• RxRDY(receive ready) output is switched
to logic 1 level to tell the microprocessor
that a char is available and is sitting
inside the USART and should be read
from the receive –buffer register.
• RxC Receiver Clock controls the rate by
which bits are received by the USART.
In Asynchronous Mode, the clock can be
set to 1,16 or 64 times the baud.
PIN DIAGRAM
 PIN DESCRIPTION
• D 0 to D 7 (l/O terminal)
Bidirectional data bus
• RESET (Input terminal)
A "High" on this input forces the 8251 into "reset status."
• CLK (Input terminal)
Used to generate internal device timing. CLK signal is
independent of RXC or TXC.
• WR (Input terminal)
“Active low" input terminal which receives a signal for
writing transmit data and control words from the CPU into
the 8251.
 PIN DESCRIPTION
• RD (Input terminal)
“Active low“ terminal which receives a signal for reading
received data and status words from 8251.
• C/D (Input terminal)
Receives a signal for selecting data(C/D=low) or command
words and status words(C/D=high) when 8251 is accessed
by the CPU.
• CS (Input terminal)
“Active low" terminal which selects 8251 at low level
when the CPU accesses.
• TXD (output terminal)
Used for transmitting data from which serial-converted
data is sent out. The device is in "mark status" (high level)
after resetting.
 PIN DESCRIPTION
• TXRDY (output terminal)
Indicates that the 8251 is ready to accept a transmitted
data character.
• TXEMPTY (Output terminal)
Indicates that the 8251 has transmitted all the
characters and had no data character.
• TXC (Input terminal)
Clock input signal which determines the transfer speed of
transmitted data. Falling edge of TXC shifts the serial
data out of the 8251.
• RXD (input terminal)
The terminal which receives serial data.
 PIN DESCRIPTION
• RXRDY (Output terminal)
Indicates that the 8251 contains a character that is
ready to READ.
• RXC (Input terminal)
Clock input signal which determines the transfer speed of
received data.
• SYNDET/BD (Input or output terminal)
Internal synchronous mode (high-sync characters are
received and synchronized)
External synchronous mode-input terminal (High-receive
data characters).
Asynchronous mode-output terminal
 PIN DESCRIPTION

• DSR (Input terminal)

Input port for MODEM interface.
• DTR (Output terminal)
Output port for MODEM interface.
• CTS (Input terminal)
Active low input terminal for MODEM interface which is
used for controlling a transmit circuit.
• RTS (Output terminal)
Output port for MODEM interface.
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS