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Introduction
• An effective response to an oil spill is
dependent to a great extent on the
preparedness of the organisations and
individuals involved.

• Contingency plan- a predefined strategy or

set of procedures designed to be
implemented in the unexpected or disruptive
event that threatens an organization's ability
to function.
–identify roles and responsibilities
–define response strategies and operational
procedures without the intense pressures.

EMG 4205 • A plan must comprise all the practical

requirements necessary for an immediate
Abd Muhaimin Amiruddin
Oil Spill Contingency [email protected]
and effective response should a spill occur.

Plan

Scope of Contingency Plans Jurisdiction Area - EEZ

• The scope of a plan is determined by the • The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) -
risk of spills within the geographic area area where sovereign states have
that the plan is intended to cover. jurisdiction over resources.

• Responsibility for ensuring that all plans

are compatible usually falls to a national • In the EEZ, the coastal state is
agency empowered to enact laws and
regulations for the prevention,
reduction, and control of vessel-
• The frame work of interlocking and
compatible plans is often known as source pollution (UNCLOS 1982)
‘tiered response’ – the response
undertaken reflects the scale of the • The EEZ stretches from the baseline
particular spill out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from
– Tier One at the facility level the coast of the state.
– Tier Two at a district or area level
– Tier Three for national or international
response arrangements

UNCLOS 200 Nautical Miles EEZ Response Level

Large
Spill Tier 3

Medium
Spill Tier 2

Small Tier 1
Spill

Local Regional International

Proximity to operations / Response resources

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Components of a Plan Risk Assessment

• Risk assessment – determining the
risk of spills and expected
consequences;

• Strategic policy – defining the roles

and responsibilities and providing a
summary of the rationale of
operations;

• Operational procedures – establishing

procedures when a spill occurs;

• Information directory – collating

supporting data

Strategic Policy
Plan Overview

Response
Techniques

Strategic Policy Response

Resources

Leadership,
Command &
Management

Training &
Review
Procedures

Strategic Policy Structure Of A Typical Response Organization

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Notification
Operational
Evaluation Procedures

Initiation

Mobilisation
Operational
Procedures
Clean-up
Support

Progress
Review

Termination

Plan a
review

Operational Procedures Information Directory

Types of pollution
Introduction
National Oil
Spill • With nearly 4800 kilometers of
coastline, Malaysia is particularly
Contingency exposed to marine oil pollution.
Plan -
Malaysia • Nearly 60,000 ships transited the
Straits of Malacca annually and the
depth at One Fathom Bank is barely
six feet (~0.3m)

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Introduction Introduction – National Legislation

• The Director General of • In terms of oil spill control either from
Environmental Quality has been vessels or other sources, the Director
responsible for controlling all forms of General of Environmental Quality will
pollution occurring at sea. enforce the Environmental Quality Act
• The Malaysian National Oil Spill 1974.
Contingency Plan (NOSCP) was
formulated to control oil spill occurring
within Malaysian waters • For the protection and preservation of the
• The NOSCP aligns with the ASEAN ocean environment within the Exclusive
Oil Spill Response Action Plan Economic Zone area, the Director General
(ASEAN - OSRAP) for regional of Environmental Quality will enforce the
cooperation to deal with Exclusive Economic Zone Act (EEZ),
transboundary oil spills in the Straits 1984.
of Malacca and bordering Asean
countries.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) EEZ

- Area that extends 200 nautical miles from a coastal state's baseline

EEZ Tier Responses

• The NOSCP is activated in
phases of First Level (Tier
1), Second (Tier 2), and
Third (Tier 3) based on the
following factors:
– Location of spill;
– Spill quantity; and
– Ability to act.

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Tier 1 Tier 2
• Cleanup action will be conducted by
local operators / operators where spills • Tier 2 is activated when the Tier 1
occur such as in port areas, terminals Response Plan is inadequate to
or oil handling depots and oil rig areas control the oil spill that occurs and
by leveraging the capabilities of beyond the scope of Tier 1 area.
existing local personnel and
equipment.
• The Tier 2 will be mobilized and
implemented by the State Operations
• Spills at this stage are usually small Committee (SOC) chaired by the
and action will be guided by their DOE State Director.
respective local contingency plans.

• SOC needs to convene to plan oil

• Each port, terminal or oil handling spill control response to ensure that
depot and oil exploration platforms are adequate equipment of control,
required to provide Tier 1 Oil Spill human resources and finances is
Response Plan and sufficient oil spill sufficient.
control equipment.

Tier 2 Tier 3
• If control equipment and human • Tier 3 - oil spills are beyond Tier 2
resources are inadequate, assistance capabilities and/or spreading to the
from states can be obtained through waters of neighbouring countries.
coordination at the DOE Headquarters • Coordinated by the NOSCC,
level which will mobilize the National chaired by the Director General of
Oil Spill Control Committee (NOSCC). Environmental Quality.
• This stage involves action to control
• The NOSCC will also be mobilized to oil spills occurring across national
coordinate oil spill control works when boundaries and there is a need for
spills across state-bound waters. resources and expertise from
neighbouring countries.
• Oil spill control work should be • The coordination of international
continued by local operators / assistance at this stage will be
operators in the Tier 1 area even implemented by NOSCC based on
though oil spills have spread out from the relevant regional contingency
local action areas. plans procedures.

Tier 3 Organization – the NOSCC

• Among the regional contingency • The NOSCC will coordinate actions
plans are as follows: by all agencies involved in the
operation against oil spills and
– ASEAN - Oil Spill Response
speed up the action to take.
Action Plan (ASEAN - OSRAP);
– Standard Operating Procedure
• The NOSCC is also responsible as
for Joint Oil Spill in the Straits of an advisor to SOC Chairman in
Malacca and the Straits of carrying out their duties.
Singapore;
–Standard Operating Procedure • If external assistance is required,
for Malaysia and Brunei the Committee through the Ministry
Darussalam; of Foreign Affairs will coordinate the
– Cooperative Network for Oil application for such assistance.
Spill Countermeasure in the
Lombok/ Makassar Straits and
Sulawesi Sea.

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Organization – the NOSCC Organization – the NOSCC

Agency Responsibilities Agency Responsibilities

Dept. of National Oil Spill Control Committee (NOSCC) Dept. of State Operations Committee (SOC)
Environment • Chairman of NOSCC Environment • SOC Chairman;
• Liaison officer in Tier 3 Response • Area Coordinator;
• Ensuring national readiness and coordinating • Coordinate investigation and cleanup;
response to Malaysia's oil spill and Exclusive • Conduct legal proceedings;
Economic Zone; • Approval of application or use of dispersant
• Implementing all regional oil refueling plans; • during oil spill reaction;
• Determine termination of operations; • Technical advisors under the Action Plan
• Coordinate external / resource assistance; • Beach Cleaning;
• Assess damage / impact assessment; • Managing waste disposal resulting from cleaning
• Coordination of media statements. operations;
• Perform monitoring;
• Provides environmentally sensitive areas
information.

Organization – the NOSCC Organization – the NOSCC

Agency Responsibilities Agency Responsibilities

Dept. of Marine • On-Scene Commander at Tier 2 and Tier 3; National • Advise on key areas of concern related to national
• Provide technical advice on vessels involved in oil Security security;
spills; Council • Coordinate communication and feedback with
• Provide ships, personnel and other facilities for State Security Committee;
spill cleanup operations; oil, enforcement and take • Monitor and provide assistance to
over control of oil spills; District / State Coast Cleaning Committee.
Malaysia • Providing vessels, personnel and other facilities Dept. of • Provide information on affected fishing areas;
Maritime for marine enforcement operations in the event of Fisheries • Assess the damage and impact to the fishing
Enforcement an oil spill; industry;
Agency (MMEA) • Conduct investigations into spills; • Gather fisherman claims statement.
• Carry out coastal and airborne monitoring; Dept. of • Provide detailed information on sea and weather
• Monitor and control the security of the scene. Meteorology conditions;
• Assist in the implementation of oil spill trajectory.

Other organizations – the NOSCC Tier 3 Response

Royal Malaysian Royal Malaysia Dept. of Marine

Navy Police (Marine) Park
Royal Malaysian Air Royal Malaysia Dept. of
Force Police (Air Wing) Immigration
Royal Malaysian PETRONAS Fire and Rescue
Customs Department
Department
Petroleum Industry
of Malaysia Mutual
Aid Group (PIMMAG)

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Area Coordinator Area Coordinator

• Appointment of Area Coordinator is • The Role of Area Coordinators is as follows
subject to location of spill incident. (cont’d):
• Area Coordinator consists of Directors – Coordinate the necessary assistance for oil spill
of the State DOE. occurrences at Tier 1 and Tier 2 levels;
• The role of Area Coordinators is as –Provide temporary storage of waste oil that has been
collected from cleaning work; and
follows:
– Provide daily activity reports of cleaning work for the
– Conduct investigations of spill events and purpose of simplifying the cost of claiming spill
submit prompt investigations to the Director cleanup and damages.
General of Environmental Quality;
–Coordinate early action to prevent spills
through On-Scene Commander;
–Monitored the Tier 1 response in port area,
terminal or oil handling depot and oil
platforms;
–Responsible for sampling and submit the
sample to the Chemistry Department for
analysis;

On-Scene Commander On-Scene Commander

• At the Tier 1 stage, the • The role of On-Scene Commander is as

appointment of the On-Scene follows:
Commander is set under the Tier – Responsible for the management of
1 Oil Spill Response Plan. activities against oil spillage on site and sea-
cleaning;
• However, when the oil spill is – Responsible for the distribution of
information and receive instructions from the
declared Tier 2 and Tier 3
operational control centre for follow-up action;
responses, the operation against
– Prepare daily operating reports and submit
the oil spill is under the Malaysian
them to the Area Coordinator for;
Marine Department as On-Scene
• Facilitate the process of claiming the
Commander and his appointment
cost of cleaning spills and damages;
will be notified to SOC.
• Planning of cleaning work.
– Evaluate cleaning works and make
application for termination of marine cleaning
operations.