Thermal Energy

 THERMAL ENERGY - is the sum of all the kinetic energies of a body.
Increase in the thermal energy of a body results in the rapid motion of the molecules of the body.
This rapid motion results in the increase of the kinetic energy of the body.
 TEMPERATURE – is the measure of the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules
of a body.
 THERMODYNAMICS – comes from the Greek words thermo and dynamikos which mean
“heat” and “movement”.
 HEAT – is the term used to describe the quantity of thermal energy absorbed or given off by a
body.
The transfer of thermal energy is due to temperature difference between two bodies. Heat flows
from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature until both reach the same
temperature.
 THERMOMETER – is a device used to measure temperature.
 TYPES OF THERMOMETER
 Mercury-in-glass type (common thermometer)
 Alcohol-in-glass type
Mercury and alcohol are the substances commonly used to fill the capillary tube found inside some
thermometers.
CLINICAL THERMOMETER – is the one used to measure body temperature.
ROOM THERMOMETER – is used to measure room temperature.
ALCOHOL THERMOMETER - is used to measure air temperature.
 Alcohol thermometers are not used in hot temperatures because it starts boiling at
about 80℃ unlike mercury which boils at 357℃ .
TEMPERATURE SCALES
 Celsius scale which used two reference points : the freezing point of water set at 0 ℃ and the
boiling point of water set at 100℃
 Fahrenheit scale indicates the freezing and boiling of water as 32℉ and 212℉
F O R M U L A S:
℃ to ℉ ℉ to ℃
℉ = 9/5 (℃ + 32) ℃ = 5/9 (℉ - 32)
 Kelvin scale widely used in scientific research.
ABSOLUTE ZERO – where 0 K is a hypothetical temperature in which the pressure of gas becomes zero.
FORMULA:
K = ℃ + 273
Until the mid 19th century, scientist believed that thermal energy was transferred from one body to
another as a kind of invisible fluid called caloric, which was conserved whenever two bodies were in
contact.
CALORIC THEORY OF HEAT
Caloric is also a massless fluid because the addition or removal of heat does not change the mass.
However this theory failed to explain heat generated due to friction. Proven by Benjamin Thompson and
he found out that the amount of heat generated when boring canons was not fixed but depended on
the friction between the moving parts.
MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT
In 1800s, James Joule showed the energy equivalence of heat and work by using the change in the
potential energy of falling weights to stir an insulated container of water with paddles. The experiment
showed that the increase in the temperature of water is proportional to the mechanical energy used to
stir the water. Joule then concluded that:
The quantity of heat produced by the frictional force (between the paddles and the water) is always
proportional to the work expended.
The unit of heat is based on the temperature changes of a certain substance. Calorie (cal) is a unit of
heat defined as the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 g of pure water from the
14.5℃ to 15.5℃ . The unit used for food calories actually refers to a larger unit of heat, the
kilocalorie(kcal), equivalent to 1000 cal.
More accurate experiments similar to those performed by Joule have yielded the following values
for the mechanical equivalent of heat (expressed in the units of mechanical energy):
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 kcal = 4.186 J
EXPANSION OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

In general, a body expands when it absorbs heat and contacts when it releases the absorbed heat.
The amount of expansion and contraction depends on the material (whether solid, liquid or gas and the
amount of heat absorbed or released.)
The changed in length ∆ L (expansion) is directly proportional to the change in temperature ∆ T
and to the original length l ° of the object.
FORMULA:
∆ L = ∝l ° ∆T ∝ - coefficient of linear expansion
LINEAR AND VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOME SOLIDS

COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME
SOLID −6 −6
EXPANSION α (x 10 ) EXPANSION β (x 10 )
℃ ℃
Aluminum 24 69
Brass 19 56
Concrete 12 36
Copper 17 -
Iron 12 35
Ordinary Glass 8.5 -
Steel 12 35
Tungsten 4.3 -
VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOME FLUIDS

COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
FLUID −6
β (x 10 )
℃
LIQUID
Ethyl Alcohol 1100
Gasoline 950
Glycerin 500
Mercury 180
Water 210
GAS
Air 3400
CHANGE IN VOLUME
Formula: ∆ V =β V ° ∆ T
Where
∆ V - change in volume
V ° - original volume
∆ T - change in temperature
β - coefficient of volume expansion
 The unit of β is the same as the unit of α
Solids and liquids have different coefficients of expansion. Gases, on the other hand, have almost
the same coefficient expansion, which is nearly the same at all, temperatures except when close to the
condensing temperature of the gas.
The coefficient of volume expansion for any gas is 0.003663 / ℃ . This is about 17 times more than
the volume expansion of water.
LIST OF VOLUME OF GAS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

VOLUME (cm3) ℃ ℉ K
373 100 212 373
323 50 222 323
300 27 80.6 300
273 0 32 273
246 -27 -16.6 246
223 -50 -58 223
173 -100 -148 173
0 -273 -459.4 0
Based on this table, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
(Kelvin). In chemistry, Charle’s law states that the volume of a dry gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature, provided that the pressure is constant. This relationship between volume and
absolute temperature is expressed as:
V ° T°
¿
V T
Where
V ° - initial volume
V - final or new volume
T ° - initial temperature in Kelvin
T - final temperature in Kelvin

Thermal Energy

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 THERMAL ENERGY - is the sum of all the kinetic energies of a body.

EXPANSION OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

LINEAR AND VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOME SOLIDS

VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOME FLUIDS

LIST OF VOLUME OF GAS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

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