PURE - MATHEMATICS j 100 | tangent lin Eee ae Pn = R. RAMANPURE MATHEMATICS Ain worn bookselpcom il l Pure Mathematies for Advanced Levelis one of the best selling titles among A-Level Mathematics books ever published. Reprinted several times since its first edition in 2002 and recommended by the Ministry of Education, this Second Edition has been thoreughly reviewed and updated to meet the exemination boards in various countries including UK, Singapore and the Caribbean. It has also received the appreciation of Maths teachers worldwide. This Second Edition of Pure Mathematics for Advanced: -ajevel is intended for students taking the University of “Cambridge A-Level Mathematics at Principal Level as from 2008. Rashid Raman, formerly Associate Professor at the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE), hes taught mathematics for the last 40 years. He taught at the Islamic Cultural College and the Queen Elizabeth College before joining the MIE in 1976 and retired irr 1997. He is the author of several mathematics textbooks. | “Pure Mathematics for Advanced Level isan. excellent text targeted for all SADC (Southern African Development Community) countries and is also suitable for the Singapore Mathematics Advance< Level Syllabus 9233 (Pure Mathematics). ” | Kinswe'Ch (Rev ewer ese apPURE MATHEMATICS FOR ADVANCED LEVEL SECOND EDITION Rashid Raman© Copyright 2009 Editions Le Printemps Liée Rashid Raman Published by: ELP - MAURITIUS Fax: 686 7302 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Ist Print: Dec 2002 Reprints: March 2003 ec 2003 ct 2004 Oct 2005 April 2007 Second Revised Edition 2008 Reprints: Sep 2009 Nov 2010 Page layout: Firebird Ltd (Mauritius) Printed in Singapore ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, clectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording. or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Copyright owners. ISBN: 978-99903-87-78-0Contents ; Acknowledgement Preface , Chapter 1 Quadratics - t Chapter 2 Functions. Chapter 3 _ Coordinate Geometry- Chapter 4 Circular measure Chapter 5 Trigonometry 1 Chapter 6 Vectors 1° Chapter) Series - Chapter 8% “ifferentiation 1* Chapter 97 Yhtegration f° Chapter 10 “Algebra Chapter 11 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions “Chapter 12.” ‘Trigonometry 2 ~ Chapter 13 7 ifferentiation 2° Chapter 14“ Yategration 2“e Chapter 15 7 Numerical solutions * of equations © Chapter 16 Wectors 2 ¢ Chapter 17 7 ‘ifferential Equations Chapter 18 -Complex Numbers "# Answers Purple Mat - ConyACKNOWLEDGEMENT |We are grateful to the following for having gone through the book, made necessary corrections and for their suggestions: Ram SATHAN Gassen ARNASSALON Vijesh MAYARAM Jeelani Mittoo For the Second Revised Eaition (2008): Balah ARITHOPPAH [We wish also to thank the Cambridge Examinations Syndicate for granting us permission to reproduce questions from past papers. ‘The questions from past papers of Cambridge Examination Syndicate are indicated by [C) “¢ The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no responsibilty for the example answers 0 questions taken from its past question papers which are contained in this publication »PREFACE This book has been written specifically for students taking principal level mathematics at the Higher School Certificate Examinations and who have taken Additional Mathematics at the Ordinary (School Certificate) Level. For the sake of simplicity, the chapters have been written in the same order as they appear in the syllabus but it is not intended that they should be taught or learned in the same order. This is the second edition of this book. Further to comments made by teachers and students alike, alterations have been made to the bookwork in a few chapters and exercises at the end of these chapters. Rashid RAMANCHAPTER 1 (01.1 EReeSeHSH ‘We know that a quadratic polynomial is of the form ax‘ + bx +. where a. b,¢ are constants and a #0. Any quadratic polynomial ax? + bx + c can be reduced to the form a\(x + h)* +k by completing the square. 1,4,9, 16, ote. are perfect squares as they are squares of whole numbers. In algebra also, expressions like are perfect squares Since (x+y =O +y) &+y) ia Day +y%, X°+ ay + y" isa perfect square, but in an expanded form. «the coefficient of x = 2, and | is the constant term. In the expression (x? + 2x + 1), the coefficient of x* In the above expression, we can In general, an expression in the form (x? + bx +c) is a perfect square if 2] = verify that ¢ constant term as follows: Thus. iff we want to make the expression (x* + 6x) become a perfect square. we fin. (Note: Coefficient of x divided by 2, then squared = 9) The new expression becomes x°+ 6x +9. Note that x’ + 6x49 =(x+3). So, x + 6x49 isa complete square. Reduce each of ihe following to the form afx + hj! +k (a)c + Be (bbe + 10x fo) + 7x (dx + deed Solution ; 5 sy _(8 (ax? +8x= +8 +(5) ast P+ 8x+16-16 =(+4)'-16.Peta en ele re tye siren + toes (2) - (2) =x) + 10x 425-25 =(x+5¥-25. oxetceretee(2) -(2) 9 9 ex eixe SS Ene ay eraser sacs (3) pas 9 ax+3n+2e4-2 Ane: ae “Pele ‘Aan me a | “Rosrte 295 + 1 inthe formats + WP +k. Solution 2m esta a{e 2x08) 2x 9x41 ae geo ff 2-)] Fa] = aa ai Rewrite —3x° + 11x ~ 14 in the form atx + hY + ke ‘Solution ae eun-is=a{e tneMore generally axe bx te wa(e +a) 4 ‘[ 4) =| — Exorcioo $A SS ‘Reduce each of the following quadratic polynomials to the form a(x +h)?+k. 1, a+ 8a4 17. 9. 3x +4x-1. 2 xPa 18x. 10. 8-9x- 10x. 3. 2x 11x+10. N.S +5x-6" 10x. 12. 2x?+3x-2 Sat 9 5. x4 dx, 13. 12-2x-3e 6. V4, 14, 25— 4x4 = 1 tate 15, 3x4 11x+20. a ; 8 alae -5, Yo. ST {a) We know also that if x is a real number, x: = 0. So the minimum value of x is 0 and it occurs when x = 0. <0. So the maximum value of =* is 0 and it occurs when x = 0. It follows that x? +k = kand x +k =k.PURE MATHS FOR: Hence, the polynomial ? + k has a Both occur when x= 0. Find the miniowum value of:2 + 3 andthe value of for which i ocews. Solution For any value of x, x° = 0. ‘Adding 3 to both sides, x7 +3 > 3 | ‘Hence the minimum value of x" + 3is 3, and this occurs when x =0. (©) Ifa > 0, the polynomial ax? > 0 and has therefore a minimum value of O when If «-< 0, the polynomial ax” = 0 and has therefore & maximum value of 0 when x= 0. Thus -2x* has a maximum value of O when x = 0 and 5x” has a minimum value of 0 when x =0. Hence, ax’ + k has a minimum value of k when x= 0 if >0, and a maximum value of k when <= 0, if <0. ‘Thus 2x? —7 has a minimum value of -7 when x = 0 and -5x* + 2 has a maximum value of 2 when (©) If a> 0, the polynomial a(x + h)* > 0 and has therefore a minimum value of 0 when x +h=0, ie. when x =—h. fa <0, the polynomial (x + hy? <0 and has therefore a maximum value of 0 when x-+h=0, ie. when x=-h. So, a(x +h)? +k > k fora > Oand a(x +h) +k < k fora <0. It follows that a(x + hy’ +k has minimum value k when x =—h, if a>0. Also a(x +h)’ + k has maximum value k when x= —h, if a<0. Let us consider the expression 3(x ~ 1)?+ 5. The minimum value of (x ~ 1)*is 0. So the minimum value of 3(x ~ 1)? + 5 is (3 x0)+5 or0+5 or 5, This occurs when (x ~ 1° =0,x=1 Similarly, the minimum value of 4{x +2)? +7 is 7 when x+2=0, ie. when x =—2. More generally, if a > 0, the minimum value of a(x + hy? + k isk when x =-b and if a <0, the maximum value of a(x + hy? + kis k when x = (@) To find the maximum or the minimum value of a quadratic polynomial, we reduce the polynomial tothe form ‘(x + WY +K as illustrated in the following example: State whether the expression 2¢'—7-— 10 has a maximum vaiue or a minimum value. Find the maximum value (or the minimum value and state the value of x for which it occurs. 2x* = 7x = 10 has a minimum value as the coefficient of x*> 0.Lis CHAPTER — -QUADRATICS “The minimum value = | Bramele 6 Find the minimum or maximum value of 12 ~ 6 ~ 5: and state the value of x for which it occurs. Solution 12 — 6x ~ 5x*has a maximum value as the coefficient of x* <0 2 126-50 = The minimum value = ©-when x iinimum value = Exercise 1B Reduce each of the following quadratic polynomials to the form a (x +h)? +k. Ineach case, state whether the polynomial has a miximum or a minimum value. Find this value and the valve Of x for which it occurs. 1 848x419, 6. 3x'+1x+20 2. tox +10 7 3. t+ 6x-15, 8 - 4 -8=10x411 9. 5 6x +15, 10,‘We know that the griphs of y = x* and y = ~x* are as shown in Figures 1.1(a) and 1.1(b) @ o Figure 11 Generally, the graph of y = ax? + bx +c can be obtained by determining its maximum or its minimum value according to whether a <0 or a>0. ‘To sketch the graph of y = x! — 4x +7, we find its minimum value 4x4 247-2 x27 +3) x? —4x +7 has therefore a minimum value of 3 when x = 2, “The graph of y =x? —4x-+ has therefore x minimum a (2,3) ay shown in Figure 1.2, : ¥ OD 2.3) o x Figure 12 Note: The graph cuts she y-axis at (0, 7) and it does not cut the x-axis.5 CHAPTER 1 © QUADRATIES saeeie ‘Sketch sh graph of Solution 2x! + 8x = 17 has a maximum value as the coefficient of x < 0. 2x? + 8x-17 Maximum value = —9 when, The graph of -2x? + 8x — 17 has therefore a maximum value at (2, The graph of y 2x? + 8x — 17 is as shown in Figure 1.3 Figure 13 Note: The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, -17) and it does mot cut the x-axis 7, showing the coordinates of its points of intersection with the axes, if any Solution 3x! +2x —7 has.a maximum value as the coefficient of x° > 0. 3x1 +28yoo +2x-7 Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic polynomials showing the coordinates of the points of intex- section with the axes, if any.(1.4 Nature of rests of a quadratic equation ‘We know from earlier work in the mathematics course that the roots of the. equatios n ax’ + bx +e=0 are ae ie abe Ve dae yg -b — Vb" — dae “The nature of the roots depends upon the value of b*—4ac which is known as the discriminant. (i) f8 ~4ac=0, then both roots are ~2- and the equation has nwo equail roots. | \(ii) If 8 — 4ac > O, the roots are real and unequal. ee are ese | the roots are not real or that they are imaginary. fellows thatthe equation ax’ + bx + ¢ has real roots ifb— 4ac > 0. Determine the nature of the roots of each of the following quadratic equations: (a) 3e + 2x4 1=0 (6) 90 — I2x+4 ()2¢ -7x-3=0 ‘Solution ® bi-dac =4-4x3 x1) <0 ', the equation has imaginary roots. ()a=9,b=-I2,e=4 bi 4ac = 144 - (4x 9x4) =0 quation has equal roots. 7 = 4ac = 49-(4 x2 x-3)>0 Roots are real and unequal. © eects | Find the values of k for which the equation 3< + kx + 12Find the nature of the roots of each of the following equations: (@) 3 +x+2=0 (b) 2 +x-3=0 (©) 3x¢=x- @) P+6x+9=0 (©) x -10x+25=0 ( S43x-¥ (©) 744x428 (i) ~64+ 16x—x=0 @ 9+ 2x-3x8=0 @ 5-2x-4x' =0. 2. Find the values of m for which the equation mx’ + 10x — 20 = 0 has equal roots. 3./ Find the values of m for which the equation 3x? + mx —_m =O has equal roots. Gen eeee cose eoee ‘5. Find the value of k for which (x +k)’ = x has equal roots. 1.5 SSSSEEISSaSEnTETy 1.5.1 Method 1 - Graphical To solve a quadratic inequality such as x*— 4x +3 > 0, we sketch the graph of y attention to its points of intersection with the x-axis. ‘The graph intersects the x-axis where x’ — 4x + ie. (x= 1)(x-3) =0 0. x =1or3. As the graph has a minimum, its as shown in figure 1.4. ~ ¥ Figure 14 X'— 4x +3 50, ic. y > 0 for the parts of the graph where x < 1 orx = 3. So, = 4x+320 x3.CHAPTER the range of values of x for which 20 ~ 3x~ 2x > 0. Solution ‘The graph of y = 20 ~ 3x ~2x* cuts the x-axis at 20-3x-2 2x + 38-20 (2x-5) +4) x=2 or -4. a As the graph of 20 ~ 3x ~ 2x has a maximum, itis as shown in Figure 15. Figure 15 From the graph 20 ~ 3x 2x°>0,ie.y>0 for-t 0, we find the values of x for which x*—x + 3.=0 which are 1 and 3. These values are shown on a number Tine and are known as Critical Values. ie. (X—1Xx-3) From the table x? ~ 4x +3>0 for x <1 orx>3So,x'—4x +3 = Oforx <1orx > 3. Similarly, to find the values of x for which 20 ~ 3x 2x? >0, we find the values of x for which 20 - 3x -2x° =0. ie, (S-20)4+=0 5 x= Sora From the table, 20 ~ 3x — 2x" > 0 for -40 5. W-3x-<0 6. 2+x-38 30 7. 8-x'<0 8. Max <0 9. 10-2x-38>0 10, 5x°—3x-5>0 11. Find the values of k for which the equation Sx?-+ kx +5 = 0 has real roots in x 12, Find the values of k for which the equation x(x + 2k) = 4x —K" has real roots in x 13, Find the values of k for which the equation x(k ~ 3x) = 3 has no real roots in x. 1H, Find the values of k for which the equation x(3x ~2) + kx + 12 =O has no real roots in x I ‘To solve a pair of simultaneous equations, one linear and the other quadratic, we make one variable in the linear ‘equation become the subject of the formula and substitute in the quadratic. The method is illustrated in the fol- lowing example: @ F-nti¥els i) Sotation = From the linar equation x = 1 ~2y (A) Replacing in (i) (1-29) = (1—2y)y +3y? = 15 ~4y + 4y'—y + 2y?+ By’ = 15 9y2—Sy-14 =0 Oy y+ 0 20. : yoo(x+2yy=81 (y+3+2yP=81 Gy+3F=81 By+3_a9 By43=9 or By 43-9 By =6 or yaa)? cee you xeay+3 X=243 or xa443 x= or x= Exercise 1F 1. Solve the simultaneous equations o anty a4 x? 2ay +y? =25 i) Be dy-y =3 3x4 7y =1 ai -3y=11 X+y-2nsdy a4 wv) 3x4 2y 3x24 y+ Te —3y Ey 0 () Sa dyH4y7=7 2x-3y =5 wi 2x 43y =13 + Say +6)" = 88 wi Be+2y = 2 3x + Dy + 1 = 102 witiy a-y=4 38 xy-y=17‘The equation x—2VR —3 =O as such is not a quadratic equation. However. if we put v= y.x= 2 $0, 2VK-3 =0 becomes y*- 2y-3=0 g-dyth y=3or-1 The value ~ | is rejected as VX > 0 for all real valves of x. ‘The solution can be checked as for x = 9, x — 2Vx — = | and this does not satisfy the equation x — 2V -(23)-3=0. 0. Note that ify = 1 is accepted, Equations which can be reduced to the form ax! + bx + ¢ =0(a #0) are known as disguised quadratics. Examples of disguised quadratics are 27! — 5 x 2! -25 ~0, x‘ -2x° -6=0,x+20"-8=0 Use in each case the appropriate substitution to reduce it to @ quadatie polynomial and solve the equations. The solations are given below. ® Put? =y !_5x 2-25 20 2x2'-5x2-25 =0 | 2y—5y-25 <0 © Qy +5) (y-5) =0 y Bes rig2=lg5 ees =i 32 (Wo 3 significant figures). 3 (nt possible s 2*>0) ory =5 x2) -6=0 ©PURE MATHS FOR = 3.645... (or ~ 1.645... which is not possible as x° > 0). = 3.645... X=£191 (03 significant figures). © +2r-8=0 Puxt=y yit2y-8=0 (+ Hy-2=0 y=4or2 v=tor2 X= = 1.59 oF 1.26 (t03 significant figures). ee Solve the following equations: 1 3x3*txs4120 oes heh g ey ay i 2. 2x-s/x+2=0 7. 3x6*-17x2"+ 1020 Hf 3. xt-6x448=0 8 ate 3=0 4 Make 415-0 9. 2+ 5241 +6=0 i 5. Qx+1)'- 624+ 17 +5=0 10. (x + {a- 3x + a +220 | Miscellaneous Exercise 4 | } 1+, Solve the diamainpneous Gquletone i bowels | 8x°— 279" =45 tc | Find the range of values of x for which 2x° — 3% > 2 tc Calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection of the straight line 2x + 3y = 10 and the curve tcl xy j 4. Find the range of values of x for which 4x(4—x) > 15. tel 1 5. Write 2x! — 6x + 25 in the form A(x +h)? + k. Hence obtain the minimum value of 2x? — 6x +25 and the j value of x for which it occurs. Sketch the graph of y = 2x 6x + 25 | 6. Solve the simultaneous equations xty=xy ge a7. Find the range of values of x for which x(x +5) =—6 ic 8, Find the maximum value of 25 ~ 4x ~ 2x" and the value of x for which it occurs. Hence, sketch the graph of y = 25 — 4x ~ 2 9. Find the values of p for which the equation (p + 1)x* + 4px +9 = 0 has equal roots. 10, Solve the equation 2x*—3x* +1 = 0. 11, Find the coordinates ofthe minimum point ofthe curve y = (3x 5)# + 2 and sketch the curve: 12, Solve the equation 3 x 2"—5 x2*—2=0. (©) stow hat he equation p+ D+ (Op + 30x + (p+ 2)= Ons el oo fr al el vals ofp. The quadratic equation x° + px + q = 0 has roots ~2 and 6. Find: (@) the value of p and of g, (© the range of values ofr for which the equation x* + px + q =r has no real roots. 1S. (a) Find the range of values of x for which 8x + 3 < 3x’. (@])stor tate eation «2+ 2b. + k= 3 bas el ros foal ral vas of 16. (a) Solve the simultaneous equations y = x’ ~3x +2, (b) Interpret your solution to part (a) geometrically 17. Solve the inequality x* < (2x+1). 18. Solve the equations x? + y’ = 7 and x*~ x'y?—y*=71. 19. Solve the inequalities: () x+2-3<0 8x + 19 in the form (x + 2) +b. Hence, obtain the minimum value of x*— Sx +19 and the value ‘of x for which it occurs, ‘ ‘Sketch the graphs of y =x? - 8x+ 19 and y= — graphs of y =x' — 8x" Ye eres i ‘By snc ators fe ccm of sp consi A pa op aa eee adi product of the roots is © . Gib: equation 22-44 +E 20 hal cinch reales Given that k < 0, show that the roots have opposite algebraic signs. Given also that the roots are 2 and p, find the value of k. {cl>_ FUNCTIONS 2.1.1 Concept of a function We are already familiar with the concept of a function. Starting with a set and a rule defined on the set, if this rule ‘ssociates one and only one element °b’ with each element ‘a’ ofthe set we have a function. Thus, for the set A= (1.2, 3, 4}, if the rule is “square each element’, then with the element 1 we associate 1 With the clement 2 we associate 4, etc With cach clement ‘a’ of A we associate only one element “b’, which may or not belong to A. Thus, we have in this case a function. Ion the other hand, the rule is “find a number whose square is", with the element 1, we associate | and — 1. We do not have a function. Note: aand b are not necessarily distinct. In the given example, if a= 1. b 2.1.2 Notation for a function We know already that a function is written in the form fx ...gx—> ete Sometimes it can be expressed in terms of a mathematical formula, ¢.. f:x— x? for the example above. Ajunction fhas the important property that for every element x © the domain, f(x) is uniquely defined. For Fx» 3x4, f(0) = 4, £1) =I, ete Note: gic £5 is nota function as (9) = & 3 and g(x) is mot wig. 2.1.3 Range of a function The value of f(x) corresponding to an element x of the domain is called the f-image of x. Iifix— 3x —4 (x © B),£(1) =—1 and -1 is the image of 1 Similarly, (2) = 2 and 2 is the f-image of 2. The setof images of all elements x of the domain is called the range of f. Hgx+>x'+ 1 and the domain of g is (-3,-2,-1,0, 1). the range of g is {-26,~7, 0, 1, 2} as g-3) = 26, 1-2) =7, ete Ifthe domain of g is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to zero, the range of ¢ is the set of all eal sumbers greater than or equal to 1 ‘The range of a function can be obtained by sketching its graph as shown in the following examples:‘Sketch the graph of fxxr-> x ~ 6x + T for x © R. Hence find the range o Solution 6x 6x+¥+7-F =(x-37-2 ‘The graph of f has therefore a minimum at (3. 2 eee) Figure 2.1 From the graph, the range = {f(x) © B: f(x) > 2} o [-2.=) Note: The range is a set and must be written asa set. EE _, l ‘Sketch the graph of g:x+> 2 for {x © Ris— I x2, x & R where Ris the set of real numbers. There exist more than one element ER which has the same f-image, e.g. 3 and ~3 have the same Fimage 9. For the function g:x -> cos x for x € R, there exist more than one element x © RE which has the same g-image, eat For the function h:x -> x? for x © R, x = 0, no two elements of x have the same heimage, e.g. 4 is the image of only, 16 is the image of 4 only, ete. ‘We say h isa one-one function, read as a one to one function. i said tobe one-one ino bw elements ofthe domain have the same Fimage. ei fi, =x). Graphically, this implies that any y-line cuts the graph of y = fix) in mot more than one point. ‘not one-one ‘one-one ‘one-one fe |Westetch te graph of y = f(x) for xR, x > 2. yo @3 Figure 24 From the graph, we sce that y-lines cut the graph at mast once. So fis one-one.Show that gx sin x {x € &, 0 =x <2} is not one-one Solution ‘To show g is not one-one, itis sufficient to find two values of x in the interval 0 < x < 27 having the same g-image, As g(0) =0 and g(x) =0, g is not one-one. ‘We may also sketch the graph of y = g(x) Figure 25 As there are y-lines which cut the graph of y = g(x) in more than one point, g is not one-one. Exercise 2A For each of the following functions sketch its graph and find its range. Determine whether the function is ‘one-one. If itis not one-one, write down two elements of x which have the same f-image. 1. fret edx+10,xER 6. 5. fixe |xl.x (real numbers = 0} 10. Exe +6x-9, (2.2 Inverse of a function Consider the function f2x > 2x + 1.x € (2.3.5, f@)=5 The element 2 of the domain which has image Sis written f-S). o,f (5)Similarly (3) = 7.°'(7) =3. f9)= 11, £0) =5 f7)= 15,15) =7 is called the inverse of f The range of f= {5,7, 11, 15} The range of f "= (2,3,5,7} Inthis ease, fis a function as f(x) is unique for x € {5,7, 11,15). The inverse of a function is not necessarily a function. Conider gx x,x € (2 £2)=4,¢1)= 1,00 The range of g= (0.1.4) £1 =0.g()=+1.e44)=22. $0, 4° is not a function 1,0, (1) 2 1, and g(2) =4. For the inverse f~! of « function f to be itself a function, f must be one-one. fis not one-one, there are at least two elements a and b of the domain which have the same image i. ia)=c and f(b) So, -(e)=a0rb. Hence, f-1(¢) is not unique So, "isnot a function. the domain of « one-one function fis A and its range is B, the inverse function f~‘ has domain B and range A. Generally if f= y.x=f-'Q) To find the inverse of a function f, we find x in terms of y where aon E is az Find the inverse ofthe function 20> x1 —3,xER $0, = 43 Po=dke3 ‘The inverse of fix > x! —3 is therefore fix URSPURE MATHS FOR ADVANCEDLEVEL = _Example6 Show that the function fix x? —2x + 5,(x © R, x >1)is one-one find § Obtain the domain and range of the inverse function {and Solution The graph of y = f(x) has a minimum at (1,4) and is shown in Figure 2.6. aa) Figure 26 ‘The range of f= {fix) € R: fx) = 4} The domain of f-'= (x R:x>4} The range of f-! = {f-"(@) ER: f > 1} To find f(x), we write (x1 +4 «1 la fx) =1+ So, fx) > 14 {x= 4, x4 Exercise2B ~ 1 Find the inverse of each of the following functions where x 2x43 @ fx x22 () fx© fxo4-We-2 x2 (©) fx 243 @ fr34 2 ao (hy fxs 3? 6x4 (2 2-3) ( fx Qx- 17 43,0 @ fx 9-(%-37, 23) 2. Show that each of the following functions is one-one. In each case. find the domain, range and the rule of the inverse function: 1 @ far>z.x>0 (2) fxn eo @® fare x0 | @troareixz0 ( fx>4_(e-BR x, Rand gxr> 2x+3,(x> 0. From the graphs of f and g, we know that the range of fis {f(x) ER: fix) > 0} and the range of g is {a(a) EB : g(x) > 5}. o| x ‘We note that the range of g isa subset of the domain of f. It is therefore possible to find f(x) for all x > 1. We say that the composition fg of the functions f and g obtained by finding g(x) first and then fg(x) exists, However the range of fis nota subset of the domain of g. All numbers from 0 to | (excluding 1) do not belong to the domain of g. Its therefore not possible to find f(x) for all x. We say that the composition gf of the functions g and f obtained by finding f(x) first and then gftx) does not exis. In general, for fg to be a function (Le. for the composite function fg to exist) the range of g must be a subset of the domain of f. Similarly, for gf to be a function (i. for the composite function gf to exist) the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g. In the example above, fe(x) = f2x-+ 3) Ox +3) “To find the range of fg. we apply fto the range of g. ‘As (5) =25, the cange of fg = {fg(x) E R:fg(x) > 25) =a MS as Given that x © R, fxr> x, gx» 3x + 2, find (a) fg and (b) gf- Obtain the range of each. SolutionJ. Foreach ofthe following pais of functions, find whether fg and gf exist for x. If either exists, find its rule inthe form fg x .. or gfx... G@) fx 3n-2,gx-+5—3x © fara texstaeo) (©) fx (123), gx4—5x @ fx 3x-4.gn— hh (©) fx 1-2x, gx > Inx,x>0 (© Ex Vx, (x =O, gx 2x43 ee te gk 1 (ire eee 2. Skeich the graphs of fix 3* and g:x > 3 2x forx ER. Find whether fg or gf exists. In each case if it exists, find its rule and its range. |. Sketch the graphs of fx > $* and gx > x for x € R. Find whether fg or gf exists. In each cas, if it exists, find its rule and its range. 44 Sketch the graphs of fx > sin x, (0 c0s x, (0 < x 2 EXOx4+6xER {@) Show thatthe equation gf(x) =O has no real roots. (b) State the domain of f-', and find an expression in terms of x for f(x). (©) Sketch, in a single diagram, the graphs of y= f(x) and y =x), aking clear the relationship between these graphs. * c‘The functions f and g are defined as follows: fx xeRxe0 gx I-uxER ‘Write down expressions for fp(x) and gf(x) where x #0,x + I and hence show thaf‘gfig(x)= fgftx) for all such x. ia, ‘The function Fis defined by foo GIF 42,.ERx> 1 (On a single clearly labelled diagram, sketch the graphs of £°Q) andy = fF "@). ‘The function g is defined by gx 3x+2,.xER. Find gftx), for x = 1 ‘The function his defined by hex +> ax + b,x © R: where @ and b are constants. Find the values of a and b such that fhix > 4x? + 16x + 18,x © R,x >-2. iro The function fs defined by Ex + 4x° +3, (x ER) Give the corresponding definition of f- State a relationship between the graphs of fand f\ Ic) ‘The functions f, g and b are defined for x by fa) =x, 20)=Vx0>0) hoo x+2, ‘Sketch on separate, clearly labelled diagrams, the graphs of (@ y=fix) () y=200) (© y= ef) (@) y= thon) fx) Find (gh) \Q), given y = 0. ia ‘The subset of R given by {3:1 -2} and is defined by fix) = x2 + 4x-+7. Define the inverse function f ". Ic 9. The function f has domain {x & R: x <3} and is defined by f(x 6x +10. |__ Define the inverse function f-* ia [i Me finetion fis given by fx -> x= 34-4, where ER J) Pade mg: ot Fad he ie off ih =0 Sketch the graphs of y_ —3x-4 and. | i ae |. Show that Ex -> x2 —4x +3, where x € Ris not a one-one function. ‘The one-one function g has domain D where D C R and is defined by e:x-> x° 4x +3. Given thatthe range of gis the same as the range off find D. Find also gin the form gx >... ving its domain and range tc) 1. The function fis defined by fx+-> —*—, x #1. Obtain simplified expressions for: w 2) © He @ (2). Hence, sotve the equation (2) + £=(43.1.1 Distance between two points. We know from earlier work thatthe distance d between two points with coordinates (x, y,) and (x,.¥,) is given by ‘Sow thatthe points with coordinates (2, 3) and (-2.-1) are equidistant from the point with coordinates (4,5) Sauion 4-23 +6-7 = 3645 = V0 ‘Distance between point (2, 3) and point (4,5) ¥(4+2F +(5+) = 44% = 0 ‘Heove points (2,3) and (2,1) are equidistant from point (4, 5) Distance between point (-2,~1) and point (—4, 5) 3.1.2 Mid-peint of a line segment IfAand B have coordinates (x,,y,) and (x,,y,), the coordinates of the mid-point of line segment AB are et +2),: PURE MATHS. I. = = Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment AB where A = (2,-3), B=(~3.4). Solution Coordinates of mid-point = { |.3 Gradient of a line (i We know already that the gradient of a line is the ratio y,) are the coordinates of any two given points on the line. The gradient of the straight line through (~2, 3) and (2X lines, have infinite gradient. Thus, x = 1,x =~5,x (Al nes parallel to the y-oxs 3 have infinite gradient {iv Ifa straight line has positive gradient, it makes an acute angle with the positive direction of the x-axis and if ithas negative gradient, it makes an obtuse angle with the positive direction of the x-axis 3.1.4 Equations of straight lines ‘The Cartesian equation of a straight line is the equation satisfied by the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate of any print om the line Toi the equation of a straight line, we need to know the Coordinates of one point on the line and its gradient tFthe coordinates of two points on the line. 3.1.5 Equation of the straight line through a point? (x,, y,) and with gradient m Weruke the gencral point (x,y) onthe line yom YOM. = mas gradient is m Ak = yy =mix—x) = 0, the equation is y = mx. Be pons ire rine as. Se he equation ofthe staigh line with gradient ~+ and pasing though the point with coordinate (2-1). Solon ci __4 F a2 3S Sy- 1D =40+2) Sy-5 =-4x-8 Syt4x+3 =0 3.1.6 Equation of the straight line through twe given points --3) and (5,4), we find the gradientBy =7x-23 Note: Instead of using ( | Find the equation of the line through (1,2) and (—3, 1) i Solution i Gradient of line x-1, 4 4y +8 =-3x+3 4y =-3-5 dy +3x+5=0 Example? : Find the equation of the line through (-2, 3) and (4, 3). Solution Gradient of line = ‘The line has gradient 0. $0,116 yt. vad \ Is equation i y= 3 as both pons have ycoortinme 3) ‘Taking the general point (x. y) om the line and one of the two given points say (2. PURE MATHS FOR ADVANCED VE 3), the equation is then J, we could have used (5, 4) and obtained the same equation.|. Find the length of the line segment joining each of the following pairs of points with given coordinates: (b) 0,-9.3.) @ CL-9.2,3) (©) G22, ® @,-D,¢1,4) (2) (2,0),(4.0) b) 0,-2.7) @ (2,0), (6,a) 0 20,62 2. Find the coordinates of the mid-point of each of the line segments in question 1. |. The point P (a, 4) lies om the circle with AB as diameter. Given that A and B have coordinates (-?, 3) and (4,11) respectively, find the coordinates of the centre of the circle and the values of a. 444 Show that the points (3, 5), (-5, 1), (-1.5) lie om a circle with cemtre (1,—1). |S. ABC is a triangle with coordinates A(2,—1), B(O, 3) and C(S, 9). Find the lengths of the medians of the triangle | The vertices A, B and C of a parallelogram ABCD have coordinates (4, 8), (2, 3) amd (-2, -6) respectively. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the diagonals. Hence, find the coordinates of the vertex D. 7. Aprallelogram ABCD has vertices A(x,,y,)-BiX,,y,). Cl, ¥,) and D(x,,¥,)-Show that x, +x,=%, +x, and n+: 8 Aand B have coordinates (~1, 2) and (3, 4) respectively. Find by calculation whether the following points lie on the mediator of AB: (a) (1,3) (b) (-2.9) (€) 2.1). 9, ABCD is a quadrilateral with vertices A(1. 2), B(6, 4). C(4, 9) and D(-1.7). ‘Show that all sides are of equal length. Find the lengths ofthe diagonals BD and AC. Hence, show that all the angles of the quadrilateral are right angles. ‘What is the special name given to this quadrilateral?10. ABCD is a quadrilateral with AC1,3), B45), C(6, 10) and DX1, 8). Show that al the sides are of equal length ‘Show thatthe diagonals AC and BD have the same mid-point M. By considering the lengths of MC, MB and BC, show that the diagonals AC and BD intersect a right angles. 11. A,B and C have coordinates (7, 3), (2,3) and (4,1) respectively Show that the triangle ABC is isosceles. Find the coordinates of the mid-point M of BC. By considering the lengths of AM, MB and AB, show that angle AMB is a right angle. 12, Find the equations of the straight lines with given gradients, passing through the given points: (@) through (1,4), gradient 4 (©) through (4, 3), gradient ~6 (©) through (2, (@) throug (3 (8) through (a,b), gradient m @ through (e+ Dgnaient 2 () though (at, 2a, gradient © though (cera + (0) through (V2, 1 -¥2), gradient . 13. Find the equations of the straight lines through the following pairs of points: @ (1.9), 4,3) ©) 1.9.6. © 1.2.6.9) 1) (1 (2.-3)5.2 © (@.0).0.0) (2) (ap*, 2ap), (aq, 2aq) @) G.-D,6,-1) O49649 °F pea) 14, ABC is a wiangle with vertices A(2. 4), B(4,-2) and C13. 6). Find the equations ofthe medians of the triangle 15, A(-1,2), B(,5) and C(1,8) are the vertices of the triangle ABC. D,E, Fare the mid-points of AB, BC and AC respectively, Find the equations of DE, DF and EF.| 3.2.1 The equation of y = mx + (Consider the equation of the straight line through (0, ¢) and gradient m which is: y-c =mx =m+e as coarser eet Pe ‘gradient m. Acre Tale kart pats pais ee GSE Die a gates} pcg nrg. The equation ax + by = p can be reduced to the form y = mx + ¢ as By des 3.2.2 The equation y - y, = m(x - x,) ‘Wehave sen thatthe equation ofthe straight line with gradient m passing through the point (x, 9,) is fey-y=mix— x). =e __Genversly the equation y y, = m(x ~x, represents a straight lie of gradient m passing through the point (x,y, Ths, y~ 3 = 2(% ~4) isa straight line of gradient 2 through the point (4, 3) and y + 1 = —4(x —3) sa straight Tac of gradient ~4 and passing through the point (3,1). ia az3.2.3 Parallel lines Figure 3.1 From figure 3.1, the gradient of the tine 2 tan 6, where @ is the angle between the line and the positive direction of the x-axis. ep ie A ee Figure 32 It follows that if lines are parallel, they make equal angles with the positive direction of the x-axis, and so, their gradients are equal. Conversely, if two of more straight lines have equal gradients, they are parallel at Show that lines 3y + 2x = 7 and 6y + 4x= 11 are parallel Solution 3y+2x=7 By =-2+7Find the equation of the line through (1,-3) parallel to the line through (—1,-2) and (2, 5). Solution ‘Grlent of ine through (-1,~2) and (2,5) = (Geant of pra line = 7! 3.2.4 Perpendicular lines Consider two lines parallel othe anes (lines and y-lines)..g.x=3 and y =—4. These 2 lines are perpendicular Next, consider two perpendicular lines which are not parallel tothe axes (Figure 33). ee | | | D, B \ Figure 33 IAB makes an angle a with the positive direction of the x-axis, its gradient = tan CD then makes an angle of (90 + a) with the positive direction ofthe x-axis and its gradient is tan (90 + c) =—cot a. Product of gradients is then tan «x -cot «t= —1 So. if two lines are perpendicular and they are not parallel to the axes, the product of their gradients is —1. Conversely, if the product of the gradients of two lines is -1, the lines are perpendicular. _ ate Find the gradient of a straight line which is perpendicular to the line 2y + 3x = 7- Solution 2y+3x Find the equation ofthe straight line through the point (1.4) perpendicular to the line joining ] . ieA 3 Gradient of perpendicular line = Exton of perpendicular line is uA = 4y=16 =3x-3 ay =3x4+13 Find the equation of the mediator of the line segment joining (1, 2) and (4, 6). Solution 8y-32 =-Ox+ 15 By + 6x =47 [ Brample 16 Find the equation of the line through (1. 2) perpendicular 10 the line segment joining (~2, 3) and (5, 3) SolutionFind the gradient of each of the following lines and the y-intercept: (@) 2y-5x=7 (© 3y+2x=9 Dae Da = Oss 5 Ooty (©) axtby= xcosO+ysin@=p @ y-3=20+)) t) yo3=-3(x-5) @ 2%y-3)=5+D Find the gradients of the lines which are (3) parallel and (ii) perpendicular to each of the following lines: (a) 3y-4x=9 (b) 4x 43y=8 © y-2=30+4) @ y-3=px+2, ri OF © xcosB+ysinB=p (g) y+ 4)=5(x-7) ) x=8 = 2S Ores ott Find the value of a in each of the following: (@) Ata, 3), BUI, 4), C1, 2), DG, 5) and AB is parallel CD (©) A(L.2),BG, 5), C(O, 1), D(a, 2) and AB is perpendicular to CD. (© ACA, 1),BG, 4), C4, 2), DU.) and AD is parallel w BC. (@ AQ2,0), BE, 1), Cla, 3), DIS, 7) and AD is perpendicular 1 BC. (©) A(L,1). BC. 3). CCH, a), D(3, 5) and AD is perpendicular to BC. ‘A parallelogram is defined as a quadrilateral which has its 2 pairs of opposite sides parallel. Use this definition to show thatthe quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(2 3), B{S,8)-C(7.9) and DX4, 4) 4 parallelogram. :|Atingle is defined as a parallelogram which has one of its angles 90°. Use this definition to show that the quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(-1. 2), BG,5),C(0, 9) and Dk, 6) is rectangle. F | | & Ais,,y)),Blx,.x,) and C(x,, x,) are the vertices of a triangle ABC. L and M are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively. Show that LM is parallel to BC and its length is + length of BC. Given N, the mid-point of BC has coordinates (2,1) and Land M have coordinates (3. 4) and (5, 7) respec. tively find the equation of BC | Fd the equation of the tine through: (@) (1,2), parallel to the line 2y +x=3 (0) @,-1), perpendicular to the line x - 3y = 4 (©) (0,2), parallel to the Tine on {@) (1,3), perpendicular to the ine y ~3 =—4(x + 1) (6) (1,3), parallel tothe line y (9 (1.3), perpendicular to the line y =—4 (@) 1.5), parallel to the line x = 3 (h) (1,5), perpendicular to the line x = 3 (@ @.3), perpendicular to the line x cos30° + y'sin 30° = 1 () (a, 2a, parallel to the line y -3 = x +2) ® (es) perpendicular to the tine 2 (ep. ep), parallel to the line y +3 3 may |. ABCD is a rhombus. A has coordinates (2,—4) and C (-2, 4). Find the equation of the diagonal BD. Find the equations of the three mediators of the triangle ABC where A.B and C have coordinates (1,2).(S,2) and (3,6) respectively. 1M, The line AB makes an angle of 120° with the positive direction of the x-auis. Find the equations of the ssraight lines through (V3, 1 - V3 ) respectively parallel and perpendicular to AB. | {i Tofind the coordinates of the point of intersection of a straight line with the y-axis, we substitute x =O in the equation of the Tine Tofind the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line with the x-axis, we substitute y =0 in the equation, Thus, 2x + 3y + 6 =0 intersects the y-axis when x = 0.ie, 3y+6 =0 Point of intersection with the y-axis is (0,2). i Itimerseets the x-axis when y =0 ie 2+6 =0 It therefore intersects the x-axis at (-3, 0) i) To find the point of intersection of an To find the point of intersection of the lines with equations 2x + 3y yen lines, we solve their equations, 5 0, we solve the two equations Sand 3x +2 I pk cal ee B42) =10 x3 | \ =10 (A) i +6 = B®) t a oe) Senin in) 8939 i ‘The two lines intersect at (4,—1) i The straight line 2x + 3y = 12 intersects the y-axis at A. Through A, a line AC is drawn at right angles to this i line and through B(1,-2) a line BC of gradient 3 is drawn. Find the coordinates of C. H Solution ALA x=0, 3y= y=4 Ahhas coordinates (0, 4) xt y+2=3x-3 | Eon BC | 3x =-5of C, we solve the equations: 2y—3x o : y-xe5 @ ye ()-@) 26-3x =8 3x = 18 a From the point A(1,~2),a perpendicular is drawn tothe line 2x + 3y = 910 meet it at M. Find the coordinates ‘of Mand the length of AM. ‘The stright line through the point (1-2) parallel to the line 2y + 3x =6 meets the x-axis at A and the y-axis 8. Find the length of AB. ‘The mediator of AB where A und B have coordinates (1, 5) and (2, 6) meets the line through (2,~3) perpen- cular tothe line x +.y = 5 at C. Find the coordinates of C Find the length of the perpendicular from the point (1,~3) to the straight line $x + 12y +5=0. _ Stow that if A, B, C and D have coordinates (2, 1), (5, 4), (4, 5) and (1. 2) respectively, then ABCD is a "Rectangle. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from € to BD and find the length of this perpendicular Aline of gradient $8 dawn through C to cut AB at E. Find the length of AE. AG, 1), B(-5, 7) and C(1, 11) are the coordinates of a triangle ABC. M and N are the mid-points of BC and "AC respectively. Find the equations of the medians AM and BN of the triangle. Hence obtain the coordi- tates of the point of intersection G of the medians. Find the equation of CL where L is the mid-point of AB and show that G lies on CL. Find the equations of the mediators of the triangle ABC with A(-1, 2). B(S,2) and C(-1, 8). Show tit the ‘point of intersection of the mediators of AB and AC lies on BC. Pas cine tes y=3n,y= xan + 958, ins aio es Be coins of pol tic trTo find the coordinates of the points of intersection (if any) of a curve and a straight line, we solve their equations. ‘A curve may not intersect a line at all. It may intersect it in one point only, in which case. the line is a tangent 1 the curve or it may intersect it in more than one point. The 3 different cases are illustrated in Figure 3.4. ae © Figure 3.4 For a quadratic curve y = ax? + bx +c and a line y = px + q. we obtain: x +.q at points of intersection ax’ +x(b-p)+e-q=0 ‘This is a quadratic equation which has 2 unequal roots (thus giving 2 points of intersection) if the discriminant > 0, ies (o— py 4ale—q)>0 In this case, the line cuts the curve in two distinct points, thas 2 equal roots giving only one point of intersection if discriminant = 0, in which case the line isa tangent 10 the curve. It has no real roots giving no point of intersection if discriminant <0. These cases are illustrated in Figure 3.5Wesolvext+y=4 (1) tl) y=4—x (A) in (2) (ret (ne ay 5 5 842041 64 16x+e | 5 5 Se + 10x +5 +512 — 128K + 8x? = 280 13x? - 1185 +237 =0 (x-313x-79) =0 mi? +2m-8)x+1=0 jequition is a quadratic equation which has 2 real roots ifthe line cuts tie curve in 2 points, 2 equal roots if lie is a tangent to the curve and non-real or “imaginary’ roots if the line does not intersect the curve. Jethsease rors are equalPURE MATHS FOR br—4ac =0 (2m—8¥ - 4m =0 2m + 64 — 4m The line y = 2x + 3 intersects the curve y Solution Solving y=2x+3andy =x +7x+m 4 7x+m E2043 x24 5x+(m-3) =0 This quadratic has 2 real distinet roots if bP dac > 0 bi > 4ac 25 > 4(m-3) 25+12>4m 37 mc 4 l m_ TRIGONOMETRY 1 iar withthe three trigonometrcal ratios sine, cosine and tangent. esallthat ina right-angled triangle eee HYPOTENUSE = — ADJACENT en = FIYPOTENUSE tna = OPPOSITE ~ADIACENT is vector of length | unit making an angle at with the positive direction of the x-axis, c 0s cand the y-component = sin a (Figure 5.1) ys | 7 AaN Figure 5.1 ows that the coordinates of P are (cos «, sin @).5.1.2 Angles between 90° and 180° Figure $2 IFOP, and OP, are vectors of unit length making angles of 110° and 160° respectively with the positive ‘of the x-axis, the coordinates of P, and P, are (cos 110°, sin 110°) and (cos 160°, sin 160°) respectively. The: . where p is acute, find, in terms of pfallngles, between 0° and 360°, which satisfy the equations: and that x is acute, find an expression for sin x in terms of p. ia ‘ie angles, between 0° and 360°, which satisfy the equations: a()-> ) Bsn 2 = 3eos 2 Ic) angles, between 0° and 360°, which satisfy the equations 2x21 Ic} angles, between O° and 360°, which satisfy the equations: +20") =-08Figure 6.1 ‘Wersall thatthe sum of two vectors PQ and QR writen PQ + QR is PR. ic. PQ + QR=PR (Figure 6.1) Sina), PQ+QR + RS= PS y ‘Axytwo vectors a and b can be added by considering two vectors PQ and QR equivalent to a and b (Figure 62) Figure 62 -b=PQ+ QR =PR ja bean be represented by PR where PR is the diagonal through P of the parallelogram PQRS. nda +b +c, we consider three vectors PQ. QR and RS equivalent to a, band e respectively (Figure 63). Ra+b+e=PQ+QR+RS Figure 64 a—b can be regarded as a +—b. Since -D is a vector opposite in direction to b, having the same a-b=a+-b SR+RQ sg ‘So, a—b is represented by SQ where SQ is the diagonal through S of the parallelogram PQRS. 6.1.3 Multiplication of a vector by a scalar ‘A vector 3a is a vector of magnitude three times the magnitude of ain the same direction as a. A vector 3 vector of magnitude three times the magnitude of a in the opposite direction to. Generally, a vector ka is in the same direction as aif k > and in the opposite direction to a if k <0. Is tude is klal if > 0 and fll if k <0. 6.1.4 Addition of la and mb To add two vectors La and mb, we construct la and mb first and add them as in (i) above. Thus, in Figure 6.5, LN represents|. L divides AB in the ratio 1:3, Mis the mid-point of AD. AB is parallel to Figure 6.6 of the following vectors in terms of p and q: qac 2. Find BC and DE jean be deduced about the lengths and directions of BC and DE?c 5 oenee fs 7 or > 2 2 = Figure 65 In Figure 68, ABCD is a quadrilateral and E, F, G and H are the mid-point of AB, BC, CD and AD: Given AB = p, BC =q, AD =s and DC =r, show that p+ q=r+s. Show that EF = HG What be deduced about the figure EFGH? Write down the displacement vector XY. for each of the following pairs of points. @ XG,9,¥ 6,9) () X@,7,¥2,4) (©) X(12,5,¥ 6.4) @ X2,9,¥@,5) © X6.D.Y@) eae Cine tat is te (3 an at and ae 76 and 7 ae‘) ani?) mpm Gide nies of the vets Q, Ra Sof the parallelogram PORS, \ Show that the points E (1,1), F (5.4), G (8, 9) and H (0, 3) form a trapezium. 3 4) lx= 3) amt = 6 tte down the folowing as column vectors @ 3x oy Oy @ 3y (© x42y (9 3n+2yses of equally spaced parallel lines. It is given that AB = aand AG =b. of a and b; © OW © oF oF © Dk () Ew ) it OR ® 1 Position vector of & point in a plane Eppsition vector of a point A is its position referred to an origin O. It is denoted by OA or OA. Sein) be poo vcr OA cane meni) (}-() eas [fJocstess Position vector of a point in space ila, the postion of « point is determined with reference to two perpendicular lines called the x-axis and the Pike the position of a point is determined with reference to three mutually perpendicular lines, ie. any two dicular to each other. These lines are called the x-axis, the y-axis and the z-axis. eimay be represented as in Figure 6.9 (a) or Figure 6.9 (b)o Figure 69 The broken lines show the negative directions of the axes. If point P has coordinates (1.2, 3), Pis moving a unit along the positive direction of the x-axis, 2 units parallel to the positive direction of the y~ 3 units parallel to the positive direction of the z-axis. Figure 6.10 In a plane, unit vectors along Ox and Oy are i and j respectively. In three dimensions, unit vectors along Ox, Oy and Oz are i, j and k respectively. If P has coordinates (x, y,2), OP =| y| or xi + yj + zk6.2.3 Length of a vector o 2=dimensions Hees or te neh owen = VF +6 Figure 6.11 (i) 4=dimensions a ¢ Figure 6.12 ‘Auge LMN is a right angle as LM and MN are respectively parallel to the x-axis and y-axis. So, L? Inti tiangle PNL. angle PNL is a right angle as NP is parallel to the z-axis. PL?= LN? + PN? tbe Hoe: f+ bj +ck|= VF ob seFind the length of (a) 21+ 3 (b) 31+ §— 12k Solution @ ) Given A=(-1, 2,3) and B= (3,1, ~4), find [AB]. Solution AB =b-a 3i+ j—4k)- (i+ +3) =41-j-7k fe say +Oy V6 [aB) 6.2.4 Unit vector itr WiaVeeF Since vector 41 3j is of length 5 units, a unit vector, (ie. a vector of length 1 unit) in the direction of Generally, ifr = al + bj, |r] = Va + A unit vector in the direction of a a+ i + bjis therefore frre Ur=aitbj+ep|=v8 +e A unit vector in the direction of ai + bj + ck is therefore A unit vector in the direction of ris written ®Find the unit vector in the direction of (a)i- (b) 20-5 3k. Solution (@) Unit veotor in the direction of ¢ 1) Unie vector in the dteeon of 25— )= 98 = —_29=3= 3 v2 +GH +), a- vis Pand Q have coordinates (1, -3, 3) and (2, 1. 0) respectively. Find the unit vector in the direction of PQ. Solution PQ=4-p (21 + 5+ Ok) — (i— 35 + 3k) +453 Unt ector in the direction of PQ = —1* 43-5 \e+#+GF iri 3k 86 — = Find he coordinates of P given OP is the unit vector in the direction of AB where A= (1.3, 3) and B= (3, 4.5) | Soltion WaB=Gi+ 4) +5x)— G35 +38) 22147) + 2k 2+ 75+ Ut vector in the direction of AB = as Bas 21+ T)s 2k V7PURE MATHS FOR UADVANCEDILEVED | Find the coordinates of P given AP is a vecior of length 3 units inthe direction of AB where = (4,2, -13). 3i+ 45-12 Unit vector in the diction of AB = —21*45— 12% +846 i+ 4-12 B px Seah 12k 36) pee Exercise 6 B 1 Find the unit vector in the direction of each of the following, leaving your answe (@ 31-4 (o) Si+ 125 (© 81-64 é) i-j 6 j ixtj i+ aiewer oft) mf) of] of] 2 A,B,C and D have coordinates (2,-3), (5, 1), (-3.9) and (4, 5) respectively. Find the unit vector in the direction of each of the following: (0) AB () ac © aD @ Be © BD (ep 3. A.Band C have coordinates (0, 1,1). 2, Find the unit vector in the direction of: (9 AB (ac © Be =1, 0) and (-1, 2,3) respectively 4 Eahof te ollowing isa unit vector. In each ase find he valu ofp 2 eds ene ty, peas ©) O=pied © i+ 35-8 | 3 4 (@) pit 2p) © pl+3pl—4pk (pis Sie Sk Find the coordinates of A given: {@) OA isthe unit vector in the direction of 64 ~ 8). (6) OA is the unit vector in the direction of 3i— 4j — 5k. 3 Asad B have coordina (1.0) nd (p sales ofp ) psy Ge et AB ca i eed i Ts ects a bande are ach tata =(*) Find unit vectors parallel to~ (ard (b) 2a~3¢ (;}=se-(3) ‘fee 12j, Hence, find the vector of magnitude 26 units in the direction of Three vectors a, b and c are such that Find unit vectors parallel to () 2a+3b (b) 3a-4e Fipd the unit vector in the direction of Si 51-12) “(8 the vector of magnitude 25 units in the direction of 31-4). Bie vector Of ringnitode 312 units in the diction o€ +5. the vector of magnitude 39 units in the direction of 31 +4] — 12k. Sa a a1 w seer tena ;) 4 a (errr meses dc i} } |. Given ais the unit vector inthe direction of 4i— 3 and b is the unit vector in the direction of Si+ 12j (@) 10a~26b (b) the unit vector in the direction of 10a - 26b. Given a is a vector of magnitude 26 units in the direction of 44 — 12 ~ 3k and bis a vector of 13 units in the direction of 34 + 12j — 4k, find the unit vector im the direction of 2a + 3. (is the origin and P, Q have coordinates (3,2) and (-1, 1) respectively. Given OR is a vector of 10 units in the direction of PQ. find the coordinates of R. P and Q have coordinates (1. -2, 0) and (13. 1, 4) respectively. Given that OR is a vector of ‘52 units in the direction of QP, find the coordinates of R. 5. A and B have coordinates (1,3) and (6,~9) respectively. If C is a point on AB sach that AC is find the coordinates of C. A, Band Q have coordinates (1, 1,2). (2, 1,1) and (3, —1, 1) respectively. Given AB is a unit the direction of PQ, find the coondinates of B. Anhas position vector &i~ 6j relative to the origin. Given B is a point on OA such that OB is a unit find the position vector of B. ‘Avhas position vector 44 + 3) — 12k and B is a point on OA such that OB is a unit vector. Find the ps vector of B. A and B have position vectors i + 2j and 9i ~ 4) relative to the origin respectively. If C is a point: such that AC is a unit vector, find the coordinates of C. ‘A.and B have position vectors 2i— j +k and i + 2) - 4 relative to the origin respectively. If Cis a ‘on AB such that AC is a unit vector, find the coordinates of C.