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Chapter 2 Static Characteristic

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28 views44 pages

Chapter 2 Static Characteristic

Uploaded by

Chheang Lysiek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

CHAPTER 2:

Static characteristic of sensor


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Review of pervious lecture


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

• Transducer is a device or mechanism that convert


an energy form one form to another form.
Basically, Transducer is a energy converting
device

•Sensor is a device that convert energy from one


form to the electrical signal.

•Actuator is a device that convert the electrical


signal to physical form
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

There are three main factors that use for choosing


a sensor:

• Environmental factor

• Sensor characteristic

• Economic factor
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Sensor characteristic

Static characteristic Dynamic characteristic


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Static characteristic
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

To understand about static characteristic, three


main questions have to be answer:

• what is static characteristic?

• why we need to study about it?

• what kind of the property that need to study for


understanding static characteristic?
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

1. Definition
• The set of criteria defined for the instruments,
which are used to measure the quantities which are
slowly varying with time or mostly constant, i.e.,
do not vary with time, is called ‘static
characteristics’.

• Static characteristic of a system (sensor) is a


property of system after all the transient effects
have settled to their final or steady state
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

2. Main property of static characteristic


Property of static characteristic are:

• Range

• Sensitivity

• Resolution

• Accuracy and Precision

• Hysteresis
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

• Linearity/Non-linearity

• Repeatability

• Threshold

• Drift

• Stability

• Tolerance

• Error
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

A. Range

• The minimum and maximum values of a quantity for


which an instrument is designed to measure is
called its range or span.

• Operation range, full scale input ,span: is the


range of input that produce a meaning full output

• Full scale output: difference between the end


point of the output
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

• Dynamic range: the ratio of the highest to the


lowest of input. It measure in dB.

FSI=xmax  xmin

FSO= y max  y min

xmax
Dynamic range=20log( )
xmin
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

B. Sensitivity

• Sensitivity: denotes as the smallest change in


the measured variable to which the instrument
responds. It is defined as the ratio of the
changes in the output of an instrument to a
change in the value of the quantity to be
measured. Mathematically it is expressed as:
y
S=
x
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Output

y
FSO S=
x 𝛥𝑦

𝛥𝑥

Offset
Input
FSI
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

C. Resolution

• Resolution is the smallest increment of input


that produce a detectable output.

•If the input is slowly increased from some


arbitrary input value, it will again be found
that output does not change at all until a
certain increment is exceeded. This increment is
called resolution.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Output

200mV

300mV

Input
0.1Kpa
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Pressure sensor Multimeter

Resolution=0.6V

Output
600mV
500mV
200mV

Input
0.1Kpa
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Temperature sensor Multimeter

S=10mV/C Resolution=30mV
Input=0-50oC Input range=0-1V

Is this system is good enough to detected


temperature with resolution of 1oC? If it can why?
If it can’t, what should we do?
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

D. Accuracy

It is the degree of closeness with which the reading


approaches the true value of the quantity to be
measured. The accuracy can be expressed in following
ways:

• Point accuracy: Such accuracy is specified at only


one particular point of scale. It does not give any
information about the accuracy at any other Point
on the scale.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

• Accuracy as a percentage of full scale: When an


instrument as uniform scale, its accuracy may be
expressed in terms of scale range

• Accuracy as a percentage of reading: its accuracy


may be expressed in terms of a percentage of true
value.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

y m  yt
Percentage of reading (%)=  100%
yt
y m  yt
Percentage of full scale (%)=  100%
FSO
Where ym is the measurement value, yt is the true
value or expected value and FSO is full scale
output.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Output

True value

Input
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

E. Precision

• Precision: represents capacity of a sensing


system to give the same reading when repetitively
measuring the same measurand under the same
conditions. The precision is a statistical
parameter and can be assessed by the standard
deviation (or variance) of a set of readings of
the system for similar inputs
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

F. Reproducibility

• Reproducibility When all operating and


environmental conditions remain constant,
repeatability is the sensing system’s ability to
produce the same response for successive
measurements. Repeatability is closely related to
precision.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Three pressure sensors are tested for


repeatability. The same 1Kpa pressure is used on
each sensor 10 times. The result data are given in
the following table. Discuss the accuracy and
repeatability of each sensor. if the output of
these sensor should be 10 mV at 1kpa
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:
Presure sensor (mV)
Trail No
A B C
1 10.02 11.5 10
2 10.96 11.53 10.03
3 11.2 11.52 10.02
4 9.39 11.47 9.93
5 10.5 11.42 9.92
6 10.94 11.51 10.01
7 9.02 11.58 10.08
8 9.47 11.5 10
9 10.08 11.43 9.97
10 9.32 11.48 9.98
Maximum 11.2 11.58 10.08
Average 10.09 11.494 9.994
Minimum 9.02 11.42 9.92
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:
Sensor A
11.5
11.2

10.96 10.94
11

10.5
10.5

10.08
10.02
10
Output

9.47
9.5 9.39
9.32

9.02
9

8.5

8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of trial
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:
Sensor B
12

11.53 11.52 11.58


11.5 11.47 11.51 11.5 11.48
11.42 11.43
11.5

11

10.5
Output

10

9.5

8.5

8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of trial
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:
Sensor C
11

10.8

10.6

10.4

10.2
Output

10.08
10 10.03 10.02 10.01 10 9.97 9.98
10 9.93 9.92

9.8

9.6

9.4

9.2

9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of trial
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Measured average
Measured value

Random error

Systematic error
Or biased error

True or expected output

Trial No
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

G. Hysteresis

Hysteresis: define as difference in the output of


a sensor for a given input value x, when x is
increase and decrease or vice versa (expression in
% of FSO)

yincrease  ydecrease
Hysteresis h(%)=  100%
ytrue
yincrease  ydecrease
Hysteresis h(%)=  100%
FSO
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Small value Medium value Large value


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

I. Linearity/ Non-linearity

• Linearity/ Non-linearity A measure of deviation


from the linear of the sensor which usually
descried in term of percentage (FSO)

y measurement  yLinear
Linearity L(%)=  100%
FSO
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Maximum
nonlinearity
Output (%FSO)

Best-fit straight line

Measurand range (% range)


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Maximum
Output (%FSO) nonlinearity

Terminal-based line

Measurand range (% range)


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

I. Threshold

If the instrument input is increased very


gradually from zero there will be some minimum
value below which no output change can be
detected. This minimum value defines the threshold
of the instrument.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

J. Drift

There are two types of drift:

• Zero thermal drift: Drift from the null reading


when the measurand is maintained steady at the
null position (can be zero or any other value
corresponding to the null reading of the
instrument)
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

• Thermal sensitivity drift: If there is


proportional change in the indication all along
the upward scale, the drifts is called span drift
or sensitivity drift

Both type of drift is consider as the error.

Overall performance e=|eL |  | eST |  | eZT |


Overall performance e= e2L  e2ST  e2ZT
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Zero drift
Ideal characteristic

Thermal zero error


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

Example:

Sensitivity drift

Ideal characteristic

Sensitivity drift

Thermal sensitivity error


SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

K. Stability

It is the ability of an instrument to retain its


performance throughout is specified operating
life.

L. Tolerance

The maximum allowable error in the measurement is


specified in terms of some value which is called
tolerance
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

M. Error

Error is the difference between the actual value


of the measurand and the value produced by the
sensing system. Error can be caused by a variety
of internal and external sources and is closely
related to accuracy. Accuracy can be related to
absolute or relative error.
SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

END

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