GP 03-12-02 Valve Selection Version 1.3.

0 February 2019

Valve Selection
GP 03-12-02

Scope
1) This Global Practice (GP) covers requirements for valve selection for piping systems designed per GP
03-01-01, excluding control valves and pressure relief valves.
2) Design requirements for location, accessibility, and power operation of Emergency Block Valves
(EBVs) in isolation services are excluded from the scope of this GP.

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Copyright Waiver:
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Note to Third Parties:
Copyright 2019 ExxonMobil. All rights reserved. No portion of this work may be reproduced or distributed by any means or technology or otherwise used in any
manner without the express written consent of ExxonMobil.
 GP 03-12-02 Valve Selection V 1.3.0 FEB 2019

Table of Contents
1. Required References ............................................................................................ 3
1.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices ................................... 3
1.2. API–American Petroleum Institute................................................................ 3
1.3. ASME–American Society of Mechanical Engineers ..................................... 4
1.4. AWWA–American Water Works Association ................................................ 4
1.5. BSI–British Standards Institution .................................................................. 4
2. Additional Requirements ...................................................................................... 4
2.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices ................................... 4
2.2. BSI–British Standards Institution .................................................................. 4
2.3. ISO–International Organization for Standardization ..................................... 5
2.4. MSS–Manufacturers Standardization Society .............................................. 5
2.5. NACE–National Association of Corrosion Engineers ................................... 5
2.6. NFPA–National Fire Protection Association ................................................. 5
3. Definitions ............................................................................................................. 5
4. Valve Selection by Function................................................................................. 8
4.1. Positive Isolation Valves ............................................................................... 8
4.2. Bleed Valves .............................................................................................. 11
4.3. Vent and Drain Valves ................................................................................ 12
4.4. Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves ........................ 12
4.5. Special Application Valves ......................................................................... 12
5. Valve Requirements ............................................................................................ 13
5.1. General Requirements ............................................................................... 13
5.2. Valve Materials ........................................................................................... 13
5.3. Cavity Relief ............................................................................................... 15
5.4. Wafer and Lug Type Valves ....................................................................... 17
5.5. Gate Valves ................................................................................................ 18
5.6. Ball Valves.................................................................................................. 18
5.7. Check Valves ............................................................................................. 19
5.8. Globe Valves .............................................................................................. 19
5.9. Plug Valves ................................................................................................ 20
5.10. Butterfly Valves .......................................................................................... 20
Record of Change ....................................................................................................... 22
Attachment: Purpose Code Definitions.................................................................... 23

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1. Required References
This Section lists the Practices, codes, standards, specifications, and publications that shall be used with
this document. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition.

1.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices

GP 03-01-01 Upstream Piping Component Selection and System Design
GP 03-06-01 Piping for Instruments
GP 03-12-09 General Requirements for Valves
GP 03-19-02 Upstream Piping Fabrication, Erection, Inspection, Testing, and Cleaning
GP 29-01-03 Material Selection for Upstream and Midstream Facilities and
Equipment
GP 29-01-19 Fasteners for Pressure-Retaining Service
GP 29-01-37 Elastomer and Thermoplastic Selection and Qualification Guidelines for
Oil and Gas Production
GP 70-01-12 Upstream Human Factors

1.2. API–American Petroleum Institute

API SPEC 6D Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves
API SPEC 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
API STD 594 Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer, and Butt-Welding
API STD 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
API STD 599 Metal Plug Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
API STD 600 Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-Welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets
API STD 602 Gate, Globe, and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 (NPS 4) and Smaller
for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
API STD 607 Fire Test for Soft-Seated Quarter-Turn Valves
API STD 608 Metal Ball Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding Ends
API STD 609 Butterfly Valves: Double Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-Type
API STD 622 Type Testing of Process Valve Packing for Fugitive Emissions
API STD 623 Steel Globe Valves - Flanged and Buttwelding Ends, Bolted Bonnets

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1.3. ASME–American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End
ASME B31.3 Process Piping

1.4. AWWA–American Water Works Association

AWWA C504 Rubber-Seated Butterfly Valves
AWWA C508 Swing-Check Valves for Waterworks Service, 2-in. through 48-in. (50-
mm through 1,200-mm) NPS
AWWA C509 Resilient-Seated Gate Valves for Water Supply Service

1.5. BSI–British Standards Institution

BSI BS EN ISO 10497 Testing of Valves - Fire Type-Testing Requirements

2. Additional Requirements
[*] This Section lists the additional Practices, codes, standards, specifications, and publications that shall be
used with this document only where specified. Unless otherwise specified herein, use the latest edition.

2.1. Global Practices–ExxonMobil Engineering Practices

GP 03-20-10 Upstream Piping Classifications - Valve Indices and Descriptions
GP 15-09-03 Actuators for On/Off Valves

2.2. BSI–British Standards Institution

BSI BS 6364 Valves for Cryogenic Service
BSI BS EN ISO 15761 Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes DN 100 and Smaller, for
the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries
BSI BS EN ISO 15848- Industrial Valves - Measurement, Test and Qualification Procedures for
1 Fugitive Emissions - Part 1: Classification System and Qualification
Procedures for Type Testing of Valves
BSI BS EN ISO 15848- Industrial Valves - Measurement, Test and Qualification Procedures for
2 Fugitive Emissions - Part 2: Production Acceptance Test of Valves
BSI BS ISO 28921-1 Industrial Valves - Isolating Valves for Low-Temperature Applications -
Part 1: Design, Manufacturing and Production Testing

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2.3. ISO–International Organization for Standardization

ISO 15848-1 Industrial Valves Measurement, Test and Qualification Procedures for
Fugitive Emissions - Part 1: Classification System and Qualification
Procedures for Type Testing of Valves
ISO 15848-2 Industrial Valves Measurement, Test and Qualification Procedures for
Fugitive Emissions - Part 2: Production Acceptance Test of Valves

2.4. MSS–Manufacturers Standardization Society

MSS SP-80 Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle, and Check Valves
MSS SP-134 Valves for Cryogenic Service, including Requirements for Body/Bonnet
Extensions

2.5. NACE–National Association of Corrosion Engineers

NACE MR0175/ISO Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries - Materials for
15156 Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production

2.6. NFPA–National Fire Protection Association

NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

3. Definitions
Term Description
Auto-Ignition The lowest temperature required to cause self-sustaining combustion,
Temperature (AIT) without initiation by spark or flame.
Block Valve Refers to any valve used to stop flow, typically an on/off valve.
Combustible Liquid As defined in NFPA 30 Chapter 4, Section 4.3 "Classification of Liquids,"
a liquid with a flash point above 38 C (100 F), but restricted in this
document to a liquid in a piping system with a design temperature (see GP
03-01-01 Section 4.1 "Design Basis") at or below its flash point. The
margin in the design temperature ensures the liquid will always be
handled below the flash point. Includes hydrocarbons heavier than 68
degrees API.
Corrosion-Resistant High-alloys, such as stainless steels, and non-ferrous materials.
Alloy (CRA)

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Term Description
Double Block and As defined by API SPEC 6D: "a single valve with two seating surfaces
Bleed (DBB) that, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure from both
ends of the valve with a means of venting/bleeding the cavity between
the seating surfaces. NOTE: This valve does not provide positive
double isolation when only one side is under pressure."
This valve is considered as single isolation against leakage from a single
source with the telltale bleeder.
Double Isolation and As defined by API SPEC 6D: "a single valve with two seating surfaces,
Bleed (DIB) each of which, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure
from a single source, with a means of venting/bleeding the cavity
between the seating surfaces. NOTE: This feature can be provided in
one direction or in both directions."
This valve is considered as double isolation against leakage from a
single source with the telltale bleeder.
Double-Piston Effect A type of seat for ball valves that seats tighter with increasing
(DPE) differential pressure between the port pressure and body cavity pressure,
when either the port side or the body cavity side pressure is increased.
Emergency Block As defined in this GP, is a valve used for emergency isolation but
Valve (EBV) requires manual intervention to actuate the valve (i.e., no automatic
sensing and actuation). EBVs may be operated by a powered or non-
powered actuator.
Emergency Shutdown As used in this GP, is actuated by an automated system. This type of
Valve (ESDV) valve is always fitted with a powered actuator and requires no manual
intervention for actuation.
Fire-Safe As used in this GP, means valve complies with API STD 607, API
SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497, as applicable.
Fire-Safe Design A design that is considered inherently fire-safe with only graphite and/or
metallic gaskets, packing, seats, and seals. No fire-safe testing is required.
Flammable Materials Includes flammable gasses. Includes liquids as defined in NFPA 30
Chapter 4, Section 4.3 "Classification of Liquids," as a liquid with a
flash point of 38 ºC (100 ºF) or below, but extended in this document to
include any liquid in a piping system with a design temperature at or
above its flash point.
Positive Isolation Isolation with the level of integrity required to permit safe access inside
the pressure boundary for maintenance or operational reasons. The level
of integrity required typically varies with the composition and
pressure/temperature of the contained fluid, the length of time that the
pressure boundary will be open, etc.
Single-Piston Effect A type of seat for ball valves that seats tighter with increasing pressure
(SPE) when the port side pressure of the valve is higher than the body cavity
pressure, but will unseat to relieve pressure if the cavity side pressure is
higher than the port side pressure.

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Term Description
Slurry Service Streams having a solids content greater than 11.98 kg/m3 (0.1 lb/gal).
Soft Seals Defined as resilient nonmetallic sealing elements located in the body
seating and/or closure components.
Sour As used in the Piping GPs, "sour" service is defined as any fluid that
meets the criteria for NACE as defined in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156.
Toxic Materials Toxic materials are defined as follows:
a) Toxic Chemicals
Chemicals that cause damage to humans and for which a Threshold
Limit Value (TLV) or Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) has
been established by American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences,
Inc. (EMBSI), or other relevant regulatory agency (such as the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]) These substances may
cause significant negative impact (e.g., severe inflammation, shock,
collapse, or even sudden death) if humans are exposed to
sufficiently high concentrations for a sufficiently long period of
time. The concentrations of toxic chemical that would create a
significant risk will vary by chemical and potential exposure time.
Examples of toxic chemicals include but are not limited to the
following: benzene, xylene, 1,3-butadiene, hexane, chlorine,
bromine, ammonia, carbon disulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride.
b) Toxic Gas/Vapor
Any gas or vapor stream containing a toxic chemical above a
specific concentration defined by regulation or depending on the
system under consideration. A stream shall be considered to be in
toxic gas or vapor service if the material released could result in a
concentration in air equal to or above the TLV or OEL for the toxic
gas/vapor at the nearest location of exposure.
c) Toxic Liquid
Liquids that can cause adverse health effects in humans as a result
of exposure such as by inhalation of an aerosol, by ingestion, or by
dermal absorption. Any liquid (product or process stream)
containing a toxic chemical and which, if the material were to be
released, would potentially result in a hazard. The concentration of
toxic chemical needed to create a significant risk will vary by
chemical and potential exposure time.
Triple Offset A type of butterfly valve per API STD 609 Category B characterized by
Butterfly Valve metal seats and the offset of three axes of machining during the
(TOV) manufacturing process to give the metal seat a slight wedging action that
seats tighter with increasing torque.

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4. Valve Selection by Function

4.1. Positive Isolation Valves
1) Refer to GP 03-01-01 for the requirements for valve Isolation Type. Valve requirements for a given
Isolation Type shall meet the requirements of Table 1.
2) [S] Instrument takeoff valves (i.e., root valves) in flammable fluid services shall utilize a single body
double isolation type valve employing a Type D configuration for pressures greater than Class 300.
For Class 300 and lower pressure instrument takeoff valves in flammable fluid services, a Type B
valve (per Table 1 of this GP) may be utilized. See GP 03-06-01, Section 5 "Takeoff Connections"
and Section 6 "Connecting Piping and Tubing" for additional valving requirements and for
requirements for the piping and tubing between the block valve(s) and the instrument.
3) A single trunnion-mounted ball valve is only permitted to be used for Type B isolation in Class 400
and lower-pressure services. For Class 600 and higher services, ball valves shall only be considered
as Type A isolation, unless the Manufacturer can meet all of the following:
a) Valve shall meet the API SPEC 6D design and testing requirements, including double-block-and-
bleed or double-isolation-and-bleed testing per GP 03-12-09.
b) Balls shall be of forged (not cast) material.
c) A Finite-Element Analysis (FEA) or other detailed stress calculation shall demonstrate that the
deformation/deflection of the ball and seats does not compromise the sealing of the seats with a
differential pressure across the ball at 1.1 times the valve rated pressure at 38 C (100 F).
d) After the testing required by API SPEC 6D, include a test with full high-seat-test pressure on one
side and zero pressure in the cavity and the opposite side. Incrementally increase the pressure in
the cavity from zero until leakage is measured on the opposite side. For bi-directional isolation,
both sides would need to be tested. Record the cavity pressure.
e) [A] Stress analysis, test results, and a detailed drawing showing design and seat types shall be
provided for Company approval for each size.
4) A gate or ball valve with a hole drilled in the wedge/ball to relieve the cavity will become a
unidirectional Type A isolation valve and cannot be used for bi-directional isolation service. See
restrictions and requirements for drilling of the obturator in Section 5.3.
5) Triple-Offset butterfly Valves (TOVs) may be used for Type A or Type D isolation applications if
they meet all of the following criteria:
a) Valves shall meet all design requirements specified in Section 5.10.
b) Valves used for isolation are not to be used in throttling service.
c) Valves shall be installed in the Manufacturer's preferred direction so that the pressure of the fluid
being isolated acts to close the valve.
d) [A] Vendors shall demonstrate that the torque required to open the valve against zero differential
pressure with the operator removed (to simulate broken shaft scenario) is at least 5% of the torque
required to fully seat the valve closed. Such test procedures and test results as well as final Vendor
selection shall be approved by function Subject Matter Expert (SME) prior to purchase requisition.
e) TOVs for Type A isolation are limited to NPS 24 and smaller sizes only.

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f) A pair of TOVs is permitted for Type D isolation with the following limits:
i) For Class 150 to 300, up to NPS 64 for general process and cryogenic service and up to NPS
80 for water service.
ii) For Class 600, up to NPS 42 for general process and cryogenic service.
iii) For Class 900, up to NPS 36 for general process and up to NPS 16 for cryogenic service.
iv) Butterfly valves shall not be used for Type D isolation for slurry service.
v) A pair of butterfly valves intended for use in Type D isolation service can only be used to
provide isolation from one direction.
vi) A single common body with twin-disc TOVs oriented in opposing directions is not permitted
for Type D isolation since each disc must be oriented in the same direction with pressure
acting to close the valve.
g) Butterfly valves cannot be used where full-bore piping is required (e.g., relief lines or lines that
require pigging).
h) Valve design shall have a minimum of 5 years of operational service in similar applications.
Manufacturer-referenced valves in more than 5 years operation should be the same pressure class
and within 2 NPS sizes of the valves requested.
i) To prevent debris accumulation around the valves and/or abrasion of the disc edges from debris,
robust pipe cleaning procedures shall be implemented during mechanical commissioning.
Alternatively, temporary strainers may be utilized during start-up, where practical.

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Table 1: [S] Positive Isolation Valve Requirements

GP 03-01-01
Isolation Valve Requirements for Isolation Type Acceptable Valve Types
Type
A Single Seated Block Valve: All types of gate, globe, ball,
triple-offset butterfly, plug,
 Single body. or needle valves that meet the
 No body bleed is required. limitations of this GP.

B Double Block and Bleed (DBB) Valve:  API SPEC 6D trunnion-

mounted ball valves class
 Valve is a single body with two pressure-activated seats. Pressure
400 or less. See Section
is required on upstream side to energize the upstream seat, and
4.1, Item (3).
pressure is required on the downstream side to energize the
downstream seat. Seats are not locked closed. Either Single-  API SPEC 6D slab gate
Piston Effect (SPE) or Double-Piston Effect (DPE) or any with spring-loaded seats.
combination is acceptable. Note that a valve with two different
types of seats becomes unidirectional.  Type C or D valves below.

 Not for toxic service. There is a risk that if the valve is in the
closed position and pressurized on one end only, while the other
end is depressurized, then if the cavity becomes pressurized, gas
could flow through the depressurized seat.
 An external cavity bleed is required to vent and monitor the cavity
between the seats for leakage during maintenance.
 A closure test for double block and bleed per API STD 598 or API
SPEC 6D is required.
 Some valve designs require an overpressure protection device to
prevent the body cavity from becoming over-pressured in liquid
services. See Section 5.3 of this GP.
C Double Isolation and Bleed Type (DIB) Valve:  API SPEC 6D expanding
gates.
 Valve is a single body with two mechanically activated seats that
do not rely on process pressure to seal.  API SPEC 6D expanding
plug.
 Valves can have soft or hard seats as permitted by this GP.
 Type D valves below.
 A closure test for double isolation and bleed per API STD 598 or
API SPEC 6D is required. Each seat shall be leak tested from
(There are no known ball
both sides.
valves that meet the
 An external cavity bleed is required to vent and monitor the cavity requirements. If a ball
between the seats for leakage during maintenance. valve is required, it shall
be a Type D assembly.)
 Valve may not be approved for safety segregation by some
jurisdictional bodies (e.g., DNV, OSHA).
 An overpressure protection device may be required to prevent the
body cavity from becoming over-pressured due to thermal
expansion in liquid services in the open or closed position. Some
gases also condense liquids that may accumulate in a valve's
cavity. See Section 5.3 of this GP for more information on cavity
overpressure protection.

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GP 03-01-01
Isolation Valve Requirements for Isolation Type Acceptable Valve Types
Type
D Double Positive Isolation and Bleed Valve—Two Obturators:  "Twin" type valves with
two obturators in one valve
 The assembly may be two separate valves or two obturators (i.e.,
body with a bleed between
balls, gates, discs, globes, or plugs) in a common valve body.
the trims, or
 The assembly has two separate seating elements (at least one per
 Any combination of two
obturator).
valves with a bleed
 For valve designs containing two obturators in a single body, the between them is
assembly shall meet the test criteria for double isolation and bleed acceptable provided the
per API STD 598 or API SPEC 6D. two valves meet the
limitations of this GP.
 When using two trunnion-mounted balls in series, any
combination of SPE and/or DPE seats is acceptable. Use of an
SPE for the upstream seat and a DPE seat for the downstream seat
of each ball is preferred for increased reliability of double
isolation. Note that this assembly then becomes unidirectional.
 An external bleed is required to vent and monitor the space
between the two obturators for leakage.
 A cavity bleed is required for the downstream obturator to vent
the cavity pressure prior to maintenance. For bi-directional
isolation, a cavity bleed is required on both obturators.
 Over-pressure protection device(s) may be required to prevent the
body cavity (cavities) from becoming over pressured due to
thermal expansion in liquid services in the open or closed
position. Some gases also condense liquids that may accumulate
in a valve's cavity. See Section 5.3 of this GP for more
information on cavity overpressure protection.
 If both valves may be in the closed position during operation, an
additional overpressure protection device may be required to
prevent the space between them from becoming over pressured
due to thermal expansion in liquid or condensing services. See
Section 5.3 of this GP for more information on cavity
overpressure protection.

4.2. Bleed Valves

1) [S] Bleed valves are required between the seating members of isolation valves for venting pressure
and monitoring leakage during maintenance activity. Bleed valves shall be installed as follows:
a) All Type B and C valves shall include a bleed valve that vents the body cavity.
b) All Type D isolation valve assemblies shall include a bleed valve that vents the space between the
obturators.
c) Type D valves shall also include a cavity bleed for the downstream obturator to vent the cavity
pressure prior to maintenance. For bi-directional isolation, a cavity bleed is required on both
obturators.
2) On Type D configurations, the bleed valve between the obturators shall be installed as follows:
a) On a short spool piece between the two valves.

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b) For valves other than butterfly valves, two valves bolted together may have the bleed valve
installed (on either valve) in position C or D per ASME B16.34 Figure 1 "Method of Designating
Location of Auxiliary Connections When Specified" between the two obturators.
c) For butterfly valves, the valves shall not be bolted together. The bleed valve shall be installed in
a short spool piece between the valves. The bleed may not be installed on a valve body or valve
flange.
3) Bleed valves, piping, and fittings shall meet the applicable pipe class.
4) Bleed valve attachment to the parent valve shall meet the requirements of ASME B16.34 and GP 03-
12-09.
5) Valve body bleeds may be NPS 1/2 or larger and shall be roddable for cleaning.
6) Where bleed valves are used for process drains, the minimum size shall be NPS 3/4.

4.3. Vent and Drain Valves

1) The preferred primary block valve for drains shall be a gate valve. However, in offshore
environments, other types of valves are acceptable to address corrosion concerns on the rising stem.
2) Where the possibility of auto-refrigeration exists when venting or draining, all vents/drains shall be
provided with two valves in a series. The primary valve shall be a non-throttling valve (gate or ball),
and the second valve shall be a throttling valve (globe), located a minimum distance of 1 m (3 ft)
downstream of the first valve.

4.4. Emergency Shutdown Valves or Emergency Block Valves

1) Valves used in emergency isolation services and Emergency Shutdown Valves (ESDVs) or
Emergency Block Valves (EBVs), whether actuated or manually operated, shall be provided with an
actuator.
2) Valves shall be double-flanged or welded. Wafer or lug type valves shall not be used.
3) [S] Valves shall be fire-safe type with graphite packing. See Section 5.1, Item (3) for requirements.
4) Expanding-type, fire-safe plug valves shall be used only in clean, noncorrosive services.
5) [S] Fire-safe, soft-seated ball or plug valves may be used as EBVs in combustible, flammable, or
toxic service up to NPS 4. For sizes larger than NPS 4, fire-safe, metal-seated valves shall be used.
6) [S] Butterfly valves used in ESDV or EBV services shall be fire-safe, double-flanged, bi-directional,
metal-seated, high-performance, TOV type. The butterfly valve shall be tested to API STD 598 high
pressure closure test criteria.
7) Local initiation/actuator button stations shall be in accordance with GP 70-01-12, Section 9.1
"Abnormal Condition Detection and Local Initiation."

4.5. Special Application Valves

1) [A] Use of needle valves shall be limited to applications where fine control of small quantities is
required. Any proposal to use needle valves larger than NPS 11/2 shall be approved by Company.
2) Cam-action type ball valves (e.g., Orbit valves) shall be considered for certain services, such as clean,
dry hydrocarbon gas. Additionally, they are the preferred valve for molecular sieve piping systems.
Since the seating area on the ball has a weld-deposited overlay of a Corrosion-Resistant Alloy (CRA)
material, the base material of the ball can usually be carbon steel for valves with carbon steel bodies.
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5. Valve Requirements
5.1. General Requirements
1) All valves shall be in accordance with this GP and GP 03-12-09. Valve descriptions for use with the
piping classes can be found in GP 03-20-10.
2) All NPS 3 and larger valves shall have flanged or buttwelded ends.
3) [S] [R] Valves in combustible, flammable, or toxic services shall be certified as fire-safe, or shall be a
fire-safe design, regardless of operating temperature. Requirements are as follows:
a) All soft-seated valves in such services shall meet the fire-safe requirements of API STD 607, API
SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
b) Metal-seated valves in such services shall meet the fire-safe requirements of API SPEC 6FA or
BSI BS EN ISO 10497.
c) If the same exact valve design is certified as fire-safe in its soft seat configuration (or within
size/pressure class ranges permitted by applicable standard), then the valve design employing
metal seats, may be considered as a fire-safe design if it is identical to the soft seated version in
all aspects, including the stem seal. No additional fire testing is required.
d) Metal-seated valves, such as conventional (non-expanding and non-slab) gate, globe, and check
valves, with only graphite or metal, and no thermoplastic or elastomer, packing, gaskets, seats, or
seals, are considered as inherently fire-safe (fire-safe design). No additional fire testing is
required.
4) [S] Valves with non-welded threaded body joints (such as a 2-piece mid-entry valve or a 3-piece
valve with a body that has threaded tailpieces) that could leak to the atmosphere or be inadvertently
disassembled, are not permitted in any fluid service at any pressure.

5.2. Valve Materials

1) Material selection for valves shall observe the limitations of the paragraphs below and of GP 29-01-03.
2) Material for valve bolting (e.g., body, bonnet, and gland) shall be selected from GP 29-01-19.
3) All body and trim components of a valve shall be suitable for the full range of temperatures and fluid
services. This shall apply to all nonmetallic (soft) materials, such as seat/stem sealing materials, used
within the valve.
4) Trim selection for gates, globes, and checks shall follow API STD 600 Annex C "Valve Material
Combinations," except as follows:
a) Valve trim for Low Temperature Carbon Steel (LTCS) valves shall be API trim 12 or API trim 16.
b) Valve trim not specified shall have a corrosion resistance equal to or exceeding the corrosion
resistance of the valve body material.
c) Full hard facing (e.g., API trim 5 or API trim 16) for both seating surfaces shall be specified for the
following:
i) Steam Class 600 and greater
ii) Slurry service
5) Threaded-end valves made of cast iron, malleable iron, or ductile iron are not permitted.

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 GP 03-12-02 Valve Selection V 1.3.0 FEB 2019

6) [S] Where resistance to corrosion is required, small bore valve bodies shall be made of either 316 or
316L stainless steel for non-welded end connections and of 316L stainless steel for welded end
connections. In no case shall such valves installed in offshore locations be permitted to operate at
temperatures higher than 65 C (150 F).
7) [S] Small diameter (typically < NPS 2) bolted body (e.g., three-piece body design) valves employing
stainless steel bolts are not permitted in any offshore environment (i.e., marine). Where use of this type
of valve is permitted (i.e., non-marine environments), it shall be subject to the following restrictions:
a) Material for bolting used in valve bodies shall be per GP 29-01-19 and comparable in type to the
valve body (e.g., carbon steel valves shall utilize carbon steel bolts; stainless steel valves shall
utilize stainless steel or comparable Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking [CSCC] resistant alloy
bolts).
b) The use of galvanized bolting with stainless steel valve bodies is not permitted.
8) 303 stainless steel shall not be used in any valve components (i.e., wetted or non-wetted, including
nuts, bolts, and washers), either offshore or onshore.
9) 304 stainless steel shall not be used in any valve components (i.e., wetted or non-wetted, including
nuts, bolts, and washers) offshore.
10) [*] For any of the conditions defined below, carbon and low-alloy steel valve bodies (e.g., trunnion
type ball valves, API SPEC 6D slab gates, etc.) shall have the seal contact surfaces (e.g., body seat
pockets, body and bonnet seals, and stem seal) overlaid with a CRA material. Alternatively, the body
can be solid CRA material:
a) When specified by Company Metallurgist for corrosive services
b) When residual hydrotest water may be left for more than 30 days in carbon steel or low-alloy
valves
c) When lip seals are employed for seats or body seals

5.2.1. Seats and Seals

All elastomer selections shall meet the requirements of GP 29-01-37 and the following:
1) All elastomers and thermoplastics shall be suitable for the chemical environment, temperature range,
and pressure in which they will operate. Selection shall include the following criteria:
a) Different types of Viton elastomers have different sensitivities to pure methanol or to fluid
services containing methanol.
b) Some corrosion inhibitors, especially amine based, can also degrade elastomers.
c) Compatibility of material used as elastomeric energizers (O-rings) found in some lip seals or
other thermoplastic seals.
d) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has a high coefficient of friction, which results in a high operating
torque when the seats are made of PEEK material.
e) See GP 03-12-09 for requirements for manufacturer’s experience with elastomers for process
valves.
2) [A] In Class 300 and higher process service (design pressures > 40 barg [600 psig]), elastomers shall be
resistant to Explosive Decompression (ED) as might be caused by high pressure gas, especially in the
presence of carbon dioxide. Seal material selection for systems that involve rapid gas decompression
requires Company approval.
3) [A] Seal material selection for methanol service requires Company approval.

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 GP 03-12-02 Valve Selection V 1.3.0 FEB 2019

4) GP 29-01-37 lists temperature limitations for common seal materials.

5) Valves with elastomers or soft seats (e.g., ball valves, some butterfly valves, some plug valves, slab gate
valves) have pressure/temperature ratings limited by the elastomers or soft seats and may not meet the
pressure/temperature rating shown in the piping line class tables. If these valves are included, the
ratings of the piping line classes shall be reduced to the rating of the limiting component.

5.2.2. Stem Seals

1) [S] Asbestos shall not be used for valve packing material.
2) [E] Valve packing/stem seal material for "sliding-stem" valves (for example, gate and globe) shall be
flexible graphite. The packing configuration shall consist of two end retainer rings made of braided
graphite and three intermediate rings made from die-formed flexible graphite with a density of
1,120 kg/m3 to 1,280 kg/m3 (70 lb/ft3 to 80 lb/ft3).
3) Valve packing/stem seal material for "rotary-stem" valves (e.g., ball, butterfly, and plug valves) used
in combustible, dangerous, or toxic service shall satisfy the fire test requirements of API STD 607,
API SPEC 6FA, or BSI BS EN ISO 10497. Additionally, the stem seal design and materials shall
minimize fugitive emissions. Thermoplastic and/or elastomer packing/seals may be used in these
services if the valve design has a backup fire-resistant stem seal that has passed one of these fire tests.
4) [S] [A] Except as permitted in Item (3), thermoplastic and/or elastomer packing shall only be used in
non-combustible, non-flammable, and non-toxic services or in certain chemical services when
approved by Company.
5) [E] The use of a spring-assisted packing gland design (e.g., Belleville spring washers) is not normally
required. However, this design could be considered for use in certain applications (e.g., toxic services,
frequent cycling, fugitive emissions sensitivities, etc.) to improve the life of the packing material.
6) [S] [O] Valves for services below −45 C (−50 F) require extended bonnets to prevent freezing of
gland packing/stem seal (renders the valve inoperable and/or results in process fluid leakage) as follows:
a) For temperatures below −100 C (−150 F), all valves shall be of the extended bonnet/stem type
with sufficient bonnet length to maintain the gland packing/stem seal near ambient temperature.
b) [*] For temperatures between −46 C (−50 F) and −100 C (−150 F), valves shall be of the
extended bonnet/stem type if they are required to be operational at the low temperature. The
gland packing/stem seal at operating temperature shall not experience "icing" conditions.
c) The requirements for extended bonnet valves are not normally necessary for valves in flare and
blowdown discharge pipe systems that are normally sealed open, since the valves will not need to
be closed during a flare event.
d) Use of a drip/collar plate shall be considered for insulated valves.

5.3. Cavity Relief

1) [S] Any valve in liquid or condensing fluid service (e.g., Liquefied Natural Gas [LNG]) with potential
to trap liquid between its seats and overpressure its cavity due to thermal expansion shall be provided
with a means for relief of overpressure caused by thermal expansion. Examples of the most
commonly used valve types are listed in Table 2. For valve types not shown, or when in doubt,
consult the Upstream CSC.
2) When double valves (or a valve and a blind) are normally closed during operation, consideration shall
also be given to the need for thermal/external fire overpressure protection between the two block
valves (or between the valve and the blind) when in liquid or condensing vapor services.

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3) Acceptable forms of cavity overpressure protection devices include the following:

a) Self-relieving seats such as Single-Piston-Effect (SPE) seats for trunnion-mounted ball valves.
b) Spring loaded check valves meeting the following:
i) A single block valve between the check valve and the valve's cavity is required. This block
valve shall be Car Sealed Open (CSO) during operation. Furthermore, the use of another
block valve downstream of the check valve is not permitted.
ii) The check valve discharge should be hard-piped to the isolated fluid side of the block valve.
If connected directly to the parent valve, the valve becomes unidirectional, and the valve shall
meet the requirements for unidirectional valves in GP 03-12-09.
iii) Alternatively, the check valve discharge may be hard-piped to a safe location (closed drain,
flare, etc.).
iv) The check valve, block valve, and piping shall meet the design requirements of the applicable
piping line class.
v) The maximum differential required to open the check valve shall not exceed 5% of the
pressure rating of the valve body.
c) Relief valves:
i) The relief valve discharge shall be hard-piped to a safe location (closed drain, flare, etc.) to
ensure that flammable and toxic fluids are not released to the atmosphere or endanger
personnel. Consideration shall be given to the pressure of the closed system (back-pressure on
the relief valve) to ensure that the relief valve's capacity is not reduced below its required rate.
d) [A] Drilling one side of a floating ball or gate valve obturator or seat for thermal relief protection of
the valve cavity may only be used with Company approval. A single ball or gate valve with a hole
drilled on the ball/wedge/seat will become a unidirectional valve. Where such valves are permitted,
measures shall be put in place to avoid accidental reversal of the valve during installation and/or
improper use for isolation (e.g., additional engineering surveillance). The drilling and orientation of
the valve shall be noted on the Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID). The valve shall meet
the requirements for marking of uni-directional valves in GP 03-12-09.
4) [O] In addition to cavity relief, expanding-gate or plug valves may be jammed by differential pressure
and prevented from operating. These valves shall be provided with bleed provisions in all fluid
services. The bleed shall be capable of venting all differential pressure from the cavity to the lower
pressure side to enable operation. If the valve is an isolation valve, the bleed provisions required by
Section 4.2 can serve this purpose. The bleed discharge shall be hard-piped to a safe location (e.g.,
downstream side, closed drain, or flare) that minimizes back-pressure to ensure the pressure is able to
vent off and enable operation of the valve. If the valve is to be actuated remotely, consideration shall
be given to automation of the cavity bleed system.

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Table 2: Cavity Relief by Valve Type in Liquid or

Condensing Fluid Services
Valve Type Valve Features Service Relief Type(s)
Ball Valve Floating Cryogenic service Drilling obturator or seat
All other services None (self-relieving)
Rising Stem (e.g. Orbit) All None (no cavity)
Trunnion w/ SPExSPE seats All None (self-relieving)
Trunnion w/ SPExDPE seats All None (self-relieving)
Trunnion w/ DPExDPE seats Cryogenic service Drilling obturator or seat
Evaluate the need for relief for External check or
all other services external relief
Butterfly Valve All All None (no cavity)
Gate Valves Flexible or solid wedge Cryogenic Drilling obturator or seat
Evaluate the need for relief for External check or
all other services external relief
Slab Gate with at least one All None (self-relieving)
SPE seat
Expanding Gate Required for all services (not External check or
used in cryogenic) external relief with
manual equalizing bypass
Globe Valve All All None (no cavity)
Plug Valve Expanding Plug Required for all services (not External check or
used in cryogenic) external relief with
manual equalizing bypass
Lined/Sleeved Plug All (not used in cryogenic) None (no cavity)
Lubricated Plug All (not used in cryogenic) None (no cavity)

5.4. Wafer and Lug Type Valves

1) [S] Wafer type valves (i.e., excludes lug type block [e.g., butterfly, etc.] or check valves) are only
permitted in Category D fluid services (as defined by ASME B31.3) but are not permitted in fire-
water systems.
2) [S] Wafer or lug type valves shall not be used as the first block valve against storage tanks or vessels
in any fluid service.
3) [S] Lug type valves shall not be used in any service with a design temperature above 315 C (600 F)
or above the auto-ignition temperature of the fluid, whichever is lower.
4) [S] For design temperature exceeding 200 C (400 F), the body material of lug type valves shall have
the same nominal coefficient of thermal expansion as the bolting material and adjacent flanges.
5) Dual plate check valves shall be lug type with drilled-through holes (not tapped), have a full diameter
body (OD body = flange OD) with drilled-through holes, or shall be double flanged. Double flanged
valves shall be used in sizes where they are available (generally NPS 12 and larger).
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5.5. Gate Valves

1) Carbon steel gate valves shall be specified as follows:
a) NPS 1½ and smaller steel gate valves shall conform to API STD 602 or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
b) Size NPS 2 flanged end steel gate valves may conform to API STD 600, API STD 602, or BSI
BS EN ISO 15761.
c) NPS 3 and larger wedge type carbon steel gate valves shall conform to API STD 600.
2) Gate valves in stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant materials shall conform to ASME B16.34,
API STD 602, or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
3) Flexible, one-piece wedges shall be used for NPS 6 and larger.
4) For applications where tighter shutoff than that usually provided with wedge gate valves is needed, an
API SPEC 6D slab gate valve may be considered.
5) Gate valves in underground (U/G) applications shall be either Non-Rising Stem (NRS) type or have
their stem threads protected (for example, by installing the valve in a valve pit if permitted).

5.6. Ball Valves

1) Selection of ball valves shall be as follows:
a) Ball valves Class 150 and 300 up to NPS 6 (or NPS 8, if reduced port type) may be floating type
per API STD 608. Larger sizes shall be trunnion mounted per API STD 608 or API SPEC 6D.
b) Ball valves Class 600 and higher, NPS 11/2 and smaller, may be floating type per API STD 608.
NPS 2 and larger shall be trunnion mounted per API STD 608 or API SPEC 6D.
c) All trunnion-mounted ball valves intended for positive isolation service shall be per API SPEC 6D.
d) [A] Ball valves for slurry service or other special services shall be approved by Owner's Engineer.
2) Balls and stems in ball valves shall be solid material. Hollow ball design is not permitted for any
application.
3) [A] Welded-body ball valves NPS 2 and larger shall not be used without Company approval and only
when proper consideration has been given to overall maintainability.
4) [M] [C] Top entry ball valves are more costly and difficult to manufacture. Top entry ball valves
shall only be used where in-line maintenance is required.
5) Metal-seated ball valves are preferred in pipeline and other services where solids and debris may be
present in the fluid.
6) [A] For NPS 6 and larger, use of valves with Electroless-Nickel Plated (ENP) balls is only
permissible with Company approval. ENP is not permitted in abrasive, corrosive, or sour service
applications. If approved for use, ENP coating shall meet the requirements of GP 03-12-09.
7) Ball valves shall not be used in throttling service unless specifically designed for throttling by the
Manufacturer.
8) [S] Ball valves constructed so that the ball is held in place with a threaded portion of the valve body
(e.g., threaded body valves) are not permitted unless the valve halves are positively secured together
(i.e., by seal-welding) by Valve Manufacturer.

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5.7. Check Valves

1) API SPEC 6D full bore swing check valves shall be used in lines that will require pigging.
2) For lines that do not require pigging, selection of check valves shall be as follows:
a) For sizes larger than NPS 2, the preferred type of check valve in general services is a double-
flanged or lugged, retainerless, dual-plate style check valve, per API STD 594.
b) Swing checks are permitted and shall be selected as follows:
i) Carbon steel NPS 1½ and smaller shall conform to API STD 602 or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
ii) Carbon steel NPS 2 shall conform to API STD 594, API STD 600, API STD 602, or BSI BS
EN ISO 15761.
iii) Carbon steel NPS 3 and larger shall conform to API STD 594, API STD 600, or API SPEC 6D.
iv) Stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant materials shall conform to API STD 602, ASME
B16.34, or BSI BS EN ISO 15761. Swing check valves built to ASME B16.34 require
checking to ensure the valve can withstand the maximum differential pressure.
c) For valves NPS 2 and smaller, spring-assisted piston-type check valves are permitted that
conform to API STD 602 or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
d) In pipe or tubing sizes smaller than NPS 3/4, including "in-line" check valves, spring loaded ball
type check valves are permitted in clean, solids-free, noncorrosive services with low viscosity
fluids.
e) [A] Axial flow non-slam check valves shall be utilized for the discharge piping of centrifugal
compressors, water pumps, loading pumps, and other piping systems where pressure surges
(water hammer) are a concern. Where dual-plate non-slam check valves are considered, a surge
analysis is required and shall be approved by Owner's Engineer prior to purchase requisition.
f) For reciprocating and positive displacement compressors and pumps, a plate/reed type of check
valve, such as a Hoerbiger, shall be used.
3) [S] [R] Dual-plate type check valves in hydrocarbon service shall be the "pin retainerless" design.
The internal pin-retaining mechanism shall not intrude into the gasket sealing element surface.
4) Check valves shall not be used in downward-flow applications, even if they incorporate springs to
effect closure.
5) See additional requirements and restrictions of Section 5.4 of this GP for wafer type valves.
6) [R] Contractor shall size the check valve so that the minimum required velocity to keep the check
valve open is maintained during normal operation. For services where the flow rate in the line varies,
the minimum velocity shall be met at the minimum flow rate expected during normal operation and
minimum turndown. Contractor shall also ensure the maximum velocity recommended by the Check
Valve Manufacturer is not exceeded at the maximum flow rate expected during normal operations.
Contractor shall notify Owner's Engineer for any instance where either the minimum required
velocity or the maximum velocity does not comply with Manufacturer's recommendations.

5.8. Globe Valves

1) Carbon steel globe valves shall be specified as follows:
a) NPS 1½ and smaller shall conform to API STD 602 or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
b) NPS 2 shall conform to API STD 600, API STD 602, API STD 623, or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
c) NPS 3 and larger shall conform to API STD 600 or API STD 623.

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2) Globe valves in stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant materials shall conform to ASME B16.34,
or API STD 602, API STD 623, or BSI BS EN ISO 15761.
3) [A] Control valve bypass valves shall be globe valves in sizes NPS 6 and smaller. For larger sizes,
the requirement for control valve bypass valves and the type of bypass valves shall be approved by
Owner's Engineer. Bypass valves shall be sized to limit the maximum flow capacity and should not
exceed maximum specified flow of control valve.
4) If the pressure drop across a globe valve exceeds 50% of the upstream pressure, the disc shall be body
guided, wing guided, or of the "V" port pattern. Plug type discs may be used up to NPS 2. If the
pressure drop is less than 50%, conventional disc-type valves are acceptable.

5.9. Plug Valves

1) Lubricated plug valves (e.g., valves per API STD 599) are not permitted unless approved by Owner's
Engineer.
2) Non-lubricated plug valves may be used provided that all nonmetallic components in the valves can
withstand the maximum design temperature encountered in service and are acceptable for the
intended service.

5.10. Butterfly Valves

1) Butterfly valves shall meet API STD 609, Category B (note that this Category B per API STD 609 is
not to be confused with Type B as defined in Table 1 of this GP) except as follows:
a) [A] Large butterfly valves that are not in hydrocarbon or fire water lines may be in accordance
with the requirements of AWWA C504, subject to Company approval.
2) [A] Butterfly valves may be used in pressure classes up to Class 900. Higher pressure applications
are only permitted with Owner's Engineer's approval after review of the specific application and
intended purpose. Such approvals require a documented reliability assessment for the valve and its
actuator.
3) Butterfly valves used for throttling service shall meet the following:
a) As a minimum, the valve shall be of the double offset design.
b) [*] [R] Butterfly valves in Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) and other nonmetallic piping
systems are not permitted in throttling services unless a metallic liner is installed immediately
downstream of the butterfly disc for a length to be specified by Owner's Engineer.
4) [R] For dirty or liquid services, butterfly valves shall be installed with the stem in the horizontal
position. For clean or gas/vapor service or cryogenic service, butterfly valves shall be installed with
the stem in the vertical position (up to 45 degree deviation permitted).
5) [S] Soft-seated butterfly valves larger than NPS 4 shall NOT be used as the first block valve for the
holdup of large volumes of combustible, flammable, or toxic materials (> 38,000 L [10,000 gal]
liquid holdup).
6) [S] Butterfly valves shall not be used as block valves where the outlet is normally to the atmosphere.
7) Butterfly valves shall be the double-flanged type in steam, hydrocarbon, and fire-water service. In
smaller sizes, where double-flanged type valves are not manufactured, they may be the lug-type with
drilled-through holes (not tapped). See limitations on lug-type valves in Section 5.4.
8) Piping, flange adapters, fittings, and wafer type devises shall be checked for adequate clearance for
the swing of the disc.

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9) Butterfly valves shall be designed for the full rated system pressure.
10) Where two butterfly valves are to be installed in series for services other than isolation, there shall be
careful evaluation to determine the minimum straight-pipe distance to avoid interference of two discs,
turbulence, abrasion, or flow-induced vibration caused by vortex shedding or obstruction of
centerpieces.
11) Disc-to-shaft attachment shall not rely on friction alone (e.g., rolled pins, tapered pins, and threaded
fasteners) but shall be positively mechanically locked in place (e.g., peened, tack welded, safety wired).
12) TOVs shall meet following design requirements in order to be used as isolation valves as indicated in
Table 1:
a) Valves are recommended to have a replaceable disc seal ring design. The use of laminated seal
rings is recommended for non-cryogenic services.
b) Valve shall meet the GP 03-12-09 high pressure closure test identified for Critical valves, tested
individually from both sides.
c) The shaft-to-disc connection shall be a proven design with a documented history of at least 5 years
of reliable service.
d) Valves shall employ some form of mechanism (safety wire, staking, etc.) to ensure the disc-to-
seal retainer flange bolts do not come loose.
e) Valve actuators shall be sized with a 50% closing torque safety factor (consistent with GP 15-09-
03). The 50% safety factor will encompass all Vendor design factors over the maximum required
shutoff torque (total actuator torque shall not exceed 150% of actual valve closure torque).
f) Minimum valve spacing between TOV pairs will be driven by the distance required to install a
flanged spool piece equipped with a bleed valve that is braced in two planes. Further, there shall
be confirmation that there is no interference between the two discs and that the entire installation
is properly supported.
g) If the valve gearbox or actuator is removed during shipping, Manufacturer or a Qualified
Specialist shall reset the valve's actuator to the valve body orientation in the field.

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Record of Change
Version 1.0.0 Date: 12/14
Location Action Description
Initial Publish.
UPST Only This version has not yet been reviewed by Production.

Version 1.1.0 Date: 03/17

Table 1 Modification For type C isolation, removed API 600, 623, or B16.34 gate valves from
acceptable valve types. Also deleted statement that flexible wedge gate
is not acceptable.

Version 1.2.0 Date: 09/18

General Modification Updated Purpose Codes, Rationales, references, and unit conversions and
clarified content throughout GP. Updates made throughout per Tech
Alerts 2017-02-03-01, 2017-01-24-1 and EMPC Alert No. 3-2015.
Section 4.1, Modification Modified requirements for drilling of the obturator. Deleted reference of
Item (4) GP 03-19-02.
Section 5.2 Modification Item (2): Modified requirements for selection of material for valve
bolting.
Section 5.2.1 Modification Items (1) and (5): Modified requirements for elastomers and
thermoplastics.
Table 1 Addition Added table for Cavity Relief by Valve Type.
Table 2 Deletion Deleted table for temperature limitations for seal material.
Section 5.4 Modification Item (5): Modified requirements for wafer and lug type valves. Moved
contents in GP 03-01-01.
Section 5.10 Modification Modified item (8) from concrete pipe to pipe, fittings, wafers, adapters.
Added item (11).

Version 1.3.0 Date: 02/19

Section 5.2 Modification Item (10): Modified requirement about steel valve bodies.

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Attachment: Purpose Code Definitions

Code Description
* Assigned to paragraphs that require the Owner's Engineer to provide additional information or
make a decision.
A Assigned to paragraphs that require approval from the Owner's Engineer before the work may
proceed or the design is finalized.
C Assigned to paragraphs whose primary purpose is reduced costs. Reduced cost in this context
refers to initial investment cost and does not include life cycle cost considerations. Life cycle
cost considerations are captured under reliability, maintainability, or operability purpose
codes.
E Assigned to paragraphs whose primary purpose is driven by environmental considerations.
Environmental considerations typically include specifications intended to protect against
emissions/leakage to the air, water, and/or soil. Deviations from the specifications contained
in such paragraphs require formal review and approval according to local environmental
policy.
I Assigned to paragraphs that provide only clarifying information, such as Scope statements,
definitions of terms, etc.
M Assigned to paragraphs whose primary purpose is to provide for maintainability of equipment
or systems. Maintainability provisions are those that facilitate the performance of
maintenance on equipment/systems either during downtimes or during onstream operations.
O Assigned to paragraphs whose primary purpose is to assure operability of equipment or
systems. Operability is the ability of the equipment/system to perform satisfactorily even
though conditions are off-design, such as during start-ups, process swings, subcomponent
malfunction, etc.
R Assigned to paragraphs whose primary purpose is to improve or assure the reliability of
equipment or systems. Reliability is a measure of the ability of equipment/systems to operate
without malfunction or failure between planned maintenance interventions.
S Assigned to paragraphs containing specifications/guidance where the primary purpose is the
avoidance of incidents impacting personnel safety, process safety, and the public in general
and/or involving responses to emergency situations. Any deviation from the specifications
contained in such designated paragraphs requires formal review and approval according to
local safety policy.
Personnel Safety: Refers to the prevention of incident-related personnel injuries or illness,
e.g., burns, cuts, abrasions, inhalation of or exposure to dangerous
substances, etc., that could result in medical treatment, restricted work,
lost-time incidents, or fatalities.
Process Safety: Refers to the prevention and control of process releases, fires, and/or
explosions that could result in damage to equipment, process disruption,
or personnel injury or illness.

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