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Spatial Data Models

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Spatial Data Models

Uploaded by

Sreepriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Spatial Data Models

Data Model
• What is Data Model?
• Specify structure or schema of a data set
• Document description of data
• Facilitates early analysis of some properties, e.g. querying ability,
redundancy, consistency, storage space requirements, etc.

• Why Data Models?


• Data models facilitate
• Early analysis of properties, e.g. storage cost, querying ability, ...
• Reuse of shared data among multiple applications
• Exchange of data across organization
• Conversion of data to new software / environment

• Examples??
GIS organize spatial set as a set of layers
Databases organize dataset as a collection of tables
Types of Data Models

Generic
Spatial
data
models Set of concepts
models Developed for
developed in
business data
Geographic Info.
processing
Science

Support simple
Common spatial
abstract data types
ADTs across
(ADTs), e.g.
different GIS
numbers, strings,
applications
date

Not convenient for


spatial ADTs, e.g.
polygons
Models of Spatial Information
 Two common models
 Field based
 Object based
Field based Model

 Three main concepts:


 Spatial Framework
 Field Functions
 Field Operations
Spatial Framework and field function
 Spatial Framework is a partitioning of space
 e.g., Grid imposed by Latitude and Longitude
 Field Functions:
f: Spatial Framework  Attribute Domain

Forested area

Agriculture
 Raster data
 e.g. Satellite data
(Basic unit- pixel/
cell)
Field operations

 Field Operations (operations between fields)


 Local
 Focal
 Zonal
 Global
Field operations : Local

 Local: value of the new field at a given location in the


spatial frame-work depends only on the value of the input
field at that location (e.g., Thresholding)
Field operations : Focal

 Focal: value of the resulting field at a given location


depends on the values that the input field assumes in a
small neighborhood of the location(e.g., Gradient)
Field operations : Zonal

 Zonal: Zonal operations are naturally associated


with aggregate operators or the integration
function.
 An operation that calculates the average height of
the trees for each species is a zonal operation.
Field operations : Global

 Global: output at a given location depends on input in


all locations
 Example Distance from nearest facility
Object Model

 Object model concepts


 Objects: distinct identifiable things relevant to an application
 Objects have attributes and operations
 Attribute: a simple (e.g. numeric, string) property of an object
 Operations: function maps object attributes to other objects
Spatial Objects
• Spatial objects are spatial attributes of general objects
• Spatial objects are of many types
• Simple
• 0- dimensional (points), 1 dimensional (curves), 2 dimensional
(surfaces)
• Collections
• Multipoint, multiline and multipolygon collection
Database Structure

 Spatial databases are a type of database management


system specifically designed to store, manage, and analyze
spatial data, which is data that has a geographic or spatial
aspect to it, such as points, lines, polygon shapes, and
geographic coordinates.
 The structure of a spatial database is typically based on the
Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Simple Feature Access
standard, which defines the structure and content of the
data stored in the database.
Entity Relationship Model

 The Entity Relationship (ER) model is a way of modeling and


representing data in a database. In a spatial database
management system, the ER model is used to represent
geographical data, such as maps, land use patterns, and location-
based information.
 A spatial database management system extends the traditional ER
model by adding additional features to handle spatial data.
Entity Relationship Model
 In spatial database management, the ER model includes additional
features to support the storage and manipulation of geographical data.
Some of these features include:
 Spatial Attributes: In spatial databases, entities can have additional
attributes that represent their location in the real world, such as
coordinates or polygon shapes.
 Spatial Relationships: Spatial databases can define relationships between
entities based on their spatial proximity or overlap, such as “nearby” or
“within”.
 Spatial Indexing: Spatial databases can use specialized indexing
techniques, such as R-trees, to optimize spatial queries and provide fast
access to spatial data.
 Spatial Operators: Spatial databases provide a set of operators for
performing spatial queries, such as “within a certain distance from a
point”, or “intersects with a polygon”.
 Support for Multiple Coordinate Systems: Spatial databases support
multiple coordinate systems, such as Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
and Projected Coordinate System (PCS), and provide tools for converting
between them.
Entity Relationship Model
 3 basic concepts
 Entities have an independent conceptual or physical existence.
 Examples: Forest, Road, Manager, ...
 Entities are characterized by Attributes
 Example: Forest has attributes of name, elevation, etc.
 An Entity interacts with another Entity through relationships.
 Road allow access to Forest interiors.
 This relationship may be name “Accesses”
 Comparison with Object model of spatial information
 Entities are collections of attributes are like objects
 However ER model does not permit general user defined
operations
 Relationships are not directly supported in Object model
 but may be simulated via operations

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