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Communication Channels

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10 views4 pages

Communication Channels

Uploaded by

sitarasanjeev26
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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a) ARPANET

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the


first public packet-switched computer network. It was first used in
1969. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency of the United States Department of Defense.
The goal of this system was to connect computer at different
universities and US defense.
b) Protocol
Network protocols are a set of rules outlining how connected devices
communicate across a network to exchange information easily and
safely. Protocols serve as a common language for devices to enable
communication irrespective of differences in software, hardware, or
internal processes
c) Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the difference between highest and lowest
frequencies of a transmission channel.
High bandwidth channels are called broad band channels and the low
bandwidth channels are called narrow band channels.
Bandwidths are generally measured in kilohertz(kHz), megahertz(MHz),
gigahertz(GHz) or terahertz(THz).

d) Communication channels
Hosts in a network interact with other hosts and server through a
communication channel or communication medium. The
communication channels can either be wired or wireless.
Wired communication channels: when hosts and server are connected
with one another through guided media like network cables, it is called
a wired communication channel.
Example: twisted pair cables, coaxial cables. fibre-optic cables.
Wireless communication channels: when hosts and server are
connected with one another through unguided media like radio waves,
satellite etc., it is called a wireless communication channel.
Example: microwaves, radio waves, satellites, infrared waves, laser etc .
e) Hub
A hub is a hardware device used to connect several computers
together. A hub contains independent but connected modules of
network and inter-networked equipment. Hub broadcast the message
to all nodes in the network; only the target node take message.
Hubs can be either passive or active.
Active Hubs: electrically amplify like signal as it moves from one
connected device to another.
Passive Hubs: allows the signal to pass from one computer to another
without any change.

f) Switch
A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into different
subnetworks called subnets or LAN segments. Segmenting the network
into smaller subnets, prevents traffic overloading in a network. A switch
can also be used in place of a hub.
A switch is responsible for filtering i.e., transforming data in a specific
way and for forwarding packets (message being transmitted) between
LAN segments. Switch can support any packet protocol. LANs that are
segmented through switches are called Switched LANs.

g) Bridge
A bridge is a device that can link two networks together. Bridges only
allow those messages that need to get to the other side to cross the
bridge. Bridges can handle networks that follow the same protocols.

h) Router
The router is a network device that forwards data from one network to
another. It works like a bridge but can handle different protocols. A
router differs from a bridge in a way that former uses logical address
and the latter uses physical address.
A router can be either wired or wireless. Both wired and wireless
routers are connected to the internet modem via a cable, but wired
router connects to devices through wires, while wireless connects
devices without wires such as using Wi-Fi.
i) Gateway
A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks. It establishes
an intelligent connection between a local network and external
networks with completely different structures.
A gateway node acts as a proxy server and a firewall (a system designed
to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network)
The gateway is also associated with both a router, which use headers
and forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and switch
which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the
gateways.
j) Modem
Modem is a device which allows a computer to send and receive digital
data over telephone lines or cables connections that carry analog data.
Modem works on the process of modulation or demodulation.
In modulation, the digital data of the sender computer that is
converted in analog form to the travel over to the target computer.
In demodulation, the received analog is converted back into digital
form for the target computer.
There are two types of modems: Internal modems and External
modems.
Internal modems: the modems that fixed within the computer
External modems: the modems that are connected externally to a
computer as other peripherals are connected.

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