INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE is derived from the Latin word “litera” which means letters. It is the art of written work and can, in some
circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. It is any printed matter written on a book, a magazine or a
pamphlet. It also referers to man’s manifold experiences blended into a harmonious expression.
Do you know about its origin? What are its developments?
Taken to mean only written works, literature was first produced by some of the world’s earliest civilizations—
those of Ancient Egypt and Sumeria—as early as the 4th millennium BC; taken to include spoken or sung texts, it
originated even earlier, and some of the first written works may have been
based on a pre-existing oral tradition. As urban cultures and societies developed, there was a proliferation in the forms of
literature. Developments in print technology allowed for literature to be distributed and experienced on an
unprecedented scale, which has culminated in the twenty-first century in electronic literature.

WHY STUDY LITERATURE? WHAT CAN BE ITS BENEFITS?

By studying good literature, we learn more about human problems and difficulties. We will know about the
universality of such problems and ways to overcome them. Thus, it makes us better human beings. Moreover, it allows us
to go to the places we’ve never been, meet persons we’ve never met, and encounter ideas that never crossed our minds.
Furthermore, international understanding and world peace could as well be achieved.

A particular literary piece must possess these seven literary standards in order to be called a peerless epitome of artwork
capable of enduring the inevitable gusty tides of alteration. To criticize it is to consider the seven literary standards. Be
critical. Ask yourself once in a while.
Does it move you? Does it tickle your imaginations? What does it suggest? What lessons can be drawn out? Would it still
be read and be a good reference hundred of years from now? Does it possess multifaceted natures for all sorts of
audiences? Does the style fascinate you? Is the style used unique? These are just some of the considerations to check
whether literary pieces follow the different standards or not.
DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE
Prose – a form of language based on grammatical structure and the natural flow of speech. Spoken dialogue, factual
discourse, and a whole range of forms of writing normally use prose: literature, journalism, history, philosophy,
encyclopedias, etc., rely upon it for the bulk of what they have to say.
Poetry – something that arouses a complete imaginative feeling, by choosing the appropriate language and selective
words, and arranging them in a manner that creates a proper pattern, rhyme and rhythm.
1. PROSE
A. FICTION - These are works of literature that are based on imagination.

Novel: It is a fictitious narrative with a complicated plot; it may have a main plot and one or more sub-plots that develop
with the main plot.
Novelette: A novelette is also a narrative fictional prose. It is longer than a short story, but shorter than a novella.
Short Story: A fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time, place and action. It deals with a single character
interest, a single emotion or series of emotions.
Fairy Tale: A fairy tale is a type of short story that typically features folkloric fantasy characters, such as dwarves, elves,
fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, mermaids, trolls, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments.
Legend: These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.
Fantasy: It is a fiction genre that uses or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme or setting. Many
works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where magic and magical creatures are common.
FABLE - It is a literary genre: a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures,
plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized (given human qualities, such as the ability to
speak human language).
FOLKTALE - Folktales are generally passed down from one generation to another and often take on the characteristics of
the time and place in which they are told.
PARABLE - A parable is a story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs
from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables
have human characters.
SCIENCE FICTION - It deals mainly with the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals. The premise
may either be based on or flatly contradict scientific facts and principles.
ANECDOTE- These are merely products of the writer's imagination and the main aim is to bring out lessons to the
reader.
MYTH; It is a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a
determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, especially one that is concerned with deities or demigods and
explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature.
PLAYS; This is presented on stage, is divided into acts and each has many scenes.

B. NON-FICTION - These are literary works that are based mainly on facts rather than on the imagination.

DIARY -A daily written record or account of the writer's own experience, thoughts, activities or observations.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY - A written account of man's life written by himself.
ESSAY - A short piece of writing on a particular subject.
SPEECH - The expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds.
BIOGRAPHY - A written account of man's life written by someone else.
ORATION- This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. It appeals to the intellect, to the
will or to the emotions of the audience.
JOURNAL - A magazine or periodical especially of a serious or learned nature.
MEMOIR - A specific event in a life of a person.
RESEARCH - A systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
LETTERS - It is a prose form in which by the force of its style and importance of its statement becomes an object of
interest in its own right.
THESIS - A long piece of writing on a particular subject that is done to earn a degree at a university.
NEWS-A news story is a factual, prose story for print or broadcast media about a person, place or event answering these
five questions: who, what, when, where, why and how.
COOKING BOOK - A book of directions explaining how to prepare and cook various kinds of food.

2. POETRY
A. LYRIC - It expresses emotions, appeals to your senses, and often could be set to music.

ODE - A poem of some length serious in subject dignified in style. It is written in the spirit of praise of some persons or
things.
ELEGY - A poem written on the death of a friend or a poet.
SONG - A poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music. It has twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic)
and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or bandura.
CORRIDO - These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and are recited to a material beat.
SONNET - A poem containing fourteen iambic lines and a complicated rhyme.
FOLKSONG - These are short poems intended to be sung. The common theme is love,
despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope, and sorrow.
PSALMS - This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
PROVERBS - These are concise statements that teach ideas on morality and tradition.

B. NARRATIVE - A poem that tells a story, and has the elements of a story. Narrative poems often have a rhyme scheme.

EPIC - A long poem about a hero concerning the beginning, the continuance, and the end of an event of great
significance.
METRICAL ROMANCE- A poem that tells a story of adventure, love, and chivalry. The typical hero is a knight on a quest.
METRICAL TALE - A poem consisting usually of a single series of connective events that are simple idylls or home tales,
love tales, tales of the supernatural, or tales written for a strong moral purpose in verse form.
BALLAD - The simplest type of narrative poetry. It is a short poem telling a single incident in simple meter and stanzas.

C. DRAMATIC - A poem where the speaker is someone other than the poet himself.
A dramatic poem often includes characters and dialogue

A. Comedy - It is a type of drama intended to amuse the audience rather than make them deeply concerned
about the event that happened. The characters overcome some difficulties, but they always overcome their ill-fortune
and find happiness in the end.
B. Farce - A comedy that depends for its humor on quick and surprising turns of events and on exaggerated
characters and situations, or the type of humor characteristic of such a play.
C. Tragedy - It is a type of drama that shows the downfall and destruction of a noble or outstanding person,
traditionally one who possesses a character weakness called a tragic flaw.
D. Melodrama - A sensational dramatic piece with exaggerated characters and exciting events intended to
appeal to the emotions.
E. Tragicomedy - It is a play that does not adhere strictly to the structure of tragedy. This is usually a serious
play that also has some of the qualities of comedy. It arouses thought even with laughter.

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE IN SOCIETY

LITERATURE HELPS EXPAND THE HORIZON
Literature gives its readers an inside look into how cultures from other parts of the world differ from their own, and how
customs from other countries help shape how their citizens view the world. By opening their minds to what different
cultures have to offer, readers of literature become more accepting of the unique differences of people from around the
world. It can also give them unique insights into their own past or present cultures and can help them make a stronger
connection to others in their own cultures.
LITERATURE GIVES A LOOK INTO THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Literature provides a window into the past, allowing readers to see how their ancestors and others dealt with day-to-day
life. Readers can see where their own people came from, and how the country they live in became what it is today.

LITERATURE GIVES A VIEW INTO HUMAN CONDITIONS

Literature also helps readers to understand the human condition, and what makes them who they are, whether talking
about love, war or other important themes throughout life. After knowing the importance of literature to society, there
are some instances wherein people voice out everything that triggers their curiosity then put it into writing. At some
point, it goes beyond the norm of a certain community that some people question their faith, beliefs, will, and even their
government. So, what do people of authority do to this kind of literary works? They ban them. In our next topic, we will
know the reasons why do they ban some literary pieces. Let’s start!
NOTE: Banning of books is not applicable to the whole world. There are some places or even a place where they ban a
book because it goes against the community’s standard.

REASONS FOR LITERATURE BEING BANNED

BOOK BANNING
Banning is the actual removal of materials from school curriculum library, community or even nation--thereby
restricting the access of others.
Each book that is banned or censored is done so for the content within the pages. There are a few common reasons that
books have been banned or censored in schools, libraries, and books stores.
These include:
  RACIAL ISSUES; About and/or encouraging racism towards one or more groups of people.
To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee
Challenged at the Warren, IN Township schools (1981) because the book does "psychological damage to the positive
integration process" and "represents institutionalized racism under the guise of good literature." After unsuccessfully
trying to ban Lee's novel, three black parents resigned from the township human relations advisory council.
 ENCOURAGEMENT OF "DAMAGING" LIFESTYLES/ ILL WILL; The content of the book encourages lifestyle choices
that are not the norm or could be considered dangerous or damaging. This could include drug use, cohabilitation
without marriage, or homosexuality.
George by Alex Gino
Challenged, banned, restricted, and hidden to avoid controversy; for LGBTQIA+ content and a transgender character;
because schools and libraries should not “put books in a child’s hand that require discussion”; for sexual references; and
for conflicting with a religious viewpoint and “traditional family structure”.

 BLASPHEMOUS DIALOG
o The author of the book uses words such as "God" or "Jesus" as profanity. This could also include any use
of profanity or swear words within the text that any reader might find offensive.
o This category, by the way, also covers blasphemy—because if it offends God, it offends a whole lot of
people.
Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck
Challenged, but retained, in the Bryant, AR school library (1998) because of a parent's complaint that the book "takes
God's name in vain 15 times and uses Jesus's name lightly."

 SEXUAL SITUATIONS OR DIALOG/LITERATURE WITH OBSCENE ACTS

o Many books with content that include sexual situations or dialog are banned or censored.
Live Show (2001)
The Schindler’s List brouhaha was not the last time that a president intervened in a dispute involving the MTRCB. In
March 2001, the board under film scholar Nicanor Tiongson allowed Jose Javier Reyes’ “Live Show” to be shown in public
theaters. Originally titled “Toro,” the lead characters in the movie engage in sex in front of nightclub patronizers for
money.
Tiongson’s decision was loudly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church under the late Jaime Cardinal Sin. Then-President
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo promptly ordered that the film be pulled out of cinemas, eventually deciding to ban it
altogether after a review.

 PRESENCE OF WITCHCRAFT; Books that include magic or witchcraft themes. A common example of these types
of books is J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter Series.
Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling
Banned and forbidden from the discussion for referring to magic and witchcraft, for containing actual curses.
 RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS/ DEFAMATION OF OTHER RELIGION; Books have been banned or censored due to
unpopular religious views or opinions in the content of the book. This is most commonly related to satanic or
witchcraft themes found in the book.
Ang Dating Daan‘s Eliseo Soriano goes off the air (2004).
Eliseo Soriano, televangelist and the outspoken founder of the religious group Ang Dating Daan,
challenged the MTRCB when it suspended its show for three months. The lengthy suspension came after
certain INC ministers complained about Soriano for hurling invectives at them on national television.
The SC affirmed MTRCB’s decision, explaining that “plain and simple insults directed at another person cannot be
elevated to the status of religious speech.” It also added that Soriano was merely moved by anger and the need to seek
retribution, and not by any religious conviction when he made the offending remarks.
(Source: www.mcgi.org)
  POLITICAL BIAS/ ANTI-GOVERNMENT; Most commonly occurs when books support or examine extreme political
parties/philosophies such as fascism, communism, anarchism, etc.
Banning of “Ora Pro Nobis” (1989)
This Lino Brocka masterpiece, which shows the bloody armed struggle between government-
sponsored paramilitaries and Communists in Mindanao, was banned from public viewing because of its
supposed subversive theme.
The administration of then-President Corazon Aquino received flak for this censorship, with critics citing the decision as
proof that democracy has not been fully restored even after the 1986 People Power Revolution. The movie was eventually
shown during the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.
 AGE INAPPROPRIATE; These books have been banned or censored due to their content and the age level at
which they are aimed. In some cases, children's books are viewed to have "inappropriate" themes for the age
level at which they are written for.
“For Adults Only” rating on The Da Vinci Code (2006)
Based on Dan Brown’s novel of the same title, the highly-successful movie triggered violent
reactions from around the world especially from the Roman Catholic Church and its allies.
In the Philippines, the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines called on MTRCB to have
the movie banned mainly because of its claim that Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene had a relationship
and in fact began a bloodline. The MTRCB ultimately decided to give the movie a “For Adults
Only” rating.

MUSIC AS PART OF LITERATURE

Ano ang musikang Pilipino?
Ang mga musikang Pilipino ay mga katutubong awit ng ating lahi na naimpluwensyahan ng Kastila at Amerikano
Ano ang musikang makabayan?
Ang musikang makabayan ay mga awit na tumatalakay sa mga isyung panlipunan at nagtataguyod ng malasakit
sa bayan
Nahahati ito sa musikang mainstream at musikang alternatib
Musikang mainstream =Ito ang mga nakasanayang awit na pinatutugtog sa radio
Musikang alternatibo= Ito ang mga madalang mapatugtog sa radio
Bakit mahalaga ang paggamit ng musikang makabayan sa pagtuturo?
 Ipinakikilala nito sa kabataang pilipino ang sarili nating sining at kultura.
 Hinahasa nito ang kritikal na pag-iisip ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsusuri ng mensahe ng mga awit.
 Nagsisilbi itong lunsaran ng mga isyung panlipunan na dapat maunawaan ng mga kabataan.
 Nakakatulong ito upang maunawaan ang Sikolohiyang Pilipino at ang ating lipunan.
Papel ng musika bilang panitikan ayon kay Prof. Edru Abraham
 Ang musika ay dapat gamitin bilang sangkap ng pagkakaisa ng mga Pilipino.
 Ang musika ay bahagi ng karanasan ng ating lipi ay na hindi dapat ikahiya
at kailangang ipagmalaki pa nga at ipamahagi sa mundo.
Song by Judas

DUKHA

Ako'y isang anak mahirap

Lagi nalang akong nagsusumikap

Ang buhay ko'y walang sigla

Puro nalang dusa

Paano na kaya ang buhay ko?

Sa akin ay walang tumatanggap

Mababa raw ang aking pinagaralan

Grade one lang ang inabot ko

No read, no write pa ako

Paano na kaya ang buhay ko?

Isang kahig, isang tuka

Ganyan kaming mga dukha

Isang kahig, isang tuka

Ganyan kaming mga dukha

Week 3-4 Lessons

POVERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Causes of Poverty
The main causes of poverty in the country include the following:
 low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years;
 low growth elasticity of poverty reduction;
 weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated;
 failure to fully develop the agriculture sector;
 high inflation during crisis periods;
 high levels of population growth;
 high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts of economic
expansion; and
 recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and "environmental
poverty."
Key Findings
The report's key findings include the following:
 Economic growth did not translate into poverty reduction in recent years;
 Poverty levels vary greatly by regions;
 Poverty remains a mainly rural phenomenon though urban poverty is on the rise;
 Poverty levels are strongly linked to educational attainment;
 The poor have large families, with six or more members;
 Many Filipino households remain vulnerable to shocks and risks;
 Governance and institutional constraints remain in the poverty response;
 There is weak local government capacity for implementing poverty reduction programs;
 Deficient targeting in various poverty programs;
 There are serious resource gaps for poverty reduction and the attainment of the MDGs by 2015;
 Multidimensional responses to poverty reduction are needed; and
 Further research on chronic poverty is needed.
The report comprehensively analyzes the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and
achieve more inclusive growth. In the immediate and short term, there is a need to enhance the government's poverty
reduction strategy and involve key sectors for a collective and coordinated response to the problem. In the medium and
long-term, the government should continue to pursue key economic reforms for sustained and inclusive growth.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Human rights are universal, inalienable, and indivisible. They are dynamic and continue to evolve in
response to the growing needs, concerns, and aspirations of individuals and communities. These rights are
enriched in the course of the struggle for their full recognition. The human and peoples’ rights affirmed in
this declaration are wholly consistent with contemporary international standards. Nothing in this
declaration shall be used to negate or deny any other rights – whether specified or inferred found in
national or international human rights instruments.
The promotion of human and peoples’ rights is pursued through individual and collective action.
They are the product or purposive struggle and are linked to the real conditions and concerns of the
people. While much has been achieved, much remains to be done. In this new millennium, there will
remain the need for human rights defenders so long as repressive regimes, systems, and structures exist
that threaten to thwart our gains.
In our world today, more and more people have become aware and thus aspire to live in an
environment that protects the universal standards of human rights. Human rights are a source of strength
and power for people – they enable us to continue to work for peace, prosperity, progress, and sustainable
development. The cause of human rights enlivens our commitment to the realizations of the fullness of
life. This is our collective task as a people in solidarity with all the people of the world.
Lesson Proper:
As we are about to study a short story that can be best associated to poverty, it is but important to learn about the types
of conflict in literature as this would allow us to better appreciate our succeeding topic.

Types of Conflict
Literature without conflict is like living a monotonous life or watching a two-hour vlog of a person who recorded himself
sleeping for two literal hours – it is dull and boring. Oftentimes, we feel a tinge of pain as our favorite characters go
through hardships.
Not to mention how much we cried when star-crossed lovers Romeo and Juliet had to die together; or how Game of
Thrones character Ned Stark was beheaded just after we got so much attached to his character; and how we hated the
demigorgons for disturbing the coolest kids in Stranger Things. These struggles were necessary to keep us entertained,
just as how the pain that we experience adds color to the life that we are currently living.

So let's look at the seven of the most common types of conflict, using examples from famous novels to illustrate each
type.

CONFLICT – is any struggle between opposing forces.

  Conflict Drives Characterization
Most enduring stories contain more than one of these types of conflict, and one conflict can develop into
another during a character's journey. It's important to understand your character's traits, as well as what type of
literary character he or she is, to comprehend more about any particular conflict.
After studying the different conflicts in literature, here is a short story written by Jose Villa about one of the root causes
of poverty. While looking into the conflicts in the story, notice how Villa tries to wake up the youth of all generations
from our deep slumber
FOOTNOTE TO YOUTH by: Jose Garcia Villa

ELEMENTS OF THE STORY

• Dodong - Main character of the story who got married to Teang at the age of 17.

• Teang - Regretted marrying at an early age.

• Lucio - Teangs other suitor who got married after she did and who’s childless until now.
CHARACTERS
• Blas - Dodong and Teang’s oldest son who followed their footsteps in the end. Blas contemplated
to marry Tona when she was 18.

• Tona - The woman whom Blas wants to marry.

SETTING The setting is in a RURAL AREA. Specifically in a farm.

POINT OF VIEW The point of view is in Third Person.

• Exposition - The exposition of "Footnote to Youth" introduces Dodong, the protagonist, his
PLOT OF THE
fiance and his father. It also introduces the conflict Dodong is facing, which is that he must tell his
STORY
father that he plans to marry. He knows his father will think he is too young, but he is determined
to marry the woman he loves.

• Rising Action - The rising action occurs when Dodong is interested in marrying Teang and tells
his father that he wants to do so. He considers marrying Teang as essential to his life and even
holds back momentarily from sharing it with his father, fearing resistance. He is only seventeen,
as his father reminds him, but Dodong is too stiff-necked to reconsider. He does not even notice
the helpless look in his father's eyes, which suggests that he should not marry.

• Climax - Dodong married Teang. After nine months, Teang gave birth to a child named Blas. For
six consecutive years, a new child came along. Teang did not complain even though she secretly
regretted being married at an early age. Sometimes she even wondered if she would have the
same life if Lucio, her other suitor who was nine years older than Dodong, was the one she
married.

Lucio has had no children since the time he married. When Teang and Dodong were twenty they
looked like they were fifty. When Blas was 18, he told his father that he would marry Tona.
Dodong did not object, but tried to make Blas think twice before rushing to marriage - because
Dodong doesn't want Blas to end up like him.
• Falling Action - Dodong comes to a realization that early marriage can ruin one's life. Dodong
had seven children. He is not only ashamed in front of his parents for his youthful paternity, but
also gets angry at himself because the birth of so many children could not be helped.

He is also humiliated. He realizes that life does not fulfill all the dreams of youth.
And also when Dodong can’t do anything to change the mind of his son into marrying Tona.
• Denouement - Dodong was helpless. He couldn’t do anything but to give his consent. Dodong
felt really sad and sorry for his son.

• Conclusion - “History repeats itself”

ü Footnote to youth talks about the youth as of today. It was written by Jose Garcia Villa in
1933.

ü It is the basic story of marrying at a very young age and questioning the wisdom of making
 life choices at a young age that must be lived with.

ü It also shows that a father’s wisdom is not always something you can base your life on.

ü If you make a decision even at a young age, sometimes you must live with the
consequences.

• The theme of foot note to youth is teen marriage. The story revolves around the main
character Dodong , his pursuit of his love for Teang and the realization of the complexity of early
THEME marriage.

• It also speaks about responsibilities and realities and decision Making.

• Don’t rush things.

MORAL OF THE
• Don’t make decisions that will ruin your future.
STORY
• It’s better to use both our heart and mind.

LITERARY DEVICES

These are techniques which shape narrative to produce an effect on the reader.
Plot Device – is an object, character or concept introduced into the story by the author to advance its plot.
Plot Twist – any unexpected turn of the story that gives a new view on its entire topic. A plot twist at the end of the story
is called a twist ending.
Flashing Arrow – a technique used to focus the reader’s attention on an object or a location that will be important later
in the story.
Red Herring – a plot device that distracts the reader’s attention from the plot twists that are important for the story. It is
used to maintain tension and uncertainty.
Death trap – a plot device that the villain uses to try to kill the protagonist and satisfy his own sadistic desires.
Comic Book Death – a technique which makes a major character “die or disappear forever”, but the character re-appears
later in the story.
Dark and Stormy Night – a cliché-like opening that usually includes darkness, violent lightning and a general mood of
solitude.
Reverse Chronology – a technique where a story begins at the end and works back toward the beginning.
In medias res – a literary technique where the narrative starts in the middle of the story instead from its beginning. The
characters, setting and conflict is often introduced through a series of flashbacks.
Analepsis (flashback) – presents the events from previous to the current time frame. Flashbacks are usually presented as
character’s memories and are used to explain their backgrounds and the back-story.
Prolepsis (flash forward) – presents events that will occur in the future.
Foreshadowing – it is a premonition, much like a flash forward, but only hints at the future.

*FINALES. There are several patterns for story endings:

Cliff-hanger – an abrupt ending that leaves the plot incomplete, without denouement. It often leaves characters in a
precarious or difficult situation which hint at the possibility of a sequel.
Twist Ending – an unexpected finale that gives an entirely new vision on the entire plot. It is a powerful technique but it
can leave the reader dissatisfied or frustrated.
Happy Ending – a finale when everything ends in the best way for the hero
Poetic Justice – type of a happy ending where the virtue is rewarded and the vice is punished.
Deus ex machina – a plot device dating back to ancient Greek theatre, where the conflict is resolved through a means (by
god, deus) that seem unrelated to the story. This allows the author to end the story as desired without following the logic
and continuity of the story.

Elements of the Short Story (My Fathers Goes to Court)

SETTING: In the City
CHARACTERS: the young narrator, poor father, wife and his children, rich man, rich man’s
children, servants, policeman, judge and the lawyer
PLOT
Exposition:
There was a young narrator describing his family who lived in a town with a rich neighbor. This family's children often
goes out to play along with each other and always find themselves laughing, while the rich man's children are always
kept inside the house. The family often hang and stand beside the rich man's window to see whatever they are up to.
They always unintentionally smell the rich aroma of those foods their neighbor's maids are cooking.
Rising Action:
As time went on, the rich man's children became thin and anemic, while the young narrator's family grew even more
robust and full of life. Their faces were bright and rosy while the others were pale and sad. Soon, the rich man started to
cough and his wife began too. Then their children started to cough, one after the other. Until one day, the rich man
suddenly closed their windows after seeing the young narrator's siblings; healthy and full of life.
Climax:
One morning, a policeman from the presidencia came to the young narrator's house. The rich man had filed a complaint
against them stating that they've been stealing the spirit of their wealth and food. The day came for the two families to
face the trial in the court. The rich man had a lawyer while the young narrator's father stood by his decision to not hire
any.
Falling Action:
The trial began by the rich man's lawyer started to ask annoying questions to the father. After answering, the father
requested to bring the complainant's children to the stand and began to ask almost the same questions he answered.
After being somehow proven guilty by the lawyer and the rich man's children, the father agreed to pay the crime they
committed.
Denouement:
The father agreed to pay the crime they committed. He walked over to where his children were sitting and took his straw
hat and began filling it up with centavo pieces. With the permission from the judge, he strode into the other room with
the hat full of coins in his hand while the doors of both rooms were wide open. The sweet tinkle of the coins carried
beautifully in the courtroom. All the people heard the sound. He talked to the rich man and said: "That's the spirit of
money, you are paid". The rich man fell to the floor as the father stands the case to be dismissed.

.....End of lesson... :)

WEEKS 5 AND 6 LESSONS

INTRODUCTION
Poetry has been around for almost four thousand years. Like other forms of literature, poetry is written to
share ideas, express emotions, and create imagery. Poets choose words for their meaning and acoustics, arranging them
to create a tempo known as the meter. Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes, with two or more lines that end in like-
sounding words. Today, poetry remains an important part of art and culture. From Shakespearean sonnets to Maya
Angelou’s reflective compositions, poems are long-lived, read and recited for generations.

The poem entitled “The Poverty of the Woman Who Turned Herself into Stone” is a classic Filipino poem that
was written by Lina Sagaral-Reyes, a classic Filipino poet.
The speaker of the poem, which is a woman, sees and describes the situation of the character presented in the
poem. The poem is in the third person point of view. The “stone” in the poem represents the state of the woman
wherein she is no longer capable of feeling any emotion. It represents her being numb to the cold and pain from the
judgment of the people around her. It can be implied that she has turned into a stone-hearted woman. She is always
angry and does not feel sorrow. Her life is only of a single color – gray – which is a color that symbolizes sadness,
bleakness, and dullness.
Poverty forced the woman to endure her struggles without complaining. She thinks that there is nothing she can
do anymore to change her life, so she just remains where she is and just listens to the voices of the people who weigh
her down. Poverty also made her blind, and she chose not to see the ugly truth and reality. She just allowed herself to be
swallowed by the darkness of her suffering.

As the title suggests, this is a poem about a dry season which is dry in the sense that the persona is poor, but who, in
spite of his poverty, manages to see the brightest side of things and to make do with the deprived conditions under which
he lives. The conflict here is clear between the conditions of extreme poverty and the attitude of cheerfu1ness and what
this attitude sees of abundance in his environment.
The diction is very well-defined between the two elements of tension in the poem. For example, the objects of poverty
are pictured in the words: "broken pieces"; "our lean and hardwood house"; "cracked glass"; "no special feast"; "rice and
fish and coffee"; "there is no wine"; "everything is spare and useful"; "floorboards creaking and creaking"; "the
sunhammered tree outside our crooked window"; "dry season."
The words that bespeak his attitude of seeing abundance and the things around him are: "it is a wonder"; "a fine day";
"Stm spilled"; "the wind lolloping"; "the birds singing and singing"; "we pick up broken pieces" (showing willingness to
make do with the broken pieces); be glad for several things: that his pain is personal, that he has a bed which is in one
comer, that he has a table, that there is a "China jug of water/Will do to make us relish appetite"; "everything is spare
and useful to keep alive."
There are many different types of poems. The difference between each type is based on the format, rhyme scheme and
subject matter.
Allegory: a narrative found in verse and prose in which a character or event is used to speak about a broader theme.

Blank Verse: a type of poetry written in a regular meter that does not contain rhyme.

Canzone: a lyric poem originating in medieval Italy and France and usually consisting of hendecasyllabic lines with end-
rhyme.

Haiku: an unrhymed poem consisting of 17 syllables arranged in three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively.

Imagery: a vivid and vibrant form of description that appeals to readers senses and imagination.

Name: or Acrostic Poem uses the letters of the word for the first letter of each line

Blank Verse: a type of poetry written in a regular meter that does not contain rhyme.

Conceit: an often unconventional, logically complex, or surprising metaphor whose delights are more intellectual than
sensual.

Burlesque: a form of poetry that treats a serious subject ridiculously, humorously, or is simply a trivial story

Dactyl: a three-syllable metrical pattern in poetry in which a stressed syllable is followed by two unstressed syllables

Free Verse: is a poetry without a set form, so it doesn't have a repeated rhythm or rhyme scheme.

Pastoral: explores the fantasy of withdrawing from modern life to live in an idyllic rural setting

Cacophony: when sounds, or words, mix together in a way that sounds harsh, bad, or unpleasant to our ears.

Petrarchan Sonnet: divides the 14 lines into two sections. an eight-line stanza (octave) rhyrning ABBAABBA, and a six-line
stanza (sestet) rhyming CDECDE CDCDCD or CDECDE.

Epitaph: a short lyric written in memory of someone who has died.

Limmerick: a poem, often humorous in nature, that consists of five lines in a single stanza with a rhyme scheme of
AABBA

Quatrain: a series of four-lines that make one verse of a poem, known as a stanza.

Shakespearean Sonnet: a Shakespearean sonnet is a poem with three quatrains, using a rhyme scheme of ABAB CDCD
EFEF, followed by an ending couplet of two lines with a rhyme scheme of GG.
Refrain: a verse, a line, a set, or a group of lines that appears at the end of stanza, or appears where a poem divides into
different sections.

Tanka: an unrhymed Japanese verse form of five lines containing five, seven, five, seven, and seven syllables respectively.

Senryu: a three-line Japanese poetic form that focuses on human nature, generally with an ironic or darkly comedic
edge.

Terza Rima: a three-line stanza using chain rhyme in the pattern ABA BCB CDC DED