FANS AND PUMPS - Overview

EgyE 211 Lecture

 Introduction
• Fans and pumps are turbomachines
• Both may be standalone units or components of mechanical systems
• Fans – transport air/vapor, pumps – transport liquids; both require
input energy to function and transport fluids against resistances
 FANS
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

CENTRIFUGAL
&
AXIAL
 SIMPLE DESCRIPTION
CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL

The air entering the fan The air entering the fan
is parallel to the shaft, is parallel to the shaft,
and it leaves and it leaves parallel to
perpendicular to the the shaft.
shaft.
 CENTRIFUGAL FAN
Sub-Classification

CENTRIFUGAL

FORWARD CURVE BACKWARD INCLINE RADIAL

CENTRIFUGAL FAN
 TYPES OF FAN BLADE
OF

CENTRIFUGAL FAN

Backward Incline Radial

Forward Curve

Applications: Applications: Applications:

Low-pressure HVAC General HVAC applications. For materials handling in
applications such as Usually applied only to industrial plants, also for
residential furnace, central large systems w/c may be some high-pressure
station units and packaged low-, medium- or high- industrial requirements.
air conditioners pressure applications. Rugged wheel is simple to
Applied to large clean-air repair in the field.
industrial operations for
significant energy savings
 FORWARD
CURVE BLADE
FORWARD CURVE FAN
BACKWARD INCLINE
RADIAL FAN BLADE
 AXIAL FAN
Sub-Classification

AXIAL

PROPELLER TUBE AXIAL VANE AXIAL

PROPELLER FAN
TUBE AXIAL
VANE AXIAL FAN
TUBULAR CENTRIFUGAL FAN

Casing
FAN APPLICATIONS

• BLOWER

• BOOSTER

• EXHAUSTER
BLOWER
BOOSTER
EXHAUSTER
 TERMINOLOGY DEFINITION

• SISW – SINGLE INLET SINGLE WIDTH

• DIDW – DOUBLE INLET DOUBLE WIDTH
• WO – WIDE OPEN
• BT – BLOCK TIGHT
• TSP – TOTAL STATIC PRESSURE
• ESP – EXTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE
• ISP – INTERNAL STATIC PRESSURE
 FAN TESTING
0 CFM

SP
SP

W.O. CFM
CFM CFM
• Wide Open Position • Block Tight Position
– A fan test condition – A fan test condition
of 100% air volume with zero air volume
delivery against zero delivery against
static pressure. maximum static
pressure
 TERMINOLOGY
• Total Static Pressure – The static pressure at
which fans are selected for a specific application.
• External Static Pressure – The static pressure
at which a fan must overcome in air
distribution system minus the air handling
apparatus and its accessories.
• Internal Static Pressure – Static pressure across
the air handling unit and its accessories.
 TERMINOLOGY

• Total Pressure = Static Press. + Vel. Press.

• Static Pressure = Total Press. – Vel. Press.

• Vel. Pressure = Total Press. – Static Press.

 FAN POWER AND EFFICIENCY
• Fan power – power delivered to the air/vapor
• ,
• Q = flow rate, P = static pressure developed at the fan, conversion
factor depends on the units used (English or SI)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC (FORWARD CURVE)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC (BACKWARD INCLINE)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC BACKWARD INCLINE (AIRFOIL BLADES)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC (TUBULAR
CENTRIFUGAL)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC (RADIAL)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC (PROPELLER)
FAN CHARACTERISTIC (VANE AXIAL)
Fan and Duct System Curve
 SYSTEM CURVE PLOT
Static Pressure, In. W.G.

5 

4


3

1 
0 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CFM (1,000’s)
System Pressure Drop
System Pressure Drop
Total Pressure

Elements Loss, in. of water

Return grille 0.04

Return duct 0.08

Filter 0.08

Heat and cooling coils 0.23

Supply duct 0.14

Diffusers 0.03
0.40
Total pressure in Inches of water

Fan total press. In of 0.60

water

0.17

- 0.04 0.03

Distance

- 0.12
- 0.20
SP

Q
 FAN & SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC

3
2

1 4 7
Pressure

Pressure

Pressure
8
5
9
6

1 4 7
2
Power

Power

Power
3 8
6 5 9
Capacity Capacity Capacity

Damper Control Variable Inlet Vane Variable Speed

AIR DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
RECTANGULAR DUCT
 ROUND DUCT
ROUND DUCT
OBLONG DUCTWORK
FABRIC DUCT (1)
FABRIC DUCT (2)
FABRIC DUCT (3)
Duct Fittings (1)
Duct Fittings (2)
Duct Fittings (3)
PUMPS
 PUMP CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Piston / Plunger

Rotary / Gear Centrifugal /

Turbine

Diaphragm /
Peristaltic
SUB - CLASSIFICATION
OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

SPLIT CASE
&
END SUCTION
 SPLIT CASE

Horizontal Vertical
END SUCTION
 Pump Hydraulic Power

Where:
r = density of water, 1000.00 kg/m3
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
H = head, m
• pump flow measured by flowmeter or using quantity-rate method
• Pump head determined using the equation:
 Pump Efficiency
• Determined by pump tests
• Rated flow rate and head correspond to best efficiency point
•
PUMP CURVE
 PUMP SELECTION

Pump Performance Curve

 Pump GPM-TDH
Relationship
Pump Curve

HP Curve
TDH

GPM
SYSTEM CURVE PLOT
 WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
 Different Types of Valve

Ball Valve
Gate Valve
OS&Y
Rising Stem Gate Valve
Non Rising
Y-Strainer Stem

Ball Valve
Butterfly Valve
Gear Type

Butterfly Valve
Lever Type VALVES
GATE VALVE
(RISING STEM)
 GATE VALVE
(NON-RISING STEM)
GLOBE VALVE
ANGLE VALVE
CHECK VALVE
Y-STRAINER AND BLOW DOWN VALVE

FOR BLOW DOWN

 OPEN
EXPANSION
TANK PIPING
MULTI-PUMP PIPING
PUMP GAGE
LOCATION
 ENERGY CONSERVATION
Effect of Variable Speed Drive on Pump

120
100% SPEED
110
100 100
90%

% PUMP SHAFT HP DRAW

90 90

80 SYSTEM FLOW 80
80% HD CURVE
70 70
% HEAD

60 70% 60
50 50
60%
40 40
50%
30 30
HD
20 40%
20
30% HP
10 FLOW 10
20%

% FLOW

Theoretical Pump HP Reduction with

Flow Reduction for V/S Pump