International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE)

Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2024, pp. 521~529

ISSN: 2252-8792, DOI: 10.11591/ijape.v13.i3.pp521-529  521

A new algorithm is employed for the efficient allocation

of distributed generation resources

Elipilli Anil Kumar1, Gopichand Naik Mudavath1, Tamminana Narasimhulu2

1
Electrical Engineering Department, Andhra University College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Baba Institute of Technology and Sciences, Vizag, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The bat algorithm (BA) has emerged as a promising meta-heuristic
approach, demonstrating its efficiency in tackling diverse optimization
Received Aug 15, 2023 problems across the areas such as engineering design, issues with economic
Revised Jan 18, 2024 load dispatch, power and energy systems, image processing, and medicinal
Accepted Feb 15, 2024 applications. Due to its potential to increase grid resilience, decrease
greenhouse gas emissions, and increase energy efficiency, the incorporation
of distributed generation (DG) into contemporary power systems has drawn
Keywords: a lot of interest. This paper presents technique for the optimal allocation of
DG units, aiming to address existing challenges and improve the overall
Bat algorithm performance of the power system. The proposed BA technique combines
Distributed generation advanced optimization algorithms with comprehensive power system
Novel techniques modelling to identify the optimal locations and capacities for DG
Optimal allocation installation. Key factors are taken into account to formulate a multi-objective
Radial system optimization problem that includes minimizing power losses, enhancing
voltage stability, and minimizing the environmental impact while
considering economic feasibility. The algorithm is applied on standard IEEE
33 and 69 bus systems as test cases and a result has been discussed.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Tamminana Narasimhulu
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Baba Institute of Technology and Sciences
Pothinamallayya Palem, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530041, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
With the ever-increasing demand for electricity and the growing concerns about environmental
sustainability, the integration of distributed generation (DG) has emerged as a promising solution for modern
power systems. DG refers to small-scale power generation units, often based on renewable energy sources
that are connected to the distribution network. These decentralized generators offer numerous benefits,
including enhanced grid resiliency, reduced transmission losses, and lowered greenhouse gas emissions.
However, to harness the full potential of DG and ensure its seamless integration into the existing power
infrastructure, an efficient and optimal allocation strategy is imperative. Traditionally, the allocation of DG
units in power distribution networks has been approached using conventional methodologies that rely on
simplified assumptions and pre-defined heuristics. While these methods may yield satisfactory results under
certain conditions, they often fail to address the complex and dynamic nature of today's power systems.
Factors such as variable energy demands, uncertain renewable energy resources, and evolving load patterns
necessitate innovative approaches that can adapt and optimize DG allocation in real-time.
DG is the processes of producing electricity at the distribution end utilizing sources that emit little or
no carbon dioxide [1]. Although DG as a concept is not new, some users have used their own generating
systems for years. However, due to a number of worrying circumstances, DG has gained momentum recently

Journal homepage: http://ijape.iaescore.com

522  ISSN: 2252-8792

to fulfil the rising electricity demands [2]. These include concerns with network reliability, escalating power
quality disturbances, rising technical and commercial losses, and environmental degradation. The efficiency,
dependability, and cost-effectiveness of DG have increased because to advancing technical knowledge, a
competitive electric market, the use of power electronics devices, and the advent of novel distributed power
technologies like fuel cells and micro-turbines. Finding the ideal placement and size for DGs is the main goal
of research on DG installation in the distribution system. This optimization seeks to better voltage profiles of
crucial buses, save costs, and increase overall system reliability [3]. The genetic algorithm [4], particle
swarm optimization (PSO) [5], ant colony optimization [6], analytical methods [7], and simulated
annealing [8] are only a few of the algorithms that have been suggested to solve the DG allocation problem.
These algorithms are still developing, but they have produced encouraging results. Multi-objective functions
have been used to address the concerns around cost, dependability, and power quality that are becoming
increasingly complicated [9], [10]. Nature-inspired algorithms have shown greater promise in resolving
challenging issues. This led to the development of various bio-inspired heuristic algorithms, such as PSO [5],
artificial bee colony [11], and cuckoo search algorithm [12]. The bat-inspired algorithm, a new population-
based, gradient-free, meta-heuristic algorithm, is introduced in this paper [13]. This program, which takes its
cues from the echolocation technique used by microbats, has showed promise in effectively resolving
challenging issues.
The bat-inspired algorithm is used in the paper to evaluate the ideal placement and size of DGs on
an IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 bus systems. Simulation findings show that the bat algorithm offers better-quality
solutions with greater precision. Six sections make up the organization of the paper: i) The analytical
modelling is formulated in section 2; ii) Section 3 that provides a detailed description of the bat-inspired
algorithm for optimal DG placement and sizing; iii) Section 4 that presents the IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 bus
radial system as a base case and presents the simulated results; and iv) Section 5 brings the study to a close.

2. ANALYTICAL METHOD
The primary objective of this paper is to determine the most suitable location and capacity of
distributed generation, taking into account multiple objectives and constraints. In this section, we present the
mathematical formulation of the objective function. The minimization of real power loss and the
maximization of the voltage stability index in a radial distribution system include the mathematical
representation of the goal function in this study. In order to ensure the stability of the system, the voltage
restrictions of the system are also taken into account. The weight approach is used to reduce multi-objective
functions (MOF) into a single objective function. The following is how the objective function is stated:
- Minimize: Weighted sum = α * Real power loss + β * Voltage stability index
- Subject to: Voltage limits constraints
- Minimum,

𝑓 = 𝑤1 𝑓1 + 𝑤2 𝑓2 (1)

Where f1 represents the total real power losses and f2 represents the voltage stability index. While w1 and
w2 are weight factors assigned to the objective function.

𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓 = 𝑤1 𝑓1 + 𝑤2 𝑓2
∑𝑛𝑘=1(𝑤𝑘 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑤𝑘 < 1 (2)

Selection of weighting factors values vary from utility to utility. The utility assigns varying
weighting factors to each objective function based on its importance, taking into account factors such as fuel
cost, technology used, environmental concerns. In this particular scenario, real power losses are deemed more
critical and are given a higher weighting factor of 0.7, while the voltage stability index (VSI) is considered
relatively less crucial and assigned a weighting factor of 0.3.
Power loses: The objective function for calculating the total real power losses at all nodes in the
distribution network due to circulating currents caused by the substation and DGs is expressed as (3).
Objective Function 1 (ƒ1):

𝑓1 = 𝑝𝐿(𝐷𝐺) /𝑃𝐿 (3)

Where: PL represents the total real power losses in the distribution network before the connection of DGs. P L
represents the total real power losses in the distribution network after the connection of DGs. Power losses
after DG connection are expressed as (4).

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  523

𝑃𝐿(𝐷𝐺) = ∑𝐼2𝑚𝑅𝑚 (4)

Where Im is the magnitude of current which is calculated by load flow analysis and Rm is line resistance.
Voltage stability index: Buses in the distribution system that are farther removed from the substation
are assessed for vulnerability using the voltage stability index (VSI). These remote buses are more vulnerable
to suffering considerable voltage drop since the distribution system has a radial structure, making them
susceptible to voltage collapse. The VSI approach suggested by Chakravorty and Das [14] is used to locate
and rank these buses.
𝑉𝑠𝑖 −𝑉𝑟𝑖
𝐼𝑟𝑖 = (5)
𝑅𝑟𝑖 +𝑗𝑋𝑟𝑖

𝑃𝑟𝑖 (𝑟𝑖) − 𝑗𝑄𝑟𝑖 (𝑟𝑖) = 𝑉𝑟𝑖 ∗ 𝐼𝑟𝑖 (6)

𝑉𝑆𝐼(𝑟𝑖) = |𝑉𝑠𝑖 |4 − 4[𝑃𝑟𝑖 (𝑟𝑖)𝑅𝑟𝑖 + 𝑄𝑟𝑖 (𝑟𝑖)𝑋𝑟𝑖 ]|𝑉𝑠𝑖 |2 − 4[𝑃𝑟𝑖 (𝑟𝑖)𝑅𝑟𝑖 − 𝑄𝑟𝑖 (𝑟𝑖)𝑋𝑟𝑖 ]2 (7)

Vsi is the voltage of sending end node whereas Vri, Pri, Qri, Rri, and Xri are receiving end node voltage,
reactive power, resistance and impedance respectively.
The enhancement of the voltage stability index (VSI) concerning the given objective function can be
expressed as (8). Maximize: VSI improvement.
1
𝑓2 = ; = 𝑟𝑖 = 2,3. . . . . . . , 𝑟𝑟 (8)
𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑉𝑆𝐼(𝑟𝑖))

Constraints: The integration of DG into the distribution network can lead to reverse power flow and inrush
currents, resulting in voltage rise at various buses [15]. To ensure the voltage magnitude remains within
acceptable limits for all scenarios and with each algorithm used, the voltage constraints must be maintained.
Therefore, the voltage magnitude constraints at each bus can be expressed as (9). For each bus 'i' in the
distribution network, the voltage magnitude (Vi) should satisfy the following conditions.
𝑚𝑎𝑥
|𝑉𝑖 |𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑖 (9)

Where: Vmin is the minimum allowable voltage magnitude at bus 'i'; Vmax is the maximum allowable voltage
magnitude at bus 'i'; These constraints are essential to prevent over voltage or under voltage conditions and
maintain a reliable and stable distribution system after the integration of DG.
In this scenario, the voltage magnitude constraints are set to ensure the power system equipment
operates within allowable variations of ±5% to ±10% of the rated voltage. Therefore, the minimum and
maximum allowable voltage magnitudes (Vmin and Vmax) are specified as: Vmin = 0.95 pu and Vmax = 1.05 pu.
In this simulation, the DG units are discrete in nature, meaning they are available in specific capacity levels
with 100 KW increments [16]. The capacity of DG units is dependent on various factors, including the
availability of the energy source, technology employed, and the local conditions at the installation site. As a
result, DGs are considered to have discrete values, and their capacity is represented in steps of 100 KW
during the simulation.
The solutions for all the DG units are constrained by minimum and maximum limits for real and
reactive power [17], expressed as (10). For real power (P_DG).
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐷𝐺
𝑃𝐷𝐺 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐷𝐺 𝐷𝐺 (10)

Where: PDG_min is the minimum allowable real power output for the DG unit; PDG_max is the maximum
allowable real power output for the DG unit.
The real power output (P_DG) of each DG is limited to the range of 0 to 5 MW. For reactive power
(Q_DG), expressed as (11).
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐷𝐺 𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑄𝐷𝐺 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐷𝐺𝐷𝐺 (11)

Where: QDG min is the minimum allowable reactive power output for the DG unit; QDG_max is the maximum
allowable reactive power output for the DG unit.
The reactive power output (Q_DG) of each DG is restricted to the range of 0 to 1 Mva. Explaining
research chronological, including research design, research procedure (in the form of algorithms and

A new algorithm is employed for the efficient allocation of distributed generation … (Elipilli Anil Kumar)
524  ISSN: 2252-8792

pseudocode), how to test and data acquisition [18], [19]. The description of the course of research should be
supported references, so the explanation can be accepted scientifically.

3. PROCEDURE FOR PROPOSED ALGORITHM

Based on how bats use echolocation for navigation, the bat (bat method) is an optimization method
inspired by nature. It is frequently employed to resolve optimization issues, such as deciding how to best
distribute DG units in power distribution networks [20]. The BA for the best DG allocation is implemented in
the following steps:
- Step 1: Initialization
Define the problem variables: Determine the decision variables that represent the allocation of DG units.
These variables include the location, capacity, and type (e.g., solar and wind) of DG units. Set algorithm
parameters: Initialize the algorithm parameters, such as the population size (number of bats), maximum
generation, pulse rate, loudness, and wavelength.
- Step 2: Create initial population
Generate an initial population of bats: Randomly create a set of solutions (bat positions) for the decision
variables, representing the initial allocation of DG units.
- Step 3: Evaluate fitness function
Calculate each bat's fitness value based on an objective function to determine their level of fitness.
Combining minimising power losses, enhancing voltage stability, maximising renewable energy
integration, and taking economic factors into account might be the aim function.
- Step 4: Update bat positions
Update bat positions: Update the positions of each bat based on their current position and the best position
found so far. The new position represents a potential solution for the allocation of DG units.

𝑓𝑖 = 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 (12)
−1
𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + (𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑥∗ ) ∗ 𝑓𝑖 (13)

𝑥𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑖 𝑡−1 + 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 (14)

- Step 5: Explore and exploit

Explore: With a certain probability (epsilon), allow some bats to explore new solutions by random
exploration of the search space. Exploit: With a certain probability (alpha), encourage some bats to focus
on the best solutions found so far and refine their positions accordingly.
- Step 6: Loudness and pulse rate update
Update the loudness and pulse rate of each bat based on their fitness and iteration number. The loudness
and pulse rate control the magnitude and rate of the bat's echolocation behavior, respectively.
- Step 7: Evaluate new solutions
Evaluate the fitness of the new bat positions: Calculate the fitness of the updated bat positions using the
objective function.
- Step 8: Update best solution
Update the best solution: Keep track of the bat with the best fitness value (optimal allocation) found so far.
- Step 9: Termination criteria
Check termination criteria: Decide whether to stop the algorithm based on a predefined stopping criterion,
such as reaching a maximum number of iterations or achieving a satisfactory solution.
- Step 10: Output the optimal allocation
Output the best solution: Once the termination criteria are met, output the best allocation of DG units that
was found during the optimization process.
- Step 11: Post-processing and analysis
Analyse the results: Perform post-processing and sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of the DG
allocation on the power system's performance and make any necessary adjustments.
- Step 12: Fine-tuning (optional)
If required, fine-tune the algorithm parameters to improve convergence and solution quality. By following
this procedure, the bat algorithm can efficiently explore the search space and identify an optimal
allocation of DG units that satisfies multiple objectives and constraints for the power distribution
network [21].

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  525

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Test case-1: Standard IEEE 33 bus system
We are considering the information of the standard IEEE 33 bus system. The major goals of the
objective function are to reduce actual power loss and enhance the system's voltage profile. The impact of
type-1 and type-3 DG [22], [23] placement on the actual power loss of the 33-bus system is shown
in Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1 that type-3 DGs have a large real power loss. When using type-1 DGs
and type-3 DGs, the BA achieves a loss reduction success rate of 64.7% and 92.94%, respectively. For all
algorithms, the minimum voltage with type-1 DGs is the same, or around 0.972 per unit, while the minimum
voltage with type-3 DGs is about 0.9943 per unit. Correction of the voltage profile for the 33-bus using
type-1 and type-3 DGs presented in Figures 1 and 2.

Table 1. Results of 33 bus system with type-1 DGs and type 3 DGs
Method Optimal Optimal DG Ploss without Ploss with Loss reduction in Vminin Simulated
locations size DG DG % P.U time
BA (type 1 24 1.3966 210.78 KW 74.387 KW 64.7 0.9719 9.643
DG) 13 0.8192
30 1.1333
BA (type 3 24 0.8558 210.78 KW 16.0933 KW 92.3 0.9880 8.238
DG) 15 1.200
30 0.6442

Figure 1. Voltage profile correction of 33 bus system with type-1 DGs

Figure 2. Voltage profile correction of 33 bus system with type-3 DGs

It is clear from Figure 2 that type-3 DGs have allowed for the maximization of voltage profiles. The
solution provided by the BA algorithm has resulted in the largest voltage profile improvement feasible. It is
A new algorithm is employed for the efficient allocation of distributed generation … (Elipilli Anil Kumar)
526  ISSN: 2252-8792

clear from the convergence characteristics [24] of the BA algorithm shown in Figures 3 and 4 that the
algorithm was successful in minimizing the objective function. Compared to other methods, the BA
algorithm found the best solution after a very small number of iterations. That is how the BA algorithm,
using type-1 DGs, reached the better answer at the sixth generation. At the fifth generation, BA found the
best solution using Type-3 DGs.

Figure 3. Convergence characteristics for 33 bus system with type-1 DGs

Figure 4. Convergence characteristics for 33 bus system with type-3 DGs

4.2. Test case-2: Standard IEEE 69 bus system

From the case-1 results that type-3 DGs are the only ones capable of maximizing voltage profile and
minimizing real power loss. Additionally, it has been observed that giving the voltage deviation index top
priority in a multi-objective function results in a superior voltage profile than when a single target is regarded
as the actual power loss minimization. Therefore, for case-2, the simulation only takes into account type-3
DGs. Table 2 lists the ideal locations [25] and sizes for DGs, real power loss, loss reduction percentage [26],
and simulation duration for the suggested approach.

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Int J Appl Power Eng ISSN: 2252-8792  527

Table 2. Results of 66 bus system with Type-1 DGs and type 3 DGs
Method Optimal Optimal DG size Ploss without Ploss with Loss reduction in Vminin Simulated
locations DG DG % P.U time
Bat (type3 61 1.7994 MW, 1.1152 MVAR 224.719 KW 6.5672 KW 97.07 0.9943 20.94
DG) 68 0.3508 MW, 0.2174 MVAR
18 0.4998 MW, 0. 3098 MVAR

Table 2 shows that in this instance, the BA algorithm was successful in attaining the intended
purpose. With the suggested algorithm, there is a large real power loss decrease, or about 97%. With the
suggested algorithm, an improvement in the voltage profile has been made [27]. This means that the type-3
DGs' minimum voltage is 0.9943 p.u. It is clear from the findings that BA algorithm performed well, and it
took 20.26 sec to arrive at a better answer. Figure 5 shows the convergence characteristics of the BA and
algorithm for the radial distribution system of 69 buses, and Figure 6 shows the correction of the voltage
profile using type-3 DGs for the same system. Figure 6 shows that BA is convergent at the sixth generation.

Figure 5. Convergence characteristics for 69 bus system with type-3 DGs

Figure 6. Voltage profile correction of 69 bus system with type-3 DGs

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528  ISSN: 2252-8792

5. CONCLUSION
BA offer powerful optimization technique for addressing the complex problem of optimal allocation
of DG units in power distribution networks. Each algorithm brings its unique strengths and characteristics,
making them valuable tools for different scenarios and problem settings. The bat algorithm, inspired by the
echolocation behavior of bats, demonstrate an efficient and adaptive nature for global optimization. Its ability
to balance exploration and exploitation through echo loudness and pulse rate makes it particularly effective in
dealing with dynamic and uncertain environments. BA's random exploration capability allows it to escape
local optima and discover promising solutions, while the exploitation component helps it converge towards
the optimal solution over successive iterations. Furthermore, the bat algorithm's simplicity and fewer
algorithm parameters make it easier to implement and fine-tune.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Elipilli Anil Kumar pursuing Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering Department of

Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He has
done B.Tech. with Honoursin Electrical Engineering from Avanthi Institute of Engineering
and Technology and M.Tech. from JNTU Kakinada. His main research directions include
power quality and optimization (neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, and particle
swarm optimization). He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Gopichand Naik Mudavath currently working professor in Electrical

Engineering Department, Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam. He has done B.Tech. with Honoursin Electrical Engineering from RVR&JC
college of Engineering and M.Tech. from JNTU Kakinada and Ph.D. from JNTU, Hyderabad.
His main research directions include high voltage engineering, power quality and optimization
(neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and imperialist
competitive algorithm) gravitational search algorithm, and design of lightning arresters. He
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Dr. Tamminana Narasimhulu currently working associate professor in

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department of BITS-Vizag. He has done B.Tech. with
Honoursin Electrical Engineering from AITAM Tekkali and M.E. and Ph.D. from Andhra
University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. His main research
directions include control systems (neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm,
particle swarm optimization, and imperialist competitive algorithm) gravitational search
algorithm, machine design, nano-technology, and IoT. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

A new algorithm is employed for the efficient allocation of distributed generation … (Elipilli Anil Kumar)