Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 5 views

    Topic 1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Princes Tuguinay

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Topic 1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Princes Tuguinay
    5 views2 pages

    Original Title

    Topic-1-Introduction

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    5 views2 pages

    Topic 1 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Princes Tuguinay

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Topic 1: Introduction to Hydraulics

    Learning Outcomes: After the discussion, the students should be able to;

    1. Differentiate fluid statics and fluid dynamics in terms of their applications;


    2. Describe the types of fluids
    3. Discuss the importance of fluids to hydraulic design of structures.

    Discussion:

    FLUID MECHANICS (MECHANICS OF FLUIDS/HYDRAULICS)


    - It is a physical science that deals with the study of fluids at Rest or in Motion, and with the
    applications of devices in engineering using fluids.
    - Hydraulics deals with the application of fluid mechanics to engineering devices involving
    liquids, usually water or oil. It also deals with such problems as the flow of fluids through
    pipes or in open channels, the design of storage dams, pumps, and water turbines, and
    with other devices for the control of use of liquids, such as nozzles, valves, jets and flow
    meters.

    Two Major areas of Fluid Mechanics


    1. Fluid Statics (Hydrostatics) - study of behaviour and pressure exerted by fluids at rest.
    2. Fluid Dynamics (Hydrodynamics) – study of behaviour and pressure exerted by fluids in
    motion.
    - It is applied to the flow of liquids in a certain hydraulic structure.

    By definition, FLUIDS are substances capable of flowing and which deform continuously when
    subjected to shear stresses. Fluids embrace both liquids and gasses.

    TYPES OF FLUID:

    1. Ideal Fluids – also known as Perfect fluids


     Assume to have no viscosity (viscidness/stickiness) and hence no resistance to shear.
     Incompressible
     Have uniform velocity when flowing
     No friction between moving layers of fluid
     No turbulence (disorder/instability)
     Practically, no ideal fluid exists.

    2. Real Fluids (Definite/tangible/actual)


     Inhibit infinite viscosities
     Non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
     Compressible
     Experience friction and turbulence flow
    Ex. Kerosene, petrol, castor oil

    Real fluids are further divided into Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids.
    Most fluid problems assume real fluids with Newtonian characteristics for convenience. This
    assumption is appropriate for water, air, gases, stream, and other simple fluids like alcohol, gasoline,
    acid solution, etc. however, slurries, pastes, gels, suspensions may not behave according to simple
    fluid relationship.
    Ideal Fluids

    Fluids
    Newtonian Fluids
    Real Fluids Pseudoplastic Fluids
    Non-Newtonian Dilatant Fluids
    Bingham Fluids
    Newtonian Fluids – are those that obey Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
    - for a Newtonian fluid, viscosity is entirely dependent upon
    the temperature and pressure of the fluid.
    Ex. Water, air, emulsions (mixtures)

    Non-Newtonian Fluids – are those that don’t obey Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
    Ex. Flubber, Oobleck (suspension of starch in water)

    Newton’s Law of Viscosity states that “ the shear stress in a flowing fluid is directly proportional to the
    rate of shear strain”

     Principal Differences Between Liquids and Gasses:


    1. A liquid has a free surface and a given mass of a liquid occupies only a given volume in a
    container, whereas a gas does not have a free surface and a given mass occupies all
    portions of its container.
    2. Liquids are practically incompressible and usually maybe so considered without
    introducing appreciable error whereas gasses are compressible.

    Assessment task:

    1. What are pseudoplastic fluids, dilatant fluids and Bingham fluids? (5 pts)
    2. Water is life and it is the medium liquid being considered why there are hydraulic structures like
    dams and dikes being constructed. Discuss deeply the relationship of water and hydraulic
    structures as both important elements in civil engineering activities and in the society as well. (10
    pts)

    You might also like