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Research Review Inquisitive on Indoor Air

Quality Monitoring System Facilitate with
Internet of Things
Rehash Rushmi Pavitra A1, Muthukrishnan A2, Uma Maheswari P3, Ramkumar
Venkatasamy4, Daniel Lawrence I5*
1Department of Data Science and Business Systems, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur, Chennai, India.
2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D

Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

3Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Madurai,

India.
4Department of Mechatronics, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India
5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Agni College of Technology, Chennai, India

Abstract: In recent days, Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) has become a matter
of interest for researchers from both scientific and industrial community.
During pandemic situation public settle more time at indoor in place of
outdoor environment. With rapid growth in science and technology people
have progressive necessity for active facility parameters with respect to
indoor temperature, humidity and wind movement etc. Asthma, lung
cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular issues, and respiratory illnesses are
just a few of the chronic health issues that have been linked to frequent
exposure to hazardous material in enclosed spaces. However, real-time
monitoring technologies are being adopted in smart city projects to identify
and remedy such unfavourable conditions, ultimately improving the
general quality of life. This paper surveyed the current proposed IAQ
monitoring systems in terms of Internet of Things (IoT). In addition, the
research work highlights composition of diverse monitoring systems,
research summary, challenges together implying future directions for the
researchers. The current level of knowledge on the close relationship
between IoT and IAQ is presented in this research.
Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, Indoor Parameters, Pollutants, Internet of
Things, Sensor Nodes, Microcontroller, Health Disorders

1 Introduction
Indoor air pollution is a prominent global challenge considering its emphasis on public
health. Generally, World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that every year 7 trillion

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 477, 00044 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447700044
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deaths are caused over decomposition of air appropriate to short inhalable particulate matter
[1]. Distinct investigation endorse that the contact of indoor air pollution can be hundred
times greater as related with outdoor pollution [2].In a row, indigent IAQ can be more toxic
for susceptible society like infants, children, adults and senior citizens those confront from
cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral
vascular disease, stroke and so on). Meanwhile, 97% of people from middle and lower
revenue region depend on solid (substantial) fuels including biomass (landfill gas, biogas)
and coal (anthracite, bituminous and lignite) for everyday cooking and heating
requirements [3]. In India, 20 billion people exploit fuel for cooking come apart 50% build
upon firewood additional 29% suggest liquid petroleum gas (combustible mix of
hydrocarbon gases especially propylene, propane, isobutene, butylene and n-butane),
remaining 9% consent with cow dung slab, 2.9% of natural gas, 0.5% biogas, 0.2%
electricity and 0.3% can serve various different factors [4].
Furthermore, ventilation finds its way intently for an evaluation of air quality in indoor
environment. If convenient ventilation arrangement is lacking in home or some other work
station then very often IAQ seems to be minimum and indoor environment become
discomfort to live [5]. According to recent research findings, indoor air pollution caused by
insufficient ventilation is a major contributor in the rising prevalence of health issues.
Lower ventilation levels are directly responsible for these problems. Consequently, sole
human can’t able to identify air pollution. The air pollution can incorporate extravagant
deadly air pollutants or substances such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, methane and LPG gas. Hazardous air signifies to be unhealthy for society.
For instance, in case of carbon monoxide is raised to 100ppm may cause unsteadiness,
nauseous and within fraction of a second human could die [6].
Systems are moving more and more towards adopting Internet of Things (IoT) technology
as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) develops. Finding practical ways to
improve environmental health and advance progress is what has sparked this transformation
[7,8]. Hence these technologies provide a stable background for the evolution of IAQ
monitoring system [9]. Recently, with the dissemination of monitoring systems comprise of
dual significant components namely hardware and software. The function of IoT has
capable to perform together that ultimately extends to maintain present statement with
respect to pollution levels.
In the context of IoT defines end to end connectivity between the sensor nodes and central
control system further they are serving a unique identifier (UID) hence, data may be
transferred easily through a network without human to machine, machine to machine and
human to human communication [10]. The necessity of choosing an appropriate sensor
node, diverse number of microcontroller (MCU), transceiver, Base Station (BS)and
Gateway are the decisive aspect for future researchers. Consequently, the growing field of
communication technologies like Radio Frequency (RF), RFID, Wi-Fi, NFC, ZigBee,
Bluetooth, LoRa WAN and Ethernet are considered to use for monitoring and enhancing
the concentration of pollution in real time environment [11]. Evidently, monitoring of
possible hazardous radiation, dangerous gases and other particles surrounded by indoor
bounds is the supreme concern in terms of preservation and welfare of human [12].By
tracking and managing indoor air quality in expansive locations, the implementation of IoT
naturally opens the way for little expense, ideal results [13].A system using the Internet of
Things to monitor indoor air quality can provide a tonne of quantitative information,
allowing us to see trends and other things that influence air quality. The system is a great
resource since it provides information that may be utilised to create creative methods for
improving air quality. We are able to get a tonne of information by using an IoT-enabled
indoor air quality monitoring device, discover trends and environmental influences, and
utilise this knowledge to create efficient air quality improvement strategies [14]. IoT

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technology's integration with IAQ monitoring systems improves sustainability by

delivering real-time monitoring, advanced analytics, energy efficiency optimisation,
Control and automation, predictive maintenance, and user interaction. While reducing their
negative effects on the environment, these developments help create interior spaces that are
healthier and more energy-efficient. In order to monitor and maintain indoor air pollutant
standards are tabulated in Table 1. The sustainability of IAQ enabled with IoT is
represented in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. The sustainability of IAQ enabled with IoT

Table 1. Indoor Air Pollutant Standards

Pollutant Concentration
Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 0 – 12 ug/m3
Particulate Matter (PM10) 0 – 54 ug/ m3
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 1,000 ppm
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 ppm
Ozone (O3) 0.05 ppm

Ultimately, this article is further structured as follows; Section II details the current state of
indoor air quality monitoring enabled with IoT. Section III covers an insight into CO2, CO
and fine particulate matters with results in addition to concise analysis. In a row,
conclusion is given in Section IV and suggestions are made for future research directions.

2 Survey of Literature
In order to evaluate indoor air quality in both suitable and heterogeneous situations, several
unique systems have been created. The review of previous literature highlights the value of
IoT-enabled solutions for tracking indoor air quality. Over the past decade, IAQ have
gained a significant consideration from the industry and research community. JunHo Jo et
al (2020) has addressed to gather definite and predictable data for indoor air quality
monitoring which is made possible with smart air [15]. Here, the device can hold up only
finite number of scalable interfaces so that multiple sensor nodes can be equipped closely
for real time data monitoring. This allows device can communicate data to web server
through LTE module which in turn to regulate air quality and predict the outcome. In
addition, web server is integrating with cloud computing mechanism that seems to support
maximum flexibility, accessibility and velocity. A web server must be able to process huge

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amounts of data quickly and effectively in order to be effective for environmental

monitoring. As a result, activities run smoothly and data processing is expedited.
Wen-Tsai Sung and Sung-Jung Hsiao (2021) has deal with enhancing living condition in
all places and provide well-being indoor air quality over the development of IoT implement
smart home [16]. In the context of fuzzy logic rules sensed data of indoor environment
were examined in terms of particulate matters, CO, and CO 2. Following the data collection,
Arduino Uno board communicate data for integration which in turn transmits to the
computer terminals over ESP8266 for consequent estimation and analysis. With relevance
to air quality indices (AQI), fuzzy control has activated to determine the time interval for
clearance the air purifier and ventilation system. On the contrary, end users were notified
by computerized warnings and alarm signal.
Siavash Esfahani et al (2020) have contributed a low priced, long lasting and portable IoT
facilitate indoor air quality monitoring system together maintaining battery life over 30
hours [17].It also measures regular and day to day time at minimal energy expenditure. This
becomes highly prominent as the device measures an approximate air quality index that
depends on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) principles. Consequently, the system
with real time physical or environmental data provide assistance to find the suitable
suggestion like maximizing ventilation or minimizing level of actions which have been
implemented to enhance air quality. It is therefore results of specific indoor air quality and
overall factor index values were stored in two distinct indoor environments seem to be easy
to implement.
[18] has attempted to address the necessity of integrated sensing system also to monitor
real-time indoor air quality data using sensor nodes and performing in IoT environment.
High sign of air quality seems to play a vital role in definite prediction with enhanced
operation in terms of noise and nonlinearity measurement in proper form [18]. The status of
air pollutants in smart buildings may be accessed in the context of interior applications
using extended fractional kalman filtering. Contrarily, when combined, the IAQ index and
humidex are considerably more useful since indoor air quality and humidity are closely
related. So, it becomes necessary to include indoor air quality index (IAQI) and enhanced
indoor air quality index (EIAQI) into smart buildings in order to control and sustain human
well-being.Summary of IAQ Monitoring System Facilitate with IoT is laid out in Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of IAQ Monitoring System Facilitate with IoT

References Architectu Examined Communicat Microcontrol Data

re/ Parameters ion Interface ler (MCU) Access
Method
JunHo Jo et Smart-Air PM, VOCs, CO, Wi-Fi STM 32 Mobile
al. [15] CO2, F407IG App
Temperature and
Humidity
Wen-Tsai Fuzzy PM, CO, CO2 Wi-Fi ESP8266, Simulation
Sung and Theory Arduino Uno Environme
Sung-Jung nt
Hsiao. [16]
Siavash Cloud VOC, CO2, PM, Wi-Fi ESP32, Mobile
Esfahani et Environme Light, Adafruit App
al. [17] nt Temperature and HUZZAH32
Humidity
Q. P. Ha et Sensing CO2, CO, O2, Ethernet, Wi- Not Available Simulation
al. [18] Data H2, NH3, C2H6O, Fi and 3G Environme
Fusion C7H8 nt
with IAQI Temperature and
and EIAQI Humidity

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Zhibin Liu et IAQ CO2, PM2.5, GPRS/4G MCU Cloud

al. [19] Detector Temperature and Platform,
Humidity Mobile
App, Web
Browser
Dylan Wall Didactic Temperature, Wi-Fi, ESP32, Web
Paul et Approach Humidity, WLAN Raspberry Pi Applicatio
al.[20] Pressure and n
Gas
M W P Cloud CO2 Wi-Fi ESP8266 Simulation
Maduranga Based Environme
et al. [21] Engine nt -
MATLAB

Zhibin Liu et al (2021) [19] has recommended multi points detecting of indoor air quality
using IoT facilitated with the development of implementing hardware and embedded
software for monitoring PM2.5, CO2, temperature and humidity supported by IoT [19]. The
monitoring points examine the unique numbers that identifies to expose a code in terms of
monitoring the particular rooms such as master room, alternate room, activity area, kitchen,
living room, restroom and outdoor surroundings. Accordingly, Zigbee communication
module proves to be better in terms of minimal speed, power consumption, and flexibility
to meet the gateway node which collects sensed data from IAQ detector at every two
minutes and transfer data to cloud server through General Packet Radio Service GPRS/4G.
Finally, using a website or mobile application, authorised end users may readily obtain the
precise characteristics of the air quality monitoring system.
Dylan Wall Paul et al (2021) [20] has put forward a low-cost edge computing and air
quality sensor nodes to attain consistency, precision and reliability which is made possible
with acquisition of data, front end display and analysis of back end [20]. The perception
layer emphasises to sense the environmental parameters where each node is situated.
Further, processing layer ultimately helps for processing, storing and analysing the
information sent through the transport layer it extends to a local storage of data and
becomes essential to perform the assessment of the quality of the indoor air in large-scale
situations. The adoption of data processing involves addressing the server side with the
implementation of software over Raspberry Pi. On the other hand, application layer proves
to be better in terms of decent transmission over application-oriented services to the end
user. M W P Maduranga et al (2020) [21] has demonstrated the data pre-processing and
filtering techniques in the aspect of extracting intermittent direction from the data for
specialized frequency [21]. In connection, filter function seems to involve transform in one
time series to other. Here, sensor resistance (RS) is normally required to determine the
sensor node that transit subject to the concentration of gas (carbon dioxide), considering
that Ro is the resistance of the sensor at well-known concentration without the existence of
any other gases or fresh atmosphere. This prediction complements real time sensing over
the total number of carbon dioxide. Hence IoT based indoor air quality monitoring unit
effectively predicts the harmful gas and easily interface with sensors for each round of
transmission. IAQ monitoring systems are capable of delivering real-time information,
increased accuracy, proactive alarms, remote monitoring and control, energy efficiency
optimisation, predictive maintenance, and occupant involvement. The improvement of
indoor settings' sustainability and health is facilitated by these advantages.

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3 Background: An Insight into CO2, CO and Fine Particulate

Matters
More often carbon dioxide (CO2) is the highest one-fourth present gas in the earth surface
which is defined as 77% of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) radiation. There are several key
characteristics in CO2on the point ofodorfree, colourless and non-toxic gas at regular
concentration level. Besides, CO2 is efficiently corporate in poor ventilation environment
generally range from 300 to 400 parts per million in the air [22]. Humans release CO2 when
they breathe, and if the air contains enough of it, it may be dangerous. As a consequence,
hypoxia, a condition marked by low oxygen levels, might happen. So, it's critical to keep
interior settings' CO2 levels at a safe range. According to research, the ideal range for
indoor CO2 levels is between 350 and 450 ppm. Nonetheless, people may develop a variety
of symptoms, including fatigue, vertigo, heart palpitations, headaches, vomiting, and more,
if the concentration surpasses 1000 ppm. The range of indoor CO2 concentrations is 350 to
5000 ppm as depicted in Figure 2.

Fig.2. CO2 Concentration Level

The behaviour of carbon monoxide (CO)has noOdor, taste andcolour formed by the
inadequate combustion of gas that are previously derive from cloth dryer, water heater, fire,
vehicles, wooden stove and other incomplete gas combustion [25]. When human exposed to
CO, the CO molecules desire to lose the oxygen (O2) in the human body and lead to
poisonous [26].The concentration level of CO at 0.01% (100 ppm) the human can
encounter with various health issues such as headache, vomiting, dizziness, chest pain and
nausea [27]. Figure 3 illustrates the outcome of CO absorption for individual human. The
growing field of sustainable in transformation over industries, quality of air has gradually
broken down by the reason of change in climate and usage of heavy vehicle in urban region
[28]. In recent days, particle matter is responsible for high severe affects the human body.
However, In addition to being referred to as smoke, particle matter may be broken down
into four categories based on size, including total suspended particles (TSP), 10 m particle
matters (PM10), coarse particle matters (PM2.5–10), and fine particle matters (PM2.5)

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[29]. Primarily fine particulate matters generate on construction section and incomplete
combustion in laboratories and factories which in turn makes various harmful substances
including organic carbon, dioxin and other heavy alloy [30]. PM2.5 is built up of
oxycarbide along with oxysulfide discharge from factories and deadly chemical industries
which affect human body with diverse illness such as heart attack, blood vessel disorder
(hypertension, stroke, aneurysms, and peripheral artery disease) and often damage
reproductive systems [31]. With relevance to effect of PM 2.5 impending into human blood
they cause major illness.

Fig.3. Outcome of CO Absorption for Human

4 Chemistry-related changes in Indoor

The term "indoor chemistry" describes the chemical processes and reactions that take place
in interior spaces. These can be affected by a number of elements, such as the construction
materials used, the furniture used, human activity, and outdoor air quality. The quality of
the interior environment may be impacted as a result of changes in the composition of the
air brought on by indoor chemistry throughout time. For instance, indoor ozone or other
reactive species can react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by building
materials or household items to generate secondary pollutants like formaldehyde or fine
particulate matter. Additionally, indoor chemistry can affect how pollutants are broken
down, including how dangerous gases like nitrogen oxides are broken down. Maintaining a
safe and comfortable interior environment requires an understanding of and ability to
control indoor chemistry.
The chemical processes taking place inside have been discovered through reviewing
laboratory experiments, field investigations, and modelling research done both indoors and
outside, when appropriate. Due to variables such higher surface-to-volume ratios, changes
in pollutant sources and dispersion, and differences in light, temperature, and humidity
profiles, these processes display various degrees of relevance in comparison to those taking
place outside [32]. It's crucial to assess the likelihood of gas phase chemistry happening
inside, the connection between chemical processes and ventilation rate, and the relative
importance of different pollutants such VOC’s, OH, NO 2, SO2, NO3, and particles. The
consequences of indoor liquid and solid phase processes should also be investigated.
Factors contribute to the complicated chemistry in indoor is pointed in Figure 4.

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Fig.4 . Factors contribute to the complicated chemistry in indoor.

Occupant activities, home items, and building components all have a considerable effect on
the indoor air pollution sources. The research priorities are as follows:
• In order to identify and improve building and furniture materials for better indoor air
quality, it is desirable to characterise pollutant emissions, deposition, and chemical
changes on different interior surfaces.
• Investigations on the relationship between volatile organic chemicals, their reaction
products, and associated health consequences on surfaces.
• Examine the environmental and personal variables that affect human emissions.

The physical properties, chemical structure, and concentrations of indoor airborne particles
can all change as a result of physical and chemical processes. Nevertheless, the
technologies currently used to detect indoor air pollutants are insufficient to provide a
complete and accurate picture of the chemistry of interior environments. This is due to the
fact that current techniques cannot monitor a wide range of pollutants with the necessary
specificity, at the proper temporal frequency, or in a wide range of structures [33]. The
primary sources and sinks of pollutants that are present within a building, such as chemical
reactions, emissions from materials, surface interactions, human activities, and exchange of
pollutants with the environment, must be considered in investigations of indoor air
chemistry. The Internet of Things (IoT), on the other hand, is a system of linked computing
devices, including microprocessors, sensors, actuators, and other nodes, that may exchange
data in real time without the need for direct human-to-human or human-to-machine
communication. The Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly improved several
conventional e-healthcare techniques because of its interdisciplinary character [34].Every
person, particularly those who are ill, needs comfortable indoor air since each person's
breathing intensity varies depending on their activity. The continuous active ventilation
systems in indoor is the only effective means of supplying comfortable air with thermal
comfort [35]. A number of issues affect indoor air quality (IAQ), including poor
ventilation, chemical and biological pollutants, penetration of outside pollutants, human
behaviour, and the need for improved data collection and control. Future directions to
improve indoor air quality (IAQ) include implementing indoor air quality standards,
fostering research and innovation, integrating IAQ management into healthcare, promoting
green building standards, balancing energy efficiency with IAQ, raising public awareness
and education, and utilizing smart home technology and IoT for monitoring and control.

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5 Conclusion
The research discloses that advancement of IoT enabled indoor air quality monitoring is the
major constraint in real time environment. Although the review achieves to appropriate the
entire objectives inclusive of separate factors such asCO2, CO, VOC, fine particulate
matters (PM10, PM2.5), temperature and humidity which seems to be harm in IAQ. Further,
it has successfully attempted to highlight the technological status of the framework
accomplished by existing research in the field of IoT and Chemistry-related changes in
Indoor Air Quality. This paves way for researchers to monitor indoor air quality in efficient
manner at anywhere in real time computing technologies. The result show that IoT based
application has been proven to ensure reliable, accurate and cost-effective indoor air quality
monitoring system for large scale environment. Finally, it appears that a comparative
analysis of a few IoT-based IAQ monitoring systems is extremely significant and will be
utilised for IAQ research in the future. Also, short possible extensions that can be enhanced
in forthcoming as (i) research can be impelled to develop IAQ prediction and schedulable
systems thereby proper corrective measurements can be followed at certain time interval.
(ii) Potential design of system lifetime and robustness for standard monitoring surrounding
needs to be analyse in large scale environments.

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