2-International Organization and Conventions

Paris convention-1917- to regulate air navigations

Chicago Convention- 7/12/1944- 96 articles – 193 members including Cook Islands

ICAO – 1947

Assembly

council

commisin secretarit

Assembly: highest assembly, meets not less than once in 3 years

Council: 36 contracting states, president elected by council

Commissions and committees: 9 & 15.

Secretariat: appointed by council

ICAO Regional Offices:

1. Asia and pacific: Bangkok, Thailand

2. Middle East: Cairo
3. Western & central Africa: Dakar, Senegal
4. South America: Lima, Peru
5. America and Caribbean: Mexico
6. Eastern and Southern Africa: Nairobi
7. Europe and north Atlantic: Paris, France

International standards: necessary

Recommended Practices: desirable

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS): Are approved by the council for worldwide
application. Not matured for international standards and recommended practices and too detailed
for annex

Regional supplementary Procedures (SUPPS): approved by council for regions

Icao circulars: Specialized info. Includes studies on technical subjects

ICAO Standards

Annex 1: personal licensing

Annex 2. Rules of Air ‘

Annex 3: Meteorological service for international air nav

Annex 4: aeronautical charts (8697)

Annex 5: units of measurements

Annex 6: operation of a/c. 1. commercial 2. general aviation 3. helicopters (8168)

Annex 7: aircraft nationality and registration marks

Annex 8: airworthiness

Annex 9: facilitations

Annex 10: telecommunications

Annex 11: air traffic services

Annex 12: search and rescue

Annex 13: aircraft accident investigations

Annex 14: aerodromes

Annex 15: Aeronautical information services (8126)

Annex 16: Environmental protections

Annex 17: unlawful interference

Annex 18: dangerous goods

Annex 19: Safety management

ICAO Recommended practices

4444: PANS

7030: Supps

7910: location indicators

8400: Icao abbreviation and codes

7333: Search and rescue

6920: a/c accident

9342: aerodromes, air routes, ground aids

 International Air Service Transit- Technical freedoms of air - ratified by India:

1. First freedom of air: privilege to fly across its country without landing
2. Second freedom of air: the privilege to land for non-traffic purposes

 International air transport- commercial freedom of air- not ratified by India

1. Third freedom of air: to put down passenger, cargo taken on in the country whose
nationality the aircraft possess
2. Fourth freedom of air: to take on passenger, cargo destined to the territory whose
nationality aircraft possess’’
3. Fifth freedom: the privilege to take on and put down passengers, cargo and mail
 Ratified by India:
Tokyo convention: 14/9/1963- took your control – safety of aircraft jeopardize. Final
authority with PIC. PIC delivers such person to competent authority
Hague, 1970: unlawful seizure
Montreal convention, 1971: shit got real, violence on board the aircraft / safety of aircraft
Montreal protocol, 1988: offence at aerodrome
Montreal Convention,1991: marking of plastic explosives for detection

Ministry of civil aviation

Located at Rajiv Gandhi airport at Safdarjung airport in Delhi
Also takes care of railway safety
AAI – 1st April 1995. Provision of AIPS, Notams, AIRRACS, PIBs etc.

Warsaw: passengers, baggage and cargo

Rome: damage caused by foreign aircraft
Geneva: hire, purchase and lease
Cape town: investments in aircraft objects
Leasing rules
Lessor: giving
Lessee: taking
Wet lease: with crew. AOC of the lessor
Dry lease: without crew. AOC of the lessee
AOC = aircraft operating certificate
wet, dry and damp lease only in emergency situation

State should give 60 days’ notice to ciao

Cabotage: domestic air services.

Ch-3 Aircraft nationality and registration marks

(Annex 7)

Radio calls signs allocated to state of registry by ITU

ITU allocated 4YA to 4YZ to 2 or more states carrying out joint operations

Identification plate: fireproof metal near

1. main entrance of heavier than air aircraft

2. Unmanned air balloon: exterior of payload
3. Letters/characters/combination of letter & characters: 5 digits/characters

Measurement of nationality and registration marks

 Heavier than air aircraft

1. Wings: 50 cm
2. Fuselage: 30 cm
 Lighter than air aircraft: 50cm
 National Provisions

Certificate of registration: by central govt and maintained by director general

The certificate of registration can be cancelled if air worthiness has expired for 5 yrs or more

India has been allotted with AT to AW by ITU

India uses VT=civil aircraft; VU=air force; U= unmanned aircraft

No adv. allowed on the aircraft

National flags maybe used but different by military a/c

Ttt,XXX,PAN prohibited

Ch-4 Rules of Air

(Annex 2)

Final authority with PIC

Movement area: apron, taxiway, runway

Maneuvering area: taxiway, runway

PIC shall have final authority over disposition of a/c

Flight Level= above transition altitude 7yu;l.

Altitude = below transition altitude

a/c shall not be flown congested areas, towns or open-air assembly without permission from
director general

Dropping/spraying= not allowed without clearance from ATS unit

Towing= Not permitted in India

Parachute descent = not allowed unless clearance from central govt in writing

Acrobatic flight = not allowed without clearance from ATS unit. Not less than 2000ft. not less than
2nm of aerodrome unless flown higher than 2000ft.

Formation flight = 1. No civil aircraft shall be flown in formation in India

2. prescribed by ATS

3. distance not exceeded 1km (0.5nm) laterally & longitudinally and 30m from flight leader

Right of way:

1. Approaching head on: both alter course to the right.

2. Converging : the aircraft on the right has the right of way
3. Overtaking: overtaking aircraft less than 70 degree. Unable to see left/right nav light.
Overtaken aircraft has the right of way.
4. Landing: Final stage has priority
5. Emergency landing- priority
 6. t/o: t/o aircraft has priority over taxiing aircraft
Priority: heavier than air aircraft<power-driven towing<airships<gliders<balloons

Lights displayed

Anticollision/rotating beacons

Nav light-relative path-to observer

Reduce intensity/switch off: affect performance/harmful dazzle to outside observer

Simulated Instruments Flights:

Fully functional dual controls ; qualified pilot as safety pilot with side vision and forward/ observer in
communication with safety pilot.

In circuits: Make all turns to left unless told otherwise; land and t/o into the wind; PIC continuous
watch on radio/visual signals

Flight plans

Except nano RPA-50ft AGL ; Micro RPA-200ft AGL

Flight plan should be submitted when:

 Operating in ATCS
 Any ifr flight
 When info needed by ATS or search & rescue
 Across international borders
 Co-ord with military required to avoid interception for purpose of identification

Flight plan should be submitted at least 180mins/3hrs before but not earlier than 120hr of estimated
off block time

New flight plan=30 mins excess of estimated time off blocks

RPA at least 24hrs before EOD

Delay of 15 mins – Notify ATC of revised ETD

Significant change of flight plan reported ASAP to ATS

Closing flight plan: made in person/radio telephony/datalink ASAP

TIME

Utc=24hr

ATC clearance – through submission of flight plan

Deviation from current flight plan:

 From track : adjust ASAP

 From Mach no/IAS: ATS informed immediately ‘
 From Mach no/TAS: +/-0.2 or +/-19km/h(10kt) ATS informed
 Time: By 2 mins or more, ATS reported

Weather deviation VMC:

  Request clearance
 If no clearance continues and notify
 Request to operate as special VFR
 Request to operate as IFR
 Position reports to be made

COMMUNICATIONS

2-way communication even after CPDLC has been established

Radio communication Failure: Rcf procedures have been mentioned in AIP

If in VMC : continue to fly in vmc and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome and report to A

If in IMC: no radar- maintain last assigned for 20mins & then adjust to flight plan

Radar – maintain for 7 mins, code 7600

Vmc visibility & distance from cloud minima:

At and above 3050m ABCDEFG 8km 1500 horizontally;

300m vertically
Below 3050m and ABCDEFG 5km 1500m horizontally;
900m above or 300m 300m vertically
above terrain
At and below 900m or ABCDE 5KM 1500m horizontally;
300m above terrain 300m vertically
FG 5km Clear of cloud and with
surface in sight

In F & G, flight visibility less than 3000m can fly when speed is low that it can see other traffic and
traffic is low

Helicopters: 1500m under same condition

Cannot fly when ceiling less than 450m.

VFR= 20mins before sunrise and 20mins after sunset

VFR flights shall not be operated:

 Above FL150
 At transonic/supersonic sound
 More than 100nm seaward from shoreline within controlled airspace

Authorization of vfr flight above FL290 not be granted where 300m vertical separation

Over congested areas of cities or towns or settlements at height less than 300m within radius of
600m from the aircraft.

Elsewhere at height less than 150m above ground/water.

VFR flights shall comply with the ATC provisions

 When operated within class B,C and D airspace

 When forming part of aerodrome traffic
  When operated as special VFR
Special VFR rules
1. Traffic condition permit, Special VFR maybe authorized
2. Request for such flights handled individually
3. Flight Viz not less than 1500m ; choppers viz not less than 1000m
4. Special vfr by IR pilots, AFI, FI rating

Instrument Flight Rules

Equipped with suitable instruments

High terrain – 600m above the highest obstacle within 8km of estimated position of aircraft
elsewhere 300m above the highest obstacle within 8km of estimated position of aircraft

IFR to VFR ATC should be informed

Night flight : ½ hour after sunset and ½ hour before sunrise

SIGNALS

Distress signals : ..__.. sos morse code; mayday*3; rockets/shells red light 1 at time at short interval;
parachute flare showing red light

Urgency signals: Switching ON & OFF landing/nab lights

PAN PAN*3

XXX (_.._,_.._,_.._)

PROCEDURE FOR ISSUANCE OF AIR DEFENCE CLEARANCE

Except for local flights within airspace of 5nm from ARP

- ADC before entering ADIZ from respective FIC 10 mins prior entering the Indian airspace
- ADC shall be obtained before departure, validity period -15 to +45mins
- For non scheduled domestic flight -15 to 3hours
- Fresh return ADC should be obtained delay more than 30mins of EOD

INTERCEPTION

Rocking and flashing nav lights at irregular intervals = You’ve been intercepted

Slow turn to left = Follow me

90 degree or more climbing turn = you may proceed

Lowering landing gear and showing steady landing light = land

Regular switching ON & OFF all available lights = cannot comply

Irregular flashing all available lights = Distress

Prohibited, Restricted, danger areas = Showing red/green stars/lights

Signals for aerodrome traffic

IN FLIGHT ON GROUND
Steady green Cleared to land Cleared to take off
 Steady red Give way to other aircraft and STOP
orbit
Series of red flashes Aerodrome unsafe, do not Taxii clear, landing area in use
LAND
Series of green flashes Return for landing Cleared to taxi
Series of white flashes Land & go to apron Return to starting point
Red pyrotechnic Not withholding previous
instructions, do not land

Acknowledgement by aircraft:

Day: rocking the wings ; night: by ON &OFF twice the aircraft landing light

VISUAL GROUND RULES

closed rwy or taxiway

MARSHALLING SIGNALS
 SEMI-CIRCULAR RULE

00-179=IFR odd, vfr odd+500

180-359= ifr even, vfr even+500

Navigation lights: red light – left 110; green light – right 110; white light – 140 back

Hijack: squawk 7500

- 1000ft separation differ by 500ft

- 2000ft separation differ by 1000ft

CVSM- same track-4000ft; opposite track-2000ft

RVSM- same track – 2000ft; opposite track-1000ft

RVSM = fl290-fl410

Ch-5 Air traffic services

DIVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
a. Area control services: Prevent collision between aircraft & expedite orderly flow of air traffic.
Except for approach & aerodromes

b. Approach control service: ATCS for arrival & departure

c. Aerodrome control service: ATCS for aerodrome except approach

PROVISION OF CONTROL SERVICE(AIP):

1. Radio communication established with appropriate aerodromes/approach control unit: prior

to taxing; to operate in c&d airspace
2. C & D airspace – through interpreter not permitted
3. C & d – 2-way comm vhf radio and radio compass

Flight information services: provide advice & info

Alerting services: notify appropriate for search and rescue

FIR: FIS+alerting services

Control Areas and Control Zones: ATCS provided to IFR flights & for VFR in B, C&D.

Controlled aerodromes: ATCS provided for aerodrome traffic

 Classification of airspaces

Procedures in class c airspace:

1. Runway handling capacity is more than 20 aircraft per hour

2. Equipped with primary and secondary radars
3. Class c airspace 4000ft to FL285
4. Airspaces upto 30nm around these airspaces – class d
5. Above FL285 – Class a

FIR : outside the controlled airspace. No lateral limit vertically upto FIR

FIR and location indicators:

 ICAO divided the world into 22 different ASFRA

 4 letter code
 1st Alphabet- ASFRA
 2nd alphabet – State or country
 3rd & 4th alphabet – place /station
 In india:
 A- West india
 I – north india
 E- East india
 O- South india

Example : VIDP

Indicators:
 NDB: 2/3 capital letters
VOR: 3 capital letters
ILS: 4 capital letters starting with I
Aerodrome: 4 capital letters, VABB
Significant point: 5 capital letters, 2 vowels
Routes: atleast 1 letter & 1 number from 1-999. Domestic route-W
SID/STAR: followed by num and alphabet suffixed
Prohibited area: VA(P)-2
Restricted area: VA( R )- 81
Danger area : VE (D)- 72 these are notified in notams

Military exercise & training areas:

Temporary segregated areas: TSA801(A)[thanjavur]---------- numbers 500-999

Temporary reserved areas: TRA601(A)[panagarh]---------- numbers 500-999

Mumbai FIR- 501-600

Kol FIR- 601-700

Del fir – 701-800

Che fir- 801-900

Future use – 901-999

Local flights/training flights : flight plan on Fax or telephone for within the traffic zone

An aerodrome with no traffic zone or no airspace reserved for local fligh, area of 5nm radius and
3000ft AGL is treated as VFR flying

Cross country – Training and civil aircraft if no aerodrome traffic zone, flight plan by fax or phone and
elapsed time to fir boundry should be mentioned; pilot’s phone number in field 18

Controlled area: No lateral limits but higher than 700ft

Controlled zones: 5nm radius, can include 2 or more aerodromes

IDENTIFICATIONS

Area control- town/geo features

Aerodrome control- aerodrome name

Control zone/Control area/ flight information region: unit having jurisdiction over airspace

Emergency

Squawk 7700- on mode A

Squawk 7500- on mode A in case of hijack

ADS
CPDLC

Air traffic control Services

 IFR – A to E
VFR – B, C & D
All specialised vfr
All aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes

Separation minima is given in PANS-ATM and SUPPs

Air traffic flow management – optimum utilization of resources at aerodrome

AAI- Central air traffic flow managent – 1. CCC in delhi supported by flow management plan

Phase 1: appointed 6 fmp bom, del, kol, blr, hyd, che

Phase 2: 30+ places

FIS SERVICE

Voice – automatic terminal information service and data – automatic terminal information service

V-ATIS:

To reduce load on VHF

v-atis shouldn’t be more than 30sec

shall be continuous and repetitive

shall not be transimitted on ILS

discrete vhf signal should be used

ATIS is only for one single aerodrome

Uncertainity phase (INCERFA): no communication for 30mins; A/c fails to arrive in 30mins ETA

Alert phase (ALERFA): unlawful interference is also alert phase

Distress phase (DETRESFA)

K-low level routes for helicopter use

U- upper airspace

S- route by supersonic aircraft

F – advisory service only

G- FIS

ATS route in india:

A/c cross ATS route at angle of 90 degree

To enter Indian airspace , 10 mins prior
On route radio: 20 mins prior
Position of flight after ½ hour and then at 1 hour interval
Min alt 1000ft with range 5nm
15nm with international border
 Scheduled intl flight can use domestic ATS route

CH-6 SEPARATION METHODS & MINIMA

Cruise climb not permitted in Indian FIR

Vertical separation during climb and descend:

1. Aircraft maybe cleared to level previously occupied by another aircraft latter reported
except:
 Severe turbulence
 Aircraft having same holding pattern ‘
 Aircraft performance such that minimum separation is compromised

Lateral separation:

 VOR: the angle between the 2 aircraft 15 degree and one aircraft is 15nm to the facility
 NDB: the angle between the 2 aircraft 30 degree and one aircraft is 15nm to the facility
 VOR/GNSS: angular diff between track measured at common point : 15-135
FL010-

Longitudinal separation:

a. Same track and same level:

 15 minutes normal condition
 10 mins – navigation aids
 5 mins – 1st aircraft 37kmh/20kt faster
 3 mins – 1st aircraft 74kmh/40kt faster
b. Flying on cross tracks:
 15 mins – normal condition
 10 mins – nav aids
c. Ascending-descending same track:
 15 mins
 10 mins – nav aids
 5 mins – 2nd ac reporting same reporting point
d. Traffic on reciprocal tracks:
 10 mins separation

Longitudinal separation based on distance using DME/GNSS:

1. Two a/c using DME

2. Two a/c using GNSS
3. One a/c using DME and GNSS- collocated waypoint

At same cruising level:

20nm (37km) separation

10nm – leading aircraft TAS of 20kt or 37km/h

Climbing/descending : 10nm
Reciprocal: 10nm

Separation based on ATS surveillance systems:

5nm horizontal separation upto 60nm from radar head

10 nm horizontal separation beyond 60nm from radar head

3nm from radar head where specifically authorized

mach number applied : 10 mins

a 150km(80nm) RNAV : 10 mins

RSP 180,240,400 indicate time in seconds between flight crew/HMI. HMI-human machine
interaction

Ch-7 Separation in the vicinity of aerodromes

Minimum separation between 2 aircraft :

1 min separation – diverging 45 degree immediately after take off

2 min separation – if the preceeding aircraft is 40kt or faster

5 min separation - if they follow same track

Separation of departing traffic from arriving aircraft:

If an arriving a/c is making ILS, a departing a/c may take off:

a. In any direction until arriving a/c started making turn to base leading to final approach.
b. In any direction which is atleast 45 degree from the reciprocal of the direction of approach.
3 min separation before arriving a/c beginning the instrument runway.

If an arriving a/c is making a straight in approach, departing a/c may takeoff:

a. 5 mins before the arriving a/c over the instrument runway

b. 45 degree from the reciprocal of direction of approach of arriving a/c
 3 mins before arriving a/c over the beginning of instrument runway

Reduction in separation minima in the vicinity of aerodromes:

a. Adequate separation by aerodrome controller when each a/c is continuously visible to the
controller
b. Visible to flight crews, they can maintain their own separation
c. One a/c following the other, the 2nd a/c reports that the other a/c is in sight and separation
can be maintained

Information for departing Aircraft

a. Meteorological conditions ; b.operational status of visual & non-visual aids

Procedures for Arriving Aircraft

Visual approach- approach by an IFR flight; requested by pilot or initiated by controller
 Controller shall not initiate visual approach, if pilot isn’t familiar with aerodrome and
surrounded by the terrain; should take into consideration the prevailing traffic &
meteorological condition.
When visual approach issued, its responsibility of pilot to maintain terrain clearance

Visual approach by Flight crew :

1. RVR- A & B – 2800m ; c-3200m ; d – 3600m :: circling approach – 5km viz
2. Ceiling above initial approach

Clearance to fly maintaining own separation while in VMC:

At or below 3050m

Expected Approach Time: Determined for arriving a/c that will be subjected to delay of 10mins;
revised EAT differs by 5mins. EAT transmitted ASAP when required to hold 30mins/more.

Onward clearance time: time at which an a/c can expect to leave the fix at which its being held

Information for arriving aircraft

The significant changes that has to be notified to pilot:

Headwind: 10kt ; tailwind : 2kt; crosswind:5kt.

Ch-8 Procedures for aerodrome control services

Clearance delivery Position: responsible for delivery of start up and ATC clearance to departing IFR
flights

Alerting Service Provided by Aerodrome Control tower:

Accident in the vicinity

In their jurisdiction

Requested by flight crew

whenever necessary

Procedures for start up & assignment of FL to departing aircraft:

1. Before startup – aerobridge remover

2. Should intimate number of souls on board & security check completed
3. Delays based on separation
4. Increase runway capacity – minimum runway occupancy time

Uncertainity on the position of the manoeuvring area:

a. Stop the aircraft

b. Notify the ATS unit

Long final – 8nm ; short final- 4nm

Priority : 1. urgency/ distress a/c

 3. Military a/c if not allowed to proceed according to plan then shortage of fuel
4. Live scramble
5. Medical flight
6. Vvip
7. Proceeding on search and rescue
8. RPA/aircraft urgent military commitment
9. Large scale weather deviation
10. Aircraft landing at alternate aerodromes

Aeronautical ground lights :

a. Sunrise to sunset if viz less than 3km

b. Sunset to sunrise
c. Requested by pilot

Reports on wind shear from a/c should be passed onto met office

Hotspot : Location on an airport moving area with history of potential risk of collision/runway
incursion

Coefficient of friction:

0.4+ Good 5
0.39-0.36 Med to good 4
0.35-3 Med 3
0.29-0.26 Med to poor 2
-0.25 Poor 1

Runway divided into 3 parts.

Ch-9 use of air traffic service surveillance systems

ATS surveillance system for identification of a/c: ADS-B, PSR, SSR etc

ADS-B: same application PSR, SSR it allows ATC to automatically and repeatedly access data from all
equipped a/c and use it or re-broadcast to other a/c within range

ADS-C: Uses the same system on board the a/c to automatically transmit similar info only to one or
more specific ATSU. Automatic dependent surveillance – contract

 ADVANTAGES OF ADS-B
 Environmentally friendly technology
 Makes use of satellite signals for tracking
 Pilots can see other traffic, weather, terrain (like controller’s radar)
 Indications and alerts of potential collision
 Reduce risk of runway incursion
 Greater coverage
 MLAT – Locate a/c using time difference of arrival (TDOA). Employs a number of ground
stations, which are placed in strategic locations around an airport. It doesn’t require
 additional avionic equipment, as it uses replies from mode A, C and S transponder as well as
military IFF and ADS-B transponder.
 Radar applications
 To reduce minimum separation between a/c
 Increase capacity in the sky.
 Radar vectors – magnetic heading only
 Radar control service – for aircraft operating within controller airspace
 Radar advisory service – for aircraft operating in class F airspace
 Radar flight info service – for identify in any part of FIR

 USE OF ATS SURVEILENCE IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE:

1. Provide radar service to:
Improve airspace utilization
Reduce Delays
Enhance safety

2. Provide radar vectoring to:

Departing aircraft for efficient flow of departures
Arriving a/c – descent from cruising level and make approach sequences
Aircraft for the purpose of resolving potential conflict
Assist pilot in their navigation
3. Provide separation maintain normal flow when a/c is experiencing communication failure

Position indication maybe displayed as:

1. Individual position symbol

2. PSR blips
3. SSR responses

Use of SSR without primary radar:

SSR maybe used alone for the provision of separation of separation if a/c identification is established
and maintained by use of discrete SSR codes

In case of a/c transponder failure, the a/c is normally permitted to continue to operate to the next
landing pt.

A request in flight plan is necessary if a/c takes off knowing transponder isn’t working

ATS surveillance service identification:

Radar identification to be made in prior by one of the methods in doc-4444-PANS ATM, if the
identification lost pilot shall be informed and instructions provided for non-ATS surveillance service
separation.

ADS-B identification Procedures:

1. Direct recognition of the aircraft identification in ADS-B label

2. Transfer of ADS-B identification
3. Observation of compliance with an instruction to TRANSMIT ADS-B IDENT

SSR and/or MLAT identification:

 o SSR and/or MLAT label
o Assigned discrete code
o Mode SS equipped a/c in an SSR/MLAT label
o Transfer of identification
o Observation of compliance with an instruction to set a specific code
o Observation of compliance with an instruction to squawk IDENT

PSR IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES

1. Position report method: Correlation drawn between the radar position indication & a/c
position, if they’re the same then is identified
2. Departing a/c method: Correlation drawn between the radar position indication with an a/c
that just departed, provided that identification is established within 1nnm of the runway
3. Turn method: the a/c identified by changing heading of 30 degree

Separation minima:

Only be applied between identified aircraft when there’s reasonable assurance that the
identification will be maintained

Procedural separation minima:

1. In the event of ATS surveillance failure

2. Outside the ATS surveillance coverage
3. An a/c leaving ATS surveillance service coverage or entering adjacent FIR

Based on ATS surveillance system (ICAO): 5nm

When radar or ADS-B or MLAT capabilities: 3nm

2.5nm between succeeding a/c on the same final approach track within 10nm of threshold.

Speed control procedure: (AIP)

Below 10000ft –IAS not greater than 250kt

Below 10000ft within 15nm radius of vor/dme - IAS not greater than 220kt

Termination of ATS surveillance service: Automatically terminated when arriving a/c is asked to
contact twr

Procedure for operation of SSR codes:

All aircraft carrying SSR transponder should be ON at all times whether the a/c is within or outside
airspace where ssr used for ATS

Operating procedures: aircraft departing shall be assigned an appropriate SSR code on departure,
shall continue unless instructed otherwise
aircraft not assigned SSR code on mode A3 code 2000 before entering the FIR

Shall not operate the transponder on ground except the t/o or till vacating runway after landing

Verification of accuracy of mode C derived level info/ADS-B altitude data transmission

Accurate +/-60m in RVSM airspace, +/-90m in other airspace

 Ch-10 Aeronautical Information Services
Aeronautical info service (AIS) is to ensure the aeronautical data and aeronautical info necessary for
aeronautical traffic management (ATM) system.

AIS – provided by AAI; AIC- published by dgca

AIP to satisfy international requirements for exchange of aeronautical info of a lasting character
essential to air navigation.

AIP- permanent info & long duration temporary changes

AIP is divided into 3 parts, enumerated in annex 15.

General specification:

Reissued frequently to maintain current publication

Operationally significant change to the AIP shall be published in accordance with AIRAC procedures.

Specifications for AIP amendments: replacement once a year in April

1. Permanent changes in the AIP

2. Each AIP amendments shall be allocated with consecutive serial number
3. Each AIRAC AIP amendments page incl shall display an effective date
4. If aip amendment not published, a nil notification shall be originated and distributed by the
monthly printed plain language list of valid NOTAMS

Specification for AIP supplements:

1. Temporary changes of long duration

2. Consecutive serial number and based on the calendar year
3. AIP supplements pages shall be kept in the AIP until the contents remain valid
4. When AIP supplements is sent in replacement of NOTAM, it shall incl a reference to the
serial number of NOTAM
5. A checklist of valid AIP supplements shall be issued at an interval of a month. Medium-
monthly printed list of valid NOTAMS
6. COLOUR – yellow
7. Shall be kept as first item in the AIP parts
8. Issued on the month of January every year

Electronic AIP: AIP, AIP supplements, AIP amendment and AIC published on a computer screen &
printing on paper

AIPs are published in 2 volumes:

Volume 1- part 1- general; part 2- Enroute (ENR)

Volume 2 – part 3 – aerodromes (AD)

Part 1- general (Gen)

1. National requirements and regulations

 2. Tables and codes
3. Services
4. ATS
5. Communication services
6. Meteorological services
7. Search & rescue
8. Charges for aerodromes/heliports and air nav services

Part 2- Enroute (ENR)

1. General rules and procedures

2. FIR/ CTA/ TMA? Other regulatory airspaces
3. Radio nav aids/systems
4. Navigation warnings: VAD, VAR, VAP, military etc

Part 3- Aerodrome (AD)

NOTAM

Notam (N): notam new

Notam (R): notam replacements

Notam(C): Notam cancellations

Originations: NOTAM issued when temporary nature and short duration, permanent changes or
temp changes of long duration

Origination of NOTAM, may affect the operations of a/c

7 days prior notice to be given for activation of danger, restricted and prohibited areas, whenever
possible 24hrs advance notice to complete notification processes and to facilitate airspace utilization

General notification:

1. SNOWTAM: info covering snow, slush, ice and standing water

2. ASHTAM: info about volcanic eruptions
3. NOTAM: 1letter XXXX/YY; XXXX- numbers – YY- year
4. Each notam one subject and one condition
5. Checklist of valid notam shall be issued as notam over aeronautical fixed service (AFS) at
intervals of not more than 1 month.

Trigger notam: reminder in the pre-info bulletin (PIB)- significant change in AIP. When AIP
supplement is published accordance with AIRAC procedure, a trigger NOTAM on the same date as
supplement, describing the contents, the effective date/time and serial number of AIP.

Notams are distributed in 5 series:

Series A: Changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities more than 2 hours requiring gen
international distribution

Series B: changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities more than 30 mins or less than 2hrs,
limited distribution to adjacent stations only

Series C: changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities utilized by domestic flights

Series D: changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities of military controlled airfield utilized
by domestic flights issued by AHQ through VVO broadcast

Series G: general & lasting character affecting aircrafts in general. Operated only by international
notam office, Delhi on 1st January every year

A checklist of all notam on the 1st of each month originated by respective notam office and
transmitted over AFTN

Aeronautical information regulation and control (AIRAC)

Only paper form

Info concerning establishment, withdrawal or significant changes upon interval dates of 28 dates ‘

Information to be notified by AIRAC

- Part 1 –
- related to FIR, CTZ, CTA, advisory areas, ATS routes, permanent VAD, VAP, VAR and ADIZ,
possibility of interception
- related to radio nav aids and communication facilities
- holding and approach procedures etc and other ATS procedures
- meteorological procedures and procedures
- runways and stopways

-PART 2- aerodromes related except runways and temporary areas

Provision of info in paper copy form:

AIRAC Distributed by AIS unit at least 42 days prior, reaching recipients 28 days in advance.

Major changes: at least 56 days advance

Aeronautical information publications (AIP)

Doesn’t qualify for inclusion in an AIP or for origination of a notam

a. long term forecast of any major change in legislation, regulations, procedures or facilities
b. explanatory or advisory nature affect flight safety

General specifications:

Printed form

Serial number consecutive and based on calendar year

AIC distributed more than 1 series; each series identified by letter

At least once a year

Aeronautical charts:

International aerodromes/heliports form part of the AIP

Electronic aeronautical charts

Pre flight and post flight info/data

Preflight info:

Aeronautical info provided for pre-flight planning purposes include:

- Elements of integral aeronautical info packages

- Maps and charts

Complete library of aeronautical info provided at central loc

Direct communication between the aerodrome AIS unit and that library

A recapitulation of notam,urgent character available to flight crews PIB

Telecommunication requirements

NOTAM shall be connected to the aeronautical fixed services, connections on printed form; to the
area control centres and flight info centres; aerodromes/heliports

Digital data sets:

a. AIP data set

b. Terrain data set
c. Obstacle data set
d. Aerodrome mapping sets
e. Instrument flight procedures data sets
National provisions

Necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international and national air navigation

AIS headquarters: Safdarjung airport, new delhi

International notam offices : Mumbai, Calcutta, delhi and Chennai

Area of responsibility:

AIS is responsible for collection and dissemination of info for entire territory of india and high seas
for ATC purposes

Aeronautical publications

Aeronautical info is provided in form of integrated Aeronautical info packages which consists of:

AIP, AIP AMDT, AIP SUP, notam & PIB, AIC, checklist and summaries

Notams and monthly checklists issued by AFS; PIB are made available at ATS reporting point, all
other documents are distributed by mail

PIB:

Pre-flight info is available at following aerodromes: Kol, che, del, bom

Post flight information: Safety of flight operations observed by the pilots during flights are reported
to the authorities

Automatic self briefing systems (ASBS): provides an automatic method of receiving, storing and
retriving data required for pilot’s pre-flight briefing
 Ch-11 Search and Rescue
Search and rescue – 24 hours

Land areas: National Aeronautical search & rescue coordination committee & ministry of civil
aviation

AAI through 4 RCC (rescue coordination centre) : Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

MRCC: Mumbai, Chennai and port blair

Vessels with a/c (oceans) : 2182khz, 4125kHz and 121.5Mhz

Survival equipment dropped by SAR – indicated by steamers of blue colour

Procedures for PIC at scene of accident

Before ambulance gets to the scene, other cars help the car & call the ambulance = same principle

Signals with surface craft :

By other a/c:

1. Circling the space craft at least once

- Rocking the wings
- Opening and closing the throttle
- Changing propeller pitch
2. Heading in the direction surface craft is directed

By surface craft to the signal –

1. Code pennant – vertical red & white stripes – meaning understood

2. Flashing of successions of T’s by signal lamp in morse code
3. Changing heading to follow a/c

For indicating unable to comply

1. Hoisting international flag N (blue & white checkered square)

2. Flashing of N’s in morse code

Require assistant – V

Medical assistant- X

No/negative – N

Yes/ affirmative – Y

Proceed in direction – arrow pointing top

Operation completed – LLL Found all personnel – LL

Found Some person – same as gliders Not able to continue – XX

Nothing found continue search – NN

These symbols at least 2.5m ; satellite aided Search & rescue = 406mHz
Local user terminal – Bangalore & Lucknow

International Mission control centres – Bangalore

SAR agreement with Royal govt of Bhutan