SETTLEMENT STUDIES

This part section discusses the geographical concepts based on the topic settlement. The
assumption to this topic is that all students come from settlements therefore they have
existing knowledge on settlements. The following are the definitions of settlements:

 A settlement is any place where people live.

 This may be a permanent or temporary dwelling.
 Examples (hamlet, village, town, city, megapolis, metropolitan etc)

OBJECTIVES:

The BGCSE geography syllabus postulates the following learning objectives under the
topic settlement. At the end of the topic students should be able to:

 Identity the different types of settlements and patterns in Botswana.

 Draw a sketch map of settlement patterns and land use in their local area.
 Account for the evolution of different settlement patterns in Botswana.
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each settlement pattern.
 Assess the national settlement policy.
 Discuss the historical evolution of cities and towns in Botswana.
 Describe the different models of the internal structure of towns/cities.
 Describe and explain the morphology of the selected town/city.
 Evaluate the morphology of the selected town/city.
 Analyse the relationship of the selected town/city to the surrounding areas.

DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS USED IN SETTLEMENT STUDIES

 Site: actual ground /place on which a settlement stands/an exact location of a

settlement.
 Situation: location of a settlement in relation to its surroundings. e.g rivers,
mountains.
 Pattern: the way the homesteads are arranged within a particular area. e.g dispersed
 Function: the activities in a settlement/ how people earn a living. mining, lands
 Size: population occupying a certain settlement.
 Morphology: the internal structure of a settlement.
 Settlement hierarchy: size orders in a settlement system.

BGCSE OBJECTIVES:THE SUMMARISED VERSION & DISCUSSION OF NOTES.

The following part section addresses the BGCSE syllabus objectives in the form of summary
notes. It is on the mandate of the writer of this revision notes to indicate that the information
contained in this part is free and has been tested for validity and reliability.

Objective 1:Identity the different types of settlements and patterns in Botswana.

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There are three main settlement patterns.

 Nucleated
 Households are close/clustered together.
 may develop along the following places(river mouth, confluence, rich fertile soils, at
a road junction ,hilltop, mineral deposit)

Diagram showing a nucleated settlement

Residential= Roads=

Figure 1: Nucleated settlement

Characteristics of Nucleated Settlement

 Large population
 Short distances between homesteads
 Traditional and modern housing units.

Advantages of nucleated settlement

 Companionship- people live together with friends and relatives to enhance social
cohesion.
 easy and cheaper for the government to provide social services( water, power)
 provides security- easier to mobilize people in times of war
 easy to mobilize people for community projects
 promotes business opportunities for residents(availability of market from large
population)

Disadvantages of nucleated settlement

 Puts pressure on natural resources e.g fuel wood, land for building, water in areas
near the settlement.
 Facilitates easy spread of communicable diseases.
 Competition for land increases the price of land.
 Leads to overcrowding in one place when there is free land elsewhere

Linear Settlement
 Homesteads are built in a line (straight or curved).
 May develop along transport lines for easy movement.
 Or along river banks for easy access to water.
 Near areas with fertile soils for crop production.

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 Figure 2: Linear settlement

Advantages of linear settlement

 It is easier to provide social services.

 People enjoy that traditional cooperative system.
 Easy transportation because of roads.
 Provide sense of security.

Disadvantage of linear settlement

 Homesteads are stretched out in a line so people are still far from their kins.

DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS

 Homesteads are widely scattered over a large area e.g farms, cattle posts.
 Characterised by wide spacing between homesteads.
 Low population.
 Slow developments in the provision of social amenities.

Figure 3: Dispersed settlement

Advantages of dispersed settlement

 Enough land for expansion.
 Land and other resources are shared equally.
 Allows privacy/ quiet and peaceful environment.
 Less/ reduced pollution.

Disadvantage of dispersed settlement

 Difficult to provide essential social services.
 Difficult to mobilise people for community projects.
 Little social cohesion/ minimal cooperation.
 Difficult for traditional leaders to rule their subjects as they are scattered over a wide
area.
 Lack of security.

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  Long distances travelled.

OBJECTIVE 2: Draw a sketch map of settlement patterns and land use in their local area.

Drawing of a settlement pattern and land use of a selected local area

OBJECTIVE 3: Account for the evolution of different settlement patterns in Botswana.

CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS
There are two main types of settlements. Rural and urban.

Rural settlements is a place whose inhabitants depend on agriculture for a living.(primary

activities)

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF RURAL AREAS

Physical factors

1.availability of water supply eg along rivers, pans

2.fertile soils to grow crops since most rural people depend on farming.

3.Good pastures for grazing.

4.Availability of natural resources: people settled where firewood,building material,minerals

were abundant

5.availability of flat land for easy consturiion of houses,roads.

6.disease free areas

7.defence:historically people settled in areas which provided security against enemies(hill

tops,river confluence eg mfecane wars.

Human/social economic factors

1. Along transport networks eg roads,railway lines to make travelling from place to

place easier.

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 2. Culture: living in villages is an established custom of Botswana. This made it easy for
chiefs to govern and control their people.
3. Employment opportunities/accessibility to market: this is a modern influence where
villages developed near towns because its inhabitants get employed in these towns.
4. Government may encourage nucleated settlement because it is easy to provide
services eg water,electricity,schools,clinics etc

Rural settlement patterns

There are three main settlement patterns.

A.Nucleated:a type of households are close/clustered together. A nucleated settlement

may develop in the following places:river mouth and confluence,rich fertile soils,at a
road junction,hilltop,mineral deposit

Characterised by large population, short distances between homesteads,traditional and

modern housing units.

Advantages of nucleated settlement

~companionship- people live together with friends and relatives to enhance social cohesion.

~easy and cheaper for the government to provide social services( water, power)

~provides security- easier to mobilize people in times of war

~easy to mobilize people for community projects

~promotes business opportunities for residents(availability of market from large population)

Disadvantages

-puts pressure on natural resources eg fuelwood ,land for building, water in areas near the
settlement

-facilitates easy spread of communicable diseases

-competion for land increase the price of land

- leads to overcrowding in one place when there is free land elsewhere

B.LINEAR Settlement

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This is a type of settlement where homesteads are built in a line which may be straight or
curved. A linear settlement may develop along transport lines for easy movement or along
river banks where the soil is fertile and for easy access to water.

Advantages:

~it is easier to provide social services

~people enjoy that traditional cooperative system

~easy transportation because of roads

~provide sense of security

Disadvantages

Homesteads are stretched out in aline so people are still far from their kins.

C. DISPERSED SETTLEMENTS

This is where homesteads are widely scattered over a large area eg farms, cattleposts,
kgalagadi.it is characterised by wide spacing of homesteads, low population, slow
developments in the provision of social amenities.

ADVANTAGES

~ enough land for expansion

~ land and other resources are shared equally

~ allows privacy/ quiet and peaceful environment

~ less/ reduced pollution

DISADVANTAGE

-difficult to provide essential social services

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-Difficult to mobilise people for community projects

-little social cohesion/ minimal cooperation

-difficult for traditional leaders to rule their subjects as they are scattered over a wide area.

-lack of security

-long distances travelled.

VILLAGE MORPHOLOGY

A village is divided into small units called wards(kgotla). Wards composed of households
occupied by closely related people. The main ward is the chiefs ward.This is where village
meetings are held and cases are heard. The centre of the village is the main kgotla surrounded
by the kgosing ward. Next where basimane ba segotso (firemakers). These were the chiefs
body guards and even spies. Next is that of basimane ba kgosi(chiefs servants).Beyond
basimane wards were those of dikgosana ,these were followed by wards of immigrant groups.

This layout has been changing due to population growth which caused congestion at the
centre and some wards being relocated. The land immediately outside the village is usually
used for crop cultivation.people migrate from their crop fields lands during the raining
season.further from the village is the zone of livestock farming.

CASE STUDY: Name Nata village

Location: along Francistown – Maun road

Factors:-along F/town –Maun road for easy transportation

-Nata river for water supply

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 - fertile soils for cultivation-farms on the outskirts of the village

-grazing pastures shown by presence of cattle posts in the area

- access to building materials in the area eg poles, grass

-abundant firewood for fuel

-central point for administration ruled by a chief.

Pattern of Nata settlement: dispersed as one moves far in the village and also linear along the
river and road.

NATIONAL SETTLEMENT POLICY

The NSP is a long term spatial development policy whose main aim is to achieve balanced
development. its a policy that integrate physical environment and economic planning to
achieve a sustainable human settlement throughout the country.

Objectives of NSP

. To provide guidelines for developments of various regions of the country

. to promote proper use of land

. to promote conservation of natural resources for the benefits of existing and future
generations.

. to promote balanced developments

.to regulate establishment of settlements in the country

. to facilitate orderly transition from rural to urban settlements.

. to promote long term strategy for human settlement

The government came up with a policy based on three- planning levels- hierarchy of a
settlement.

1, Primary centres

These are large urban and rural settlements offering employment, social and infrastructural
services.

2.Secondary centres- these are intermediate settlements which are districts or sub districts
headquarters

3.Tertiary centres-these are remote area dweller settlements with few population.

URBAN SETTLEMENT

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Settlements where majority of residents are engaged in non-agricultural activities eg;
wholesale traders, manufacturing, industries and other services. It is characterised by well
planned buildings and land use is well defined. They normally have piped water, electricity,
good transport etc.

Factors influencing the location of urban areas

-availability of a mineral: a town may develop at a mineral site eg. Orapa, Jwaneng.

-Administrative purpose-capital cities such as Gaborone

-availability of industries(modern commerce)

-availability of power

-availability of large flat/gentle slope

-availability of water

-availability of attractions for tourism

-a town may be sited at road junction eg palapye

The growth of a settlement from a village into a town

 Population size-more people move to the village to look for jobs in the industries.
When the population reaches a certain number the village qualifies to be a town.
 Available services: a village become a town when it can provide all the services
available in a town eg; banking facilities, schools ,hospitals, hostels, restaurants
 More sophisticated services such as casinos, stadiums, parks, libraries are built
 Workers in schools ,clinics etc will need houses so organisations like BHC will build
some houses in the village
 Industries available: the number and type of industries available in an area may
develop an area into a town eg Jwaneng developed into a town because of mining
industry which developed infrastructure in the area.
 Government policy: the govt may decide to turn a village into a town for
administrative purposes. The village is declared a planning area and strict regulations
come into effect. Farming activities are discouraged ie.the village should be livestock
free and farmlands around the village are repossessed by govts and the land
redistributed by the the govt for town development eg serowe

CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

This is refered to as urban hierarchy. Urban settlements is graded on hierarchical
order depending on size of the area, population size, range of functions/services
available and sphere of influence.
Classification according to size/ population
Town: 5000- 25000
City: more than 25000

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 Metropolis :more than 500 000
Conurbations : resulted from merging of original separate towns
Megapolis: consists of a number of conurbations

CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION

Urban areas have different functions depending on the predominant/main activity in the area.

a. Industrial towns: where the main activity is the industrial work-industries serve as a
major source of employment eg. F/town
b. Mining centres: main activity here is mining eg Jwaneng
c. Administrative centres/capital cities: where the main government offices are
located.eg Pretoria, Gaborone
d. Port towns: the main function is handling of goods, found on the coast(imports and
exports) cape town
e. Market towns: concerned with trading. These are mainly commercial centres eg Kano
in Nigeria
f. Holiday resorts: located at places of interest for tourism eg coastal areas ,waterfalls eg
cape town ,walvis bay

Some urban areas may perform a whole range of functions while others may be
largely restricted to a single function.

LAND USE IN DIFFERENT ZONES

All modern towns are divided into functional zones
The main functional zones are:
1. Industrial zones( area for industries only) Dumela
Characteristics:
 Industries only
 Located on the outskirts of towns to avoid pollution, large cheap land for
expansion, away from congested areas
 Made of light and heavy industries
 The light industrial areas are close to the CBD while heavy industries are
far away from residential areas
 Have a good network of roads & railway line for transportations of raw
materials & finished goods
 Single storey buildings and well planned(warehouses)

2.Residential Zones( area for people’s houses)eg Gerald, Area A, Donga.

Usually divided into three areas namely: high, medium, low cost housing
A. Characteristics of high cost areas/upper-class residential areas
 Usually referred to as low density areas because they have low
population /few people with very big yards and houses eg,
Phakalane estates in Gabs and Molapo estates in F/town

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  Found far away from the noisy and polluted areas/industrial
and CBD zones
 Have waterborne private toilets
 Houses are spacious with clean piped water
 Have excellent facilities eg street lights, parks, tarred roads,
swimming pools, lawns, English medium schools
 This is an area for rich people esp businessman

B.Characteristics of low cost areas

 Usually refered to as high density areas because this is where majority of people live
eg. White city, Bontleng, Sommerset, Bluetown.
 Houses are very small & close together
 Low income groups stay here as they try to minimise costs
 Use communal toilets and standpipes
 Usually have pageant smells from heaps of uncollected rubbish
 Characterised by power failures, no street lights , water shortage , bad sewage , poor
roads etc

C.Squatter camps/slums/ghettos

Illegal residential areas that develop on the edges of towns closer to industries where land
is cheap. Eg kanana in f/town

 Congested buildings (dense population)usually crowded with immigrant from

rural areas looking for jobs
 Houses made of a variety of building materials eg plastics, road signs, boxes,
planks, mud etc
 Few tarred roads
 Consists of a mixture of modern and traditional houses
 Small business in the area eg street vendors
 Many dilapidated buildings
 Dirt/mud roads very common
 No planning
 Little open space
 Associated with crime, unemployment, prostitution
 Very poor sanitation with heaps of uncollected rubbish , pageant smells
 Few services available eg shops , electricity

Problems associated with the development of squatters

-immigration

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-lack o f housing/overcrowding

-poverty

- lack of education

-high spread of diseases, social ills eg prostitution, drug abuse

-insufficient resources due to overpopulation

-pollution eg noise ,air ,land

-increase in crime

-limited employment

-lack of hygiene

Possible solutions to the above problems

- Provision of services by the government eg electricity,water, sewage disposal, roads

- Provision of shopping malls
- Provision of industries esp in rural areas for employment
- Re-house squatters in high rise blocks
- Evict settlers and clear the settlement
- Self help schemes eg SHHA which allocate plots and give loans for building materials
to people
- Provide health centres/clinics
WHY squatters are found at the outskirts’ of towns
 No land costs since its illegal occupied
 Empty available cheap land
 Lack of accommodation in the inner town
 Expensive rent in the town
 Near industrial areas for employment

3 . CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT CBD
Also known as the commercial zone and it’s the centre of economic activity in
any town
Characteristics
 Has the greatest concentration of offices, banks, hotels, shops
 Has the tallest buildings/skyscrapers due to shortage of land and its
costs
 Has a mixture of old & new buildings
 Consists of modern buildings with air conditioners, lifts/escalators
 Buildings are of various heights, some tall & others short
 Buildings made of glass
 Little residential areas

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  Has well developed network of roads
 Experiences traffic congestion during rush hours of morning ,lunch &
knock off time
 Land is very expensive here and rent is very high
 Highly populated during the day and very low population when
workers return home
 Buildings are close together

COMMUTER ZONES

These are neighbouring villages which take on dormitory functions to a town Ie they provide
accommodation for urban areas eg Tati siding, Mathangwane, Mogoditshane, Tlokweng.

The services a town provides to small rural settlements which surrounds it (different
functions provided by a town)

- Employment transport
- Recreation -library
- Health education
- Shopping banking
- Insurance church
- Admin functions law/police
- Postal

Urban Morphology

There are a number of theories that try to explain the arrangement of land use zones in a
town. All these theories are simplifications of reality and it is important that each urban
settlement has its own unique morphology resulting from factors like natural features,
functions, historical developments, transports routes, government influence eg. most of
these theories suggest that urban areas are planned and the land is used CONCENTRIC
RIING MODEL(BURGESS)

for different and specific purposes.

Burgess believe that zones in towns are arranged in circles which radiate from the centre.

Each zone grows gradually into the next outer one

The growth takes place in a concentric form. At the centre is the CBD with offices , shops
etc and the rest of the zones follow as shown on the diagram below

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2. SECTOR MODEL(HOYT)

Hoyt argues that functional zones arranged into sectors which normally develop along
communication routes not rings.eg industries are along main roads and railway
lines .He agrees with Burgess that the CBD is at the centre. He says that land value
decreases from the centre to the periphery and from the major routes. The worst
residential areas are close to the industrial area. And the best are far away from the
busiest and the noisy highways and industrial areas.

3. MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL( ULLMAN AND HARRIES)

They argue that modern towns have a more complex structure than suggested by
both Burgess and Hoyt. He argues that cities do not grow from one CBD but from
several independent nuclei.
Each nucleus acts as the growth point probably with different function from the
other nuclei in the city. This is a more realistic model than the two eg, Gaborone
has several such as the main mall, African mall, kagiso centre, river walk, game

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 city, around these CBD”s land use which are related will clusters

Sphere of influence
The sphere of influence refers to the area from which people travel in order to get
goods and services. The size of the sphere of influence varies with the size of the
town and the number and types of functions available.

Problems associated with urban settlements

-shortage of accommodation

-shortage of employment

-shortage of land

Shortage of services eg water, sanitation, health and education facilities

-overcrowding/ overpopulation which put stress on available resources

-traffic congestion

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-various forms of pollution

-social problems- prostitution, street kids, drug abusers, juvenile delinquency etc.

-development of squatters

-increase in crime eg rape, robberies, due to lack of jobs

-rural –urban migration

-high cost of leaving eg rent, transport fees

Some solutions to the above problems

*traffic congestion -routes by passing busy areas

-construction of roads circles -make fly overs

-one way routes -use of public transport

-traffic lights -traffic police/cops

* development of squatter settlements

-upgrading the existing slums by providing better sanitation, clean water, toilets & streetlights

-construction of better housing through programs like SHHA

*Pollution

-strict laws on disposal of pollutants

-locate industries away from residential areas

*Rural- urban migration

-build better facilities in rural areas

-build more industries in rural areas

* juvenile delinquency

-rehabilitate juveniles in rehabilitation schools

CASE STUDY OF GABORONE

Location: south eastern part of Botswana

It started as a small village along the road. Planning for the town started in 1962 when it was
to replace Mafikeng as the new administrative centre for the country.

Reasons for the location

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-fertile soils , sufficient water from notwane river.

-it was along the main north –south railway route which linked it to South Africa and
Zimbabwe. it was near south Africa

.MODEL ANSWERS ON SETTLEMENT -2010

A) define the terms: settlement hierarchy

situation. [2]
b)describe four factors that might have influenced the site of the settlement shown on fig 5 [ 4]
c) what would hinder the village from growing towards the ( I) south east
(ii) west [2]

d) (i) name the settlement pattern of the town [1]

(II)state two advantages of the settlement pattern named in (di)

(iii) describe problems that may arise due to the expansion of this town towards the surrounding villages. [4]

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(iv) suggest ways in which the surrounding villages help the development of the town. [5]

e) settlements in Botswana have been ordered into primary,secondary and tertiary centers. Population size and
availability of natural resources are some of the factors which were used to order the settlements.

(i) give two other factors that are used to order settlements in Botswana. [2]

(II) explain why it was important for Botswana to formulate the National Settlement Policy. [3]

ANSWER-2010

8a) ranking of settlements according to size of population/resources.

Position of a settlement in relation to other settlements around it.

b)flat land/gentle slope away from the forest

-near/along the river -route centre/along the road

-away from the swampy areas/ on dry point

c) I) forest, swampy area

II) steep slopes/hilly area

D, I) nucleated

ii) cheaper to provide services -easy administration

- provides a wide variety of services -social cohesion

- provides employment -short distances -security

iii)land use conflict/shortage of land - pollution

-rise in land prices -increase in crime and social ills

iv)source of labour - housing/accommodation

-market(sphere of influence) -provision of raw materials

-land for industrial expansion

e) i) presence of infrastructure -availability of services eg education

-economic potential of the area -employment generation activities eg industries, mining

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ii) to promote proper use of land - to promote conservation of natural resourc

to promote balanced development

-to regulate establishment of settlements

-To help reduce rural urban migration

BGCSE 2011 OUESTIONS

A)Settlements vary in size from single isolated homesteads to very large cities.

I)Define the following terms: settlement hierarchy

Urbanisation [2]

II)State two differences between a village and a town[2].

Iii) Describe four factors which may influence a village to change into a town.[4]

iv)Suggest problems that may occur as a result of rural areas changing to urban areas. [5]

b)

i)Describe the location of the new industrial areas in the city. [3]

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ii) State the physical barriers which might have prevented the city from expanding outwards.[4]

iii)Suggest five reasons why the low /medium density residential area developed towards the southwest of the
CBD[5]

BGSE 2012 SETTLEMENT STUDIES

a)Rural settlement patterns may be nucleated, linear or dispersed.

I)Draw simple labelled diagrams to show the three patterns.[3]

ii)State four disadvantages of a dispersed settlement. [4]

iii)Suggest factors which may have influenced changes in settlement patterns in

Botswana. [5]

I)Using fig 10 and your own knowledge, describe the features of squatter
settlements. [3]

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ii)With the aid of fig 10,describe the problems experienced by people living in
squatter settlements. [4]

iii)Explain why squatter settlements develop in towns such as Nairobi. [6]

BGCSE 2013

a)Settlement patterns evolve through time. For one rural settlement you have studied;

i)Name the settlement [1]

ii)Describe how the pattern of the settlement may have evolved over time. [4]

b) fig 8 shows a model of the land use in a town.

I)Name the type of urban land use model shown [1]

ii)Write P,Q and R as a list and name the different land use zones shown [3]

iii) Describe the problems that the people living in zone 3 are likely to experience. [4]

iv)Describe the uses of buildings found in zone P. [3]

c) One of the reasons why the government of Botswana formulated the national settlement policy was to reduce
rural-urban migration.

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I)State three other reasons why the national settlement policy was formulated. [3]

ii) Explain why it is important for a country such as Botswana to reduce rural –urban migration. [6]

ANSWERS-2013

a)i) a rural settlement in Botswana eg. Maun, Molepolole, Kanye etc

ii)was dispersed and changed to nucleated pattern

was a farming area and change in economic activities

development of roads and linear pattern

b)i)concentric ring model

ii)P-CBD, Q-industrial area, R-high income area/high class residential

iii)pollution -overcrowding/poor housing -high crime

-spread of diseases -poor sanitation -traffic congestion

- social ills eg street kids, violence

iv) administration -shops -offices -clinics

-banks -restaurants -hotels -cinema -schools

ci) to promote proper use of land

to promote long term strategy for human settlement

to promote balanced developments

to regulate establishment of settlements

to promote conservation of natural resources

ii) rural areas-reduce rural poverty, rural industrialisation

decrease female headed households

-improve agricultural production

Urban areas-reduce pressure on social services, reduce crime

-reduce devpt of squatter settlement, pollution, traffic congestion,

Increase employment opportunities/reduce unemployment

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BGCSE- 2014

a)FIG 6 SHOWS THE SECTOR MODEL OF URBAN LAND USE.

i)State three services which are provided in zone 2. [3]

ii) Describe each of the land use zones 1, 3 and 5. [3]

iii)Explain why the poor housing areas are located near the manufacturing areas.
[4]

iv)Describe the problems experienced by people living in high density areas. [5]

b)one of the aims of the National settlement policy of Botswana is to facilitate the promotion
of a more balanced development that ensures the optimal distribution of population.

i)explain how the government is trying to promote balanced development in rural areas.
[6]

ii)suggest the problems that the government may face in an effort to promote balanced
development in rural areas. [4].

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BGCSE-2015

8a) fig 7 is a photograph of a squatter settlement in South Africa.

i) With the aid of fig 7, describe the features of squatter settlements. [5]

ii) Describe the problems that people in squatter settlements face. [5]

iii) Suggests the various ways that the government of south Africa may deal with the
problems of squatters.[5]

Bi) Name a town or city in Botswana that you have studied.[1]

ii) Describe the factors that may have influenced its development. [5]

iii) Explain how the town or city named in (b) serves the surrounding area. [4]

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BGCSE- 2016

8a) In the study of settlements, there are a number of interesting aspects. These
are site, situation and pattern. Pattern refers to the way the various
components of a settlement are distributed within a particular area.

i)Define the following concepts: site

: situation. [2]

ii)State three patterns of settlement and describe each of them. [6]

b) All settlements perform certain useful functions to justify their continued

existence.

Give three examples of settlements in Botswana and a different function that

each performs. [6]

c) fig 12 shows land use in Nairobi.

I)State the type of urban land use model that the layout of Nairobi can fit into.
[1]

ii) Give four reasons why zone 4 is away from the CBD. [4]

d) Suggest reasons why governments are against the development of squatter

settlements. [6]

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answers-2011

8a)i. the way in which places where people are ranks/arrangement in order of
importance.

Urbanisation- increase in the proportion of people living in towns/urban areas

ii)

Village-no/less planning Town-well planned

Main human activity is farming Main activity is formal employment
Few services, few industries, sparsely Wide variety of services, many
populated industries, densely populated
Iii )improved farming / commercial farming, mining, tourism, development of
infrastructure eg electricity/roads/water/schools etc. development of
manufacturing and processing industries/shops, increase in population size,
government policy.

iv)crime, squatter settlements, competition for land, traffic congestion,

pollution, shortage of services/pressure on social services, cultural
disintegration, overcrowding/shortage of housing , social ills e.g. alcohol, drug
abuse, prostitution

bi)along road ,outside the city/edge of city, north-northwest of city, south of

city, near the coast, near older shanty towns/high density area, near airport

ii)desert, steep slopes, sea, marsh

iii)coastal area, gentle /flat land, open area/large/ spacious land, away from
marsh, near/along parkland

Answers- 2012

8ai) I mark for each pattern correctly sketched.

ii) Difficult to provide facilities, lack of security, lack of social cohesion,

difficult to maintain law and order, long distances for services

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iii) Population increase, government policy, industrial development, mining,
improved/increase in farming e.g. Glen valley irrigated farms, development of
infrastructure

bi) small houses, houses made of waste materials eg scrap metals, plastics, card
boxes, houses clustered/overcrowded, poor sanitation/ lack of services, no
planning

ii) Lack of services -clean water, electricity, shops post office, poor sanitation,
unemployment, poor housing, crime, pollution (noise, littering, and water),
social ills-rape, street kids, and drugs

iii)rural urban migration-resulting in shortage of accommodation

unemployment-therefore people do not afford rented accommodation

decline in agriculture- people are forced to migrate to towns( though they have
nowhere to stay)

expensive land-which is unaffordable/settle in cheap available space

industrial development- to look for employment in industrie

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Answers- 2014

8ai) transport, fuelling, food services, shopping , financial services-banking,

security, ware housing/storage, postal services/communication

ii) 1- commercial /where shops , offices, and banks are mainly found

3- high density area/ low class residential area/low cost/low income

5- low density area/high class residential area/modern suburbia/high income

iii)cheaper housing/affordable housing/land

small scale trading /to service low income workers

easier to get to work/near working environment

hope for employment on industries

iv ) overcrowding, pollution, poor sanitation, traffic congestion, crime, social

ills lack of services, diseases, poor housing/lack of accommodation,
unemployment

bi)rural electrification- improve standard of living/to attract industries

rural industrialisation- create employment

improvement of infrastructure(road, rail)- attract industries to rural areas

decentralisation of services- control rural urban migration

remote area dweller allowances- attract government employees to work in

remote rural areas

improvement in agriculture- create employment/encourage food production

ii) lack of capital /money

cultural beliefs against modern development

land use conflict delays development, remoteness of some of the areas such it
is difficult to provide services, rural areas depopulated due to rural urban
migration/sparse population such it is difficult to provide services

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Answers- 2015

8ai)shacks clustered/overcrowding, shacks poorly ventilated, shacks

made of waste materials (accept examples), poorly fenced, a lot of
litter/pollution, poor/ few facilities, no clear pattern , small houses,
dirty water everywhere/poor sanitation
ii) Pollution, unemployment, lack of services (accept examples)
overcrowding, crime, diseases spreads easily, social ills (accept
examples)
iii) self help housing schemes/RDP housing, provision of low cost
housing, development of industries to provide employment, provision
of services eg water, power. Formation of community development
groups, review/amend land allocation policy, relocation,
demolition/eviction, upgrading
bi)Gaborone, F/town, S/Phikwe, Jwaneng, Orapa, Sowa town
ii)discovery of minerals, new administrative centre, increase/influx
population, improvement of infrastructure( eg roads), tourism, water
and electricity(name source)commerce, industrial development, flat
land, large land
iii)educational services, medical service, entertainment services,
transport, market, shopping, banking, postal services, administrative
services, security services, religious services, employment,
accommodation

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ANSWERS- 2016

8ai)Site-the ground /environment on which the settlement stands

Situation-location of the settlement in relation to its surroundings
(fields , grazing areas, other settlements)
ii) Dispersed – homesteads are widely scattered
Nucleated- homesteads are clustered together
Linear – homesteads are in a line
b) Molepolole/ Kanye/Ramotswa etc.-tribal /rural administrative
centre
S/Phikwe/Sowa/Jwaneng/Orapa- mining towns
Shakawe/Maun/Kasane-tourism centre
Lobatse-commercial Ghantsi-agric activities
Lentswele moriti/Metlobo- religious
ci)Sector model
ii) Away from the noise/air pollution, away from crime, away from
traffic congestion, can afford private transport, space for large
plots/houses
d)social ills, increase in crime, poor housing, lack of services,
unemployment, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, lack of clean
water, fire outbreak, pollution, pressure on natural
resources( firewood), eye-sore/reduce the aesthetic beauty /value

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