Different Metals for construction:

1. Aluminium
Aluminum is a widely known and used metal in the building sector
due to its strength and lightweight nature when compared to other
metals. Because of the metal's flexibility and adaptability, architects
have a lot of options, and it may be utilized for a variety of
projects.Because of its strength, durability, manageability, and
capacity to take on a wide variety of shapes, it is typically one
among the first metals selected by designers and architects.

2. Steel
For many architects, builders, and other professionals in the building
industry, steel is the "go-to" metal. It is synonymous with strength
and is still the foundation of any construction project when durability
and hardiness are essential. Building programs can range widely
from skyscrapers to homes, bridges to stadiums.

3. Brass
Brass, a copper and zinc alloy, is used in many different
construction-related applications. It can be utilized just for its
exquisite ornamental appearance, which resembles gold, in
architectural applications where little friction is required, like door
knobs or locks. Where there is water contamination or high water
temperatures, special corrosion-resistant brass is also appropriate.

4. Copper
Copper is a softer, more pliable metal, is widely used in the
construction sector primarily as the main material for pipes. The
metal is perfect for hot and cold water outlets since it is ductile and
corrosion-resistant. For these reasons, copper is also perfect for
applications including heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It is
a crucial component of the global telecommunications networks and
the metal that conducts electricity the best of all the metals. It is
robust and flexible, making it ideal for many building purposes, even
if it isn't as strong as steel. It is also found in water.
Different types of steel for construction:

1. Steel Rebar:
Rebar, also referred to as reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or a mesh
of steel wires.
This kind of steel gives reinforced concrete and masonry
constructions the extra strength they need to sustain load pressure.
The surface of rebar is frequently textured to improve the strength
of the concrete bond.
Advantages:
 Great in crack prevention
 Ideal for projects that require medium to small thickness
 Durable and strong

2. Alloy Steel:
are created by combining carbon steel with one or more alloying
elements, such as chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, tianium,
and aluminum. Typically, the purpose of adding alloying elements is
to give carbon steel advantageous qualities that raise its
construction value.
• High tensile strength: Alloy steel bars are more compressible
and have a higher tensile strength rating than mild steel.
• Corrosion resistance: Alloy steel can have its overall corrosion
resistance increased since it is formed by combining carbon steel
with additional alloying components.
• Increased toughness: Steel can be strengthened and made
more resilient to large loads by alloying metals through heat
treatment.

3. Carbon Steel
As the name suggests, carbon steel is a form of steel with a higher
carbon concentration than other steel varieties. The carbon
concentration in this type of steel can reach up to 2.5%, which
greatly boosts the steel's strength, thereby making it perfect for
large projects.
The Main Types of Carbon Steel
• Mild steel (low carbon steel)
• Medium carbon steel
• High carbon steel

Advantages of Carbon Steel

• Availability in different forms
• Strong and highly durable
• Weather-resistant
• Economical

4. Stainless Steel:
Stainless steel is a steel alloy with greater corrosion and weather
resistance compared to alloy steel or carbon steel. Some of the
common elements used in stainless steel include chromium,
molybdenum, or nickel.

Advantages of Stainless Steel:

• Durable
• Heat-resistant
• High strength-to-weight ratio
• Ductility: Stainless steel
• Recyclable: Stainless steel
• Enhances overall beauty:

5. Tool Steel:
Tool steel is another steel type used in construction. However, this
sort of steel is largely utilized for tool manufacture, which is still
vital in the construction business. Tool steel stands out due to its
ability to hold shape at high temperatures, hardness, and abrasion
resistance
Due to its strength, tool steel is generally utilized in different tool
applications, including blades, hammers, molds, and heavy cutting
tools.

The Main Grades of Tool Steel:

• Water hardening (W-Grades): This type of tool steel is usually
high in carbon content. Despite its affordability, W-Grade tool steels
aren't ideal for use in high-temperature conditions.
• Air hardening (A-Grades): Air hardening tool steels have
increased chromium content that enhances corrosion resistance
• D type (D-Grades): D type tool steels have high chromium and
carbon content, making them strong and abrasion-resistant.
• Shock resisting types (S-Grades): This tool steel is designed to
resist shock at high or low temperatures.
• Hot working (H-Grades): H-Grade steels are commonly used to
cut materials at extra high temperatures. They are extra strong and
hard, which allows for easy cutting of other metals.

6. Weathering Steel
Small levels of phosphorus, copper, nickel, silicon, and chromium
are present in this special kind of steel. By using the
aforementioned elements, weathered steel can produce a protective
layer of rust when exposed to weather, negating the need for paint.
When aged steel is exposed to oxygen and moisture, rust occurs.
This rust serves as a barrier to stop further corrosion. Consequently,
The layer of rust serves as a barrier, shielding
the rust-causing factors' wear and tear on the steel.
Benefits of Weathering Steel
• High strength:
• Low maintenance:
• Cost-effective

Weathering steel is relatively cheaper than most types of steel,

which makes it pocket-friendly in the short term. In addition to the
low cost of purchase, weathering steel doesn't need painting or
regular maintenance, which reduces the overall costs of
construction.

7. Light Gauge Steel

As the name implies, the lightweight nature of this steel makes it
stand out. When thin gauge materials are cold-formed into precise
section profiles, light gauge steel is created. Section sizes and
profile shapes vary, but they are typically robust enough to prevent
local buckling and premature failure.

Advantages of Light Gauge Steel

• Light gauge steel is easy to handle
• Safe: Compared to the heavier types of steel, light gauge steel is
lightweight and can be carried around the construction site without
the risk of injury due to impact or carrying heavy loads.
• Cost-effective

8. Structural Steel:
Steel that is made with a precise cross-sectional shape, chemical
composition, and strength parameters is known as structural steel.
The majority of industrialized nations typically regulate the
structural steel's composition, strength, size, and shape.Structural
steel can be easily transformed into different shapes, including L
shape, I-Beam, T shape, and Z shape, among other shapes.

Advantages:
• Strength
• Constructability
• Corrosion resistance
• Affordability
• Recyclable and reusable

Different Types of steel sections

I-BEAMS
These structural steel beams, also known as universal beams or H-
beams, are designed with a robust center to offer vertical support.
They can be embedded in concrete, utilized independently, or
welded together to form continuous beams. I-beams are a common
material in large-scale construction projects since they are required
for almost every major structure.
ANGLED BEAMS
These L-shaped steel beams are frequently utilized as part of a
structure's framework. Even though each segment's length can
differ, angled beams always create
a 90° angle.

U-BEAMS
In order to reinforce the structure, U-beams, which are similar to I-
beams but have two parallel flanges that extend from only one side
of the vertical support, are frequently utilized as braces. The size of
U-beams varies depending on the plans.

FLAT BARS
There are many uses for these straightforward yet adaptable steel
parts in construction projects. They can take on almost any shape in
order to perform the task of connecting distinct portions, which is
often their purpose.

ROUND & SQUARE BEAMS

Round or square-shaped solid steel beams are more frequently
found in industrial appliances and equipment than in the
construction of buildings. However, they are a valuable commodity
in a variety of industries and have a wide range of applications.

HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTIONS (HSS)

Steel bars with a hollow center that are shaped like circles are
known as hollow structural sections, or HSS for short. Because of the
internal hollow area that enhances torsion resistance, HSS is an
essential part of multi-axis loading applications.

ANGLED STEEL SECTION

The steel beams that support buildings in an L-shape are a frequent

structural element. An L-shape is created by joining two steel legs at a
right angle. Angled beams consistently create the correct angle, even if the
length of each piece can differ. Since these beams come in a variety of
sizes and dimensions, there is no hard-and-fast rule dictating that the steel
legs must be the same length.
STEEL BEAM SECTION

The required specification for structural steel beams is called Universal

Beams (UB). The target market for production is the UK market. On the
other hand, I sections, rolled beams, and IPE beams are all typical on the
Continent.

Steel beam sections come in a variety of forms, including round and

squared beams, U-, I-, or H-beams, etc. Because U-beams resemble I-
beams but only have two parallel flanges that extend from one side of the
vertical support, they are employed as braces. Solid steel beams that are
square or round are more frequently utilized in appliances and machines
than in building. But they are a useful commodity in many industries and
have a wide range of possible applications.

CHANNEL STEEL SECTION

Hot-rolled steel channels are used in many structural contexts, such as the
automobile sector and the built environment. Channel steel sections come
in C-, U-, and parallel flange (PFC) shapes. The name was inspired by this
segment's C-shaped profile. This type of section is commonly referred to as
"channel" in the AISC Steel Construction Manual.

Channel steel sections are made up of a single web that is surrounded by

upper and lower flanges that are oriented at a right angle to the web, just
like a half beam, but with a full thickness web. Structural sizes are
available in sections of 18 meters, whereas bar sizes are normally available
in lengths of up to 6 or 12 meters. Although channels aren't employed as
beams, their flat faces make it easier to join them together with similar
surfaces.
T-STEEL SECTION

The AISC Steel Construction Manual refers to this sort of section as a

"structural tee." The flange and the web are the two T-shaped components
that make up the T-steel segment. This design's flange side can withstand
significantly more flexural strain than its non-flange side. They are used by
steel roof trusses to form built-up sections.