Reinforcement and Formwork

Samantha Manawadu
 Outline
• Types of reinforcement steel
• General Information
• Stacking and storage
• Bending, Lapping and fixing
• Bar notations and schedules
• Cover blocks and spacers
• Materials for form work
• Requirements of a good form work
• Surface preparation
• Columns, Beams, Slab and Staircase form work
• Removal of form work
 Types of Reinforcement Steel
• Hot rolled mild steel round bars for concrete
reinforcement – SLS 26
• Hot rolled high yield steel bars for concrete
reinforcement BS 4449
• Cold worked deformed steel bars for
reinforcement of concrete – SLS 375
• Hard drawn mild steel wire for reinforcement of
concrete – BS 4482
• Steel fabric for reinforcement of concrete – SLS
95
Shapes of reinforcements
 General Information
• Mild Steel and High Yield Steel
• Both contain about 99% of iron and remains are
Manganese, Carbon, Sulphur and Phosphorous
• Proportion of Carbon determines the quality and
Grade, Mild Steel has 0.25% and High Yield Steel has
0.4%
• Available Diameters
6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm,
32mm, 40mm
• Available lengths
6m, 12m, 18m
 Stacking and storage
• Steel reinforcement are stored clear from the
ground in a way to prevent from distortion
and corrosion
• Bars of different classifications are clearly
tagged of sizes and lengths are stored
separately.
 Bending and Lapping
• Cutting and bending is done according to BS 4466
for Grade 460 N/mm2 Steel and BS 8666 for 500
N/mm2 (QST) steel
• Bars should be bent to the correct size and shape
using a bending apparatus either manual or
mechanical
• Hot bending is suitable only for hot rolled mild
steel and hot rolled high yield steel. Properties of
cold worked bars can be changed by this method.
 Bending and Lapping Cont.
• Lapping is done according to the drawing.
• Lapping bars should not be touched each
other and apart 25mm or 1.25 times of
maximum size of aggregate whichever is
greater but not exceeding the 4 x diameter of
bar
• Where this is not possible they are bound
together at intervals not exceeding twice the
diameter of bars
 Bar Notation
• This a convenient method for specifying and
coordinating the prefabrication of steel
reinforcement
• 25T10-08-200B1-21
25 = Number of bars
T = Deformed high yield steel
10 = Diameter of bar (mm)
8 = Bar mark
200=Spacing
B1 = Location (bottom 1 layer)
21 = Shape code
Standard shapes, their method of measurement and
calculation of length
Standard shapes, their method of measurement and
calculation of length
Standard shapes, their method of measurement and
calculation of length Cont.
 Cranking
• The overall offset dimension of a crank shall be not
less than the twice the size of bar. The angle length
shall be not less than,
10d for bars < 16mm
13d for bars > 16mm
 Fixing in position
• Bars are positioned as in the drawing
• Bars crossing one another are tied together at
every intersection with two strands of
annealed steel wire .9 to 1.6mm thickness
(Usually gauge 18)
• If the spacing of bars is less than 300mm
alteranate intersection are tied
• Bars should not be displaced when concreting
 Spacers and cover blocks
Cover blocks
These are precast blocks
made by 1: 1.5 cement
sand mortar
Section is 40mm x 40mm
and thickness is as
required vary from 20mm
to 50mm
They are placed between
shutter and bar
 Spacers and cover blocks Cont.
• In doubly reinforced slabs the vertical distance
is maintained by chair spacers
• For second layers of beams spacer bars are
used
Nominal cover to reinforcement to
meet durability requirements
 Form Work
• Concrete, which freshly mixed in plastic condition,
should be placed in a mould or enclosure until it
sets and hardens
• These mould or forms together with their supports
are called formwork
• materials used for formworks are decided by
economy, requirement, or a combination of two
• When constructing columns, beams, slabs,
staircases, shear walls, staircase , etc. Formwork
are being used
Requirements of a good form work
• It should be strong enough to withstand all types
of dead and live load and wind loads
• It should be rigidly construct and efficiently
propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain it’s shape
• The joint in the form work should be tight against
leakage of cement grout
• The material of form work should be cheap,
easily available and should be suitable for reuse
 Requirements of a good form work
Cont.
• The material of the form work should not
warp or get distorted when exposed the
elements
• The base should be firmed
• Form work should be produced finished
concrete work to required shape and
dimension within the limit of specified
tolerance
 Material for formwork
• Timber
Timber is a popular formwork material. It has
been using from ancient age. We can make
concrete formwork using only timber or
combining timber with other types of
formwork material. Timber is light weight,
easy to fix and remove. It's also economical
and available in different sizes
 Material for formwork Cont.
Steel: Steel formwork materials are costly. But it
has many times re-usability. It's mainly useful
for construction company where repeated
uses are possible. Steel formwork materials
give excellent finishes to concrete surface.
Wide variety of steel formwork materials are
available in the market for various purpose of
uses.
 Material for formwork Cont.
•
Plywood: Plywood is an artificially manufactured
wooden material used for making concrete
formwork. It is strong, durable and light weight.
The availability of different thickness plywood in
the market makes it popular for different sizes
concreting work. The thickness range of plywood
is, from 7 mm to 32 mm. The standard size of
plywood mostly used in building construction is
1220 x 2440 mm. It can easily be cut into any size.
 Materials for Plywood form work
• Plywood sheets
Sizes are available in 2400mm x 1200mm
Thickness are usually 10mm, 12mm and 15mm
• 2” x 2” timber
• 2” x 4” timber
• 4’ x 4” timber
• P cone
• Form Tie
• U jack
• T jack
• Acro jack
• Scaffoldings
• GI pipes
 Surface treatment
• The formwork surface should be thoroughly
wetted and coated with a raw linceed oil or
mould oil to prevent from adhesion of
concrete
• Prior to apply oil it is cleaned well
• It should not contact with any reinforcement
• Reuse of shuttering is permitted only after the
surface has been thoroughly cleaned and
repaired necessary
200 mm
offline Plumb- bob
 Propping
Propping
Props used for centering are of steel or timber post
Bamboo props or supports are used for heights or
lengths not exceeding 3 meters provided they are
adequately braced
Round poles should have a mid diameter of more than
100mm and 80 mm at thin end
Maximum spacing is 1200mm
Poles are rested on squarely on wooden sole plate of
40mm thick and minimum bearing area of .1m2
Double wedges provided between the sole plate and
the wooden props so as to facilitate the tightening
 Removing of form work
• Order is as follows
1. Shutters of vertical faces. Eg. Sides of beams,
columns
2. Shutters forming soffit of slabs and any
inclined canopies
3. Shutters forming soffit of beams
Re-propping is not accepted generally
 Removing of form work Cont.
• Form work are kept until concrete reach the
strength of at least twice the stress at the time
of strike
• Where possible form is left as long as possible
as it assist curing
• Forms should be eased out carefully in order
to prevent from the load being transferrd
suddenly
Minimum periods for removing
formwork